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Sociology > Pre midterm 1 > Flashcards

Pre midterm 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is the audience of sociology

(edit this into more cards)

A
  1. Professional Sociology: highly specific, aim
    of applying it to a particular problem or
    intellectual question (e.g. in criminology,
    demography)
    2.Critical Sociology: considered to be the
    ‘conscience of professional sociology’ –
    pointed questions; bring about social change
    3.Policy Sociology: generates sociological data
    to be used in the development of social
    policy for governments or corporations
    4.Public Sociology: make sociology accessible
    to the public (address an audience outside of
    the discipline; clear writing
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2
Q

Key distinctions of CDN Sociology

A

1.French/English relations
2. Development of the CDN west
3. Class-Ethnicity
4. Sociology-anthropology

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3
Q

What is research methodology

A

A system of methods a researcher uses to gather data on a particular question

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4
Q

What did Auguste Comte think about researchers

A

They weren’t biased

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5
Q

Who challenged the notion of the objective outsider perspective and implemented the relationship between the two perspectives

A

Dorothy Smith and Michel Foucault

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6
Q

What is the insider voice

A

The insider voice of the subject being studied provides
information that comes from their subjective experience

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7
Q

What is the outsider perspective

A

The objective outsider “experts” use their privilege to decide
over the authenticity of the insider perspective, this is where vital information gets lost

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8
Q

Ethnography

A

Descibes and explains the behaviour, values, beliefs, and practices of participants in a given cultural setting

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9
Q

Groups studied through

A

Fieldwork (naturalism)

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10
Q

How did Mitchell Dunier use ethnology

A

Became apart of the group of black men living on the street

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11
Q

How did Loic Wacquant use ethnography

A

By becoming a boxer and viewing the environment surrounding it

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12
Q

What is instituational Ethnography

A

The social relations that structure peoples everyday lives

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13
Q

every institution has two sides, each associated with a different kind of data:

A

Ruling interest and experiental data

Ruling interests are the interests of the
organization, particularly its administration,
and/or the interests of those who hold
power in society. Written rules and
practices (texts) provide the data, and Experiential data come from informants: anyone who works for the organization,
outside of management

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14
Q

What is a case study

A

Research design that takes as its subject a single case or a few selected examples of a social entity

Avery Cockwell

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15
Q

What case study did Hilary Levey Friedman preform and what did she find

A

Studied child beauty pageants and found that mothers though the pageants would believe that this will ensure that they will be successful later in life

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16
Q

What is narrative research

A

listens to peoples stories and conclusions were found

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17
Q

What is content analysis

A

studying a set of cultural artifacts, (e.g. newspaper
articles, adverts, events, texts, tweets) by systematically counting them and then interpreting the themes they reflect.

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18
Q

What is discourse analyis

A

A way we explore and analyze conversation, written, and cultural/politcal events

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19
Q

What are the two types of discourse analysis

A
  1. Analyzing discourse as the term is commonly
    understood (i.e. as a conversation, a speech, or
    a written text)
    2.Considers a broader definition of
    “text,” going beyond individual works
    and authors to include larger fields
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20
Q

What is Geneology

A

discourse analysis that traces the
origin and history of contemporary discourses
e.g. Development, Sexuality, Mental health

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21
Q

What is discourse analysis

A

conceptual framework with its own internal logic and underlying assumptions that are generally recognizable

A dominant discourse of gender often positions women as gentle and men as active heroes

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22
Q

Content analyis

A

Counting and analyzing data

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23
Q

Quantatitative research

A

Social elements that can be counted or measured

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24
Q

Qualitative research

A

Characteristics that cannot be counted or measured

But, can find patterns in governing systems

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25
Q

Sociological understanding of crime

A

How the various factors within a society are affecting crime

ex. broken families, poverty, gang involvement, etc

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26
Q

Statistics in sociology

A

A science that involves the use of numbers to map social behaviour and beliefs

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27
Q

What is a varibale

A

a concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can vary or change from one person, group, culture, or time to another

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28
Q

What does sociology research seek to find out

A

Whether different aspects affect eachother

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29
Q

What is positive correlation

A

Occurs when the independent and the dependent variables increase pr decrease with eachother

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30
Q

What is inverse correlations

A

Occurs when the two cariables change in opposing directions

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31
Q

What is spurious reasoning

A

You see a correlation, and falsely assume causation assuming the correlation between two variables cause one aspect is true

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32
Q

What is a spurious variable

A

a third outside
factor (confounding variable) influences
both correlating variables

add example

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33
Q

Questions to ask about statistics

A
  1. Who produces the numberrs
  2. What are the sources
  3. How was the number produced
  4. Whos intrests does the number serve
  5. What is the operational definition involved
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34
Q

Formal principles of research ethics

A
  • Voluntary participation
  • Informed consent
  • Anonymity and Confidentiality
  • No unnecessary harm to participants
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35
Q

What was Laud Humphreys experiment

A

The tearoom trade: Ethnographic study of anonymous male-male sexual encounters in public toilets. Conclusion:

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36
Q

What are beliefs

A

Convictions we generally hold to be true often from religion

37
Q

What are values

A

Standars used by a culture to describe abstract qualities (ex. goodness) to assess behaviour

38
Q

What is ideal culture

A

Values that we claim about
how we think we should act (attitudes)

39
Q

What is real culture

A

how we actually act (behaviour)

40
Q

Theoretical perspectives on culture

A

View notes

41
Q

Culutural universals

A

Common cultural features found in all societies

E.g. Age grading, division of labour, property
rights, kinship groups, taboos, status differences

