PRE-MID TERM Flashcards
what are the biology and evolutionary theories driven by?
-biology and internally
What are the 3 biological and evolutionary theories
- genetic and epigenetic interact with the environment to shape health/wellbeing
- genotype vs phenotype
- patterns of inheritance
explain genetic and epigenetic interact with the environment to shape health/wellbeing
genes control specific characteristics and we each have 23000 genes in each cell nucleus of our body
explain genotype vs phenotype
genotype is the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes whereas phenotype is the observed characteristic
explain patterns of inheritance
dominant-recessive pattern,
polygenic inheritance (many genes influence a trait)
multi-factorial inheritance (genes and environment)
mitochondrial inheritance (inherit genes from the mother’s egg)
What makes a good theory
- explain
- predict
- increases understanding
- testable
What is epigenetic?
study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather alteration of the genetic code
what are epigenetic markers
- they regulate gene expression by turning genes on or off
what happens when gene expression is controlled
epigenetic mechanisms regulate bodily processes
what are the 3 thing in epigenetics
- 100 year effect
- U shaped curve
what is the 100 year effect
- a theory that existed way before we were born
- it is an egg that was in ur mother when u were conceived and was in ur grandma was conceived, etc
environment of the grandma lived in shaped us, and it took 100 years to see the diff
what is the U shaped curve
way that babies enter the world matters: low birth weight vs high birth weight.
on one end of the curve there are heavy born babies and the other end are low birht weight and each end is an extreme so these babies will have chances of 3 or more chronic conditions
what is the average normal weight for a baby in canada
8lbs
what are pyschoanalytical theories
theories that say developmental change occurs because of influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour
Who is an example of psychoanalytical theory
freud
What is the psychosexual theory and who did it
-freud
-behaviour is determined by conscious and unconscious processes
-libido is the sex drive
-personality structure has 3 parts (tripartite): id, ego and super ego
what is the id
- the pleasure principle
- driven by unconscious needs for pleasure
- displays itself as selfish and demands gratification
eg. a baby crying is driven by unconscious needs and once they get their milk, they get their pleasure.
- id is like the devil
when does ego develop
- develops around age of 2
what is the ego
-focuses on the reality principle
- mediates between id and super ego
what is the super ego
- morality principle
- it’s like an angel that stops from doing anything and will do it through guilt and punishes our ego
Freud’s theory was _____
super sexualized.
what did freud argue?
- that you have to go through all 5 stages/theories by resolving some type of conflict that exists otherwise you end up in fixation
what is the oral stage
- lasts from 0-2 years
- infants become happy through oral activities like feeding, thum sucking and babbling
**first theory in freud’s theory
Anal Stage
- 2-3 years old
- child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (eg. potty training)
**2nd theory in freud’s theory
Phallic Stage
- 3-7 years old
- child learns to realize diffs between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality
**3rd theory in freud’s theory
Latency Stage
-7-11 years old
- development is continued but sexual urges are quiet
**4th theory in freud’s theory
Genital Stage
- 11 - adult
- learn to deal maturely with opposite sex
**5th theory in freud’s theory
If you go through fixation, what happens in the oral stage?
smoking, overeating, passivity and gullibility
If you go through fixation, what happens in the anal stage?
orderliness, parsimonious, or the opposite
If you go through fixation, what happens in the Phallic stage?
Vanity, recklessness or the opposite
If you go through fixation, what happens in the latency stage?
nothing- fixation usually does not occur at this stage
If you go through fixation, what happens in the genital stage?
adults should have successfully integrated earlier stages and now should emerge with a sincere interest in other and mature sexuality
What is noticed about fixations?
- not testable
- predicting is lacking
Who was eric erikson?
- student of freud
what did erik erikson do?
- expanded freud’s theory by taking a life span approach
What was erik erikson’s theory?
- a psychosocial theory
- it talks about the interaction of inner instinct and cultural demands
In who’s theory do you have to move through and successfully resolve all 8 dilemmas
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Infancy stage
- 0-18 months
-trust vs mistrust - feeding/comfort
- is my world safe?
- at this age, they develop a sense of who to trust when parent provide reliability, care and affection. lack of this leads to mistrust
Early childhood
- 2-3 years old
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- toilet training/ dressing
- can I do things by myself or do I need to always rely on others?
- they need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
- success leads to a sense of autonomy
- failure leads to feeling shame and doubt
preschool
- 3-5
- initiative vs guilt
- exploration/play
am I good or bad - children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment.
success: leads to a sense of purpose - children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in guilt
school age
- 6-11
- industry vs inferiority
- school/activities
- how can I be good?
- children need to cope with new social and academic demands
success: sense of competence
failure: inferiority
adolescence
- 12-18
- identity vs role confusion
- social relationships/ identity
- who am I and where am I going
- teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity
- success: ability to stay true to yourself
- failure: role confusion and a weak sense of self
young adult
- 19 to 40
- intimacy vs isolation
- intimate relationships
- am I loved or wanted?