42
Q

Cultural adaptation

A

process by which
environmental pressures are addressed through
changes in practices, traditions, behaviours

e.g. drinking and driving, arranged marriage

43
Q

How would the conflict perspective view culture

A

That society is based on tension and conflict over scarce resources

44
Q

What are minority cultures

A

The cultures that fall outside what is typical

45
Q

What are the subcultures of minority cultures

A
  • Subculutures
  • Countercultures
46
Q

What is subculture

A

A culture that share distinctive set of culturual beliefs however slightly differ from the “dominant culture”

47
Q

What is counterculture

A

The opposition or rejection of the typical (dominant) culture

ex. biker gangs

48
Q

What is high culture

A

Elitism (highbrow)

ex. shakespeare

49
Q

What is cultural capital and who developed the idea

A

Set of skilled and knowledge needed to develop sophisticated tastes (Pierre Bourdeau)

50
Q

What is mass culture

A

The things we consume that are created by those in power

51
Q

What does mass culture assume

A

That you have no choice but to partake

52
Q

What did Joe Rogans spread of covid missinfromation impact his contract

A

It was not affected due to power culture

53
Q

What is a Simulacra

A

Image or representation of something of something instead of what is real

ex. GPS in office clip

Without critical thinking consequences are faced

54
Q

What is a good tool for examining capitalism and consumerism

A

Simulacra

55
Q

What is decipherment

A

To search and decode the text with what the goal of the industry was

(mass culture approach)

56
Q

What is reading and what approach is it

A

the process in which people treat what the industry provides as a resource

(popular culture approach)

57
Q

What are social norms

A

normalities that re epected in groups,societies, or cultures

58
Q

What are the two types of social norms

A

Formal or informal

59
Q

What are sanctions

A

Rewards or punishment for behaviour

least serious norms get least serious punishment and vice versa

60
Q

What ideas did William Graham Sumner present

A
  1. Folkways: Informal norms that govern behaviour (etiquette)
  2. Mores: formalized norms (ex. cheating)
  3. Taboo: normas that are deeply ingrained to the point where they revolt (child porn)
61
Q

What do sociologists try to identify

A
  1. Interesting or important behaviour
  2. Specific social forces
  3. The larger institutional, political, or other change
62
Q

Why are sociologists trying to identify things

A

To help people understand what they are and what they can become in particular social and historical contexts

63
Q

What did the civil rights movement do for black people

A

Improved lives – but for 1⁄4 living in poverty - lives worsened

64
Q

Why did Brym find 1.5 million african men have gone missing

A

Excessive deaths: homicide, cars, drugs, AIDS

65
Q

What did manufacturers leaving in 1970 do

A

Unemployment, migration of middle class blacks, decline
in public services, government cuts / policies thus resulting in drugs and crime

66
Q

What did shocking social conditions do to the black community

A

Shoking musical form

67
Q

What is subculture revolt

A

glorified inner city, contempt for institutions (police, media), offend the middle class

68
Q

What did rebellion cause in the hiphop community

A

Mass consumption

(chains, cash, and cars)

69
Q

What were the three means of attaining/maintaining credibility in hiphop

A

1.Embrace the white, suburban, culturally and politically mainstream, middle-class audience
2.Return to the ‘hood’: Self-characterize as street tough
3.Stage gun battles for public consumption
*Lil’ Kim (2001) – Reality show; Plies (2006) – Big contract

70
Q

What were the 3 failed promises of hiphop

A
  1. Hip Hop will provide black men with a sense of identity
    2.Upward mobility (movement upwards in a inequal society)
    3.Power (shape a collective)

upward mobility instead worked against the kids because it gave them false hope

71
Q

What was the dominant identity from Hip Hop

A

Proud, arrogant, violent, criminals, misogynistic

72
Q

What was Black Hypermasculinity a effect of

A

Due to racism, poor educ, no social services, drugs, gangs

73
Q

What is gangster rap

A

A simulacrum

74
Q

Where were the negative effects of Hip Hop especially prevelant considering violence

A
  • male youth lacking strong family ties
  • Where economic and social inequality are high
  • Where weapons are readily available
75
Q

What is hypermasculinity

A

Exaggeration of male stereotypical behaviour; Emphasis on physical strength, aggression, and sexuality

76
Q

What do men typically rap about

A

Violence, women, being strong or vulnerable

77
Q

Components of surviving on the streets

A

Verbal ability
Ability to negotiate violence

78
Q

What became the outlet of rage for young black men

A

guns

79
Q

What was the negative evolution of hiphop a result of

A

Systematic violence from the government

80
Q

Why are rappers rapping about guns, violence, and rape

A

Because its successful

81
Q

Whos created the image of hiphop

A

The media and the corporations

82
Q

What did BET do to black men

A

Commodify them and present a certain image about black people

83
Q

What trap do men and women fall into in society

A

conforming to social norms

(media encourages)

84
Q

What is ethnocentrism

A

Holding up one culture as being the standard by which all cultures are to be judged

85
Q

What is cultural relativism

A

Approach to studying and understanding an aspect of another culture within the proper context

86
Q

What is socialization

A

a learning process that involves
development or changes in the individual’s sense of self

87
Q

Primary vs secondary socialization

A

primary: childhood
secondary: post childhood

88
Q

What is Habitus and who formulated it

A

(Pierre Bourdieu) Our often unconscious bodily knowledges and dispositions/habits

89
Q

What is internalization and who pioneered it

A

Taking social norms, roles, and values into one’s mind (Talcott Parsons)

Sociology (3 decks)

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