- young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people
- success leads to strong relationships
- failure: loneliness and isolation
middle adulthood
- 40 to 65
- generatively vs stagnation
- work and parenthood
- will I provide something of real value?
- adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, by having children or creating positive change that benefits other people
- success: feelings of usefulness and accomplishment
- failure: shallow involvement in the world
maturity
- 65 to death
- ego identity vs despair
- reflection on life
- have I lived a full life?
- older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment
- success: feeling of wisdom
- failure: regret, bitterness and despair
humanistic alternative
theories start with a goal and self actualization is the ultimate goal in human life
What are the stages of Maslow needs? and in what order do you read it from?
- read it from bottom to top
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs
- self actualization `
explain physiological needs
- basic needs
- water, food, warmth and rest
explain safety needs
- basic needs
- security and safety
explain belongingness and love needs
-physiological needs
- intimate relationships and friends
explain esteem needs
- physiological needs
- prestige and feeling of accomplishment
explain self actualization
- self-fulfillment needs
- achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
what are learning theories
they focus on how experiences in the ENVIRONMENT shape the child
how is human behaviour seen
as being shaped by processes such as classical and operant conditioning
How is Pavlov’s classical important?
plays an important role in the development of emotional responses
how is skinner’s operant important
extinction and shaping
What are advantages of learning theories
- testable
-predictive
-environmental context important
-why some people thrive and others dont
what are the disadvantages of learning theories
- very simplistic: that we can be controlled by our environment
- shaping children the way we grew
who came up with positive and neg reinforcement and pos and neg punishment
skinner and it is called opperant conditioning
what is positive punishment vs neg punishment
pos punishment you add something to punish (eg, timeout or hitting or a chore)
neg punishment you take away something to punish them (eg, the fav toy or their phone)
what is positive reinforcement vs neg reinforcement
pos: adding something to repeat that behaviour, eg: REWARD
neg: taking something away to repeat that behaviour:
eg, a kid does good on a test so to encourage him to do good you take a chore away and make his life easier.
what are the 4 types of operant conditioning
- pos reinforcement
- neg reinforcement
- pos punishment
- neg punishment
what are cognitive theories
they are emphasized mental aspects of development (eg, logic and memory)
eg of learning theories
- pavlov’s conditioning
- skinners operant conditioning
eg of pyschoanalytical theory
freud’s pyschosexual theory and erik erikson’s pyschosocial theory
What was piaget’s theory based on
scheme, assimilation, accommodation and equilibration
what is a scheme
an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with procedure to follow in a specific circumstance
eg. how we brush our teeth: we plan it out as, first do this and then do that, etc
what is assimilation
process of applying schemes to (different?) experiences
eg. if a scheme was to get ready in the morning to come to class, but the same scheme could be applied to another class
what is accomodation
changing the scheme as a result of new information
eg. kids go through many spurts of development like learning a bunch of new words. when learning a new word they think on how to think or say a word and when they get feedback they retry it and change it
what is equiliberation
process of balancing assimilation and accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment
we learn what works and what doesn’t in particular situations.
what is the information processing theory
use the computer as a model of human thinking with memory processes
what is vgotsky’s theory
socio-cultural theory asserts complex forms of thinking- have their origins in social interactions
what is bandura’s theory
learning does not always require reinforcement, sometimes we learn through observation
How many stages does piaget stages of cognitive development have
4 stages
first stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain
sensorimotor
- 0-2 years old
- coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. language used for demands and cataloguing. object permanence is developed
what is object permenance
understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them
eg, a baby sees a teddy bear
second stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain
preoperational
- 2-7 years old
- symbolic thinking, using proper grammar to express concepts
- imagination and intuition are strong but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult
conversation is developed
third stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain
concrete operational
- 7-11
- concepts attached to concrete situations
-time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts
fourth stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain
formal operation
- 11 years and older
- theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking. abstract logic and reasoning, strategy and planning become possible
concepts learning in one context can be applied to another
what is bandura’s theory?
bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning theories emphasis on attention, memory and motivation
he says you can learn through observation, limitation and modeling
an eg of bandura’s theory
influencing one another and influenced by environment; observing
eg. driving- looking at parents and also learning by the environment like stop signs etc.
eg. manners, for eg eye contact is important bc u look at ur parents to learn that.
are cognitive theories good?
yes bc it takes into account of environment and is combining it with biology
why can cognitive theories be bad?
difficult to test and observe
what is a systems theory
personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system
basically everything interacting with everything
what two terms are part of the systems theory
holism and wellness
what doe holism mean
the “whole” is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts
what does wellness mean
a result of adaptive adjusment
this is the first group of theories to say something..what is it?
said studying a person in a lab is useless bc they don’t live in a lab and so need to study their environment along with the person
what is the bronfenbrenner bioecological system theory
development that is explained in terms of the relationships between people and their environments or contexts
what is the classification meaning in the bronfenbrenner bioecological system theory
classifies all the individual and contexual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact
what does bronfenbrenner bioecological system consist of (in order)
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
what is the microsystem
activities and interaction in the child’s IMMEDIATE surroundings
eg: parents, school, friends, etc
eg: interaction with roomates
what is the mesosystem
relationships AMONG entities invilved in child’s microsystem
eg: parent interaction with teachers, a school’s interaction with the daycare provider,
eg: prof at western
what is the exosystem
social instituitons which affect children indirectly
eg: parents’ work settings and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resources
eg: western uni as a WHOLE, a job (organization)
what is the macrosystem
broader cultural values, laws and governmental resources
eg: the bus system, tuition freezes
what is the chronosystem
changes which occur during child’s life, both personally and culturally
eg: eg sibling birth (personal), Iraqi war (cultural), divorce, natural disaster, moving houses, gaining or losing a pet, 9/11, SAG strike, etc
what is a noticeable factor about all the theorists?
- all men
-all old
-all white
why is this a problem that all theoriests are white old men
- less diversity bc they only experience so much in relation to culture, etc
basically that these theories might only work with white old men
why do we still use these theories presented by these white old men
bc they laid the foundation for greater studies
What is a developmental trajectory that began before we even were a thought
100 year effect
what is the first stage in the developmental trajectory
conception
is the age of conception in canada getting higher or lower
higher
how much did the rates of triplets, quadruplets, and quintuples, increase since the mid 1990s
230% which is a lot
what is AMA
advance maternal age
Is AMA becoming an increasingly common phenomena?
yes
What is the AMA age
over 35
What does increased AMA lead to
- conception of multiple births
- increase in use of assisted human reproductive techniques
what are some examples of assisted human reproductive techniques
- fertility drugs
- cryopreservation: freezes the embryos created in IVF
- artificial insemination: injects sperm directly into the woman’s uterus
what are the 3 stages in pregnancy and prenatal development
antenatal: conception to post partum
preggo: physical condition in which a woman’s body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus for 40 weeks
prenatal: process that transforms a zygote into a newborn
the first trimester
from the zygote implantation to 12 weeks is the first trimester
the second trimester
- 12 to 24 weeks
- begin to feel the fetus moving
third trimester
- 25+ weeks
- increased emotional attached to the fetus
what are the key issues in trimesters
- ectopic pregnancy: occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus and usually occurs in the fallopian tube
- abnormal urine or blood tests
- increased blood pressure
-malnutrition
-bleeding
-miscarriage
why is malnutrition a first trimester issue in canada
- food insecurity
but it’s still a issue in SES people too
-its bc you throw up everything, no food is retained long enough therefore no nutrients are absorbed.
what are the key issues in the second trimester
- increased blood pressure
- bleeding
-premature labour - bladder infection: this starts of asymptomatic
- toxemia: blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacteria infection and the only cure is to delivery. it is another form of preeclampsia
What is the current trend and issue with the age of viability
age of viability is getting younfer and survival rate is getting higher
but bc of this, we have children with complex care condition and needing precision medicine and children living on technical wires
What are the issues in prenatal development
- genetic disorders
- chromosomal errors/ differences
- teratogens
what are genetic disorders
- autosomal dominant disorders (huntington’s disease, extra fingers)
- autosomal recessive disorders (sickle cell, cystic fibrosis)
- sex-linked recessive disorders (red-green colour blindess, missing front teeth)
what are chromosomal errors/differences
- trisomy (three copies- down syndrome)
- anomalies with sex chromosomes (turner’s syndrome)
what are teratogens
agents causing damage to the fetus bc it was exposed by mom
greatest risk in the first 8 weeks bc fetus has mass development
eg of teratogens: alc, drugs, caffeine, STDs, radiation, air, pollution, weed, etc
what are the issues with preterm birth
life long effects such as: cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing impairment, poor health and growth and behavioural and social-emotional problems
how is age measured when a baby is a preemie
during the first 2 years of life, they record the actual age and the preterm age. this is bc the effect is so much during the first 2 years and some kids are fine after these 2 years and some aren’t
what is the normal birth weight in general and in canada
general: 5lbs to 8.13 lbs
canada: 8lbs 7oz
what is the low birth weight
5lbs 5oz
what is very low birth weight
less than 3.9 lbs
what is extremely low birth weight
less than 2.3 lbs
what is the cure for gestational diabetes
excerise and diet
what is the impact on the baby if mom has gestational diabetes
baby come`s out chunkier
what is the impact of low birth weight and very low birth weight
neg effects on mental and motor development and growth at 9 months to 2 years of age
effect on physical and mental development seems to lessen over time but the growth effects do not
what are the 2 options for birth location in london
- hospital: (OB or mid wife)
- home birth: (midwives)
Is home birth safe and who does it
- 9% of first time moms plan a home birth and 21% second times moms
- but only offered to women with NO risk factors and spontaneous labors
- yes it is safe if not even better than hospital births that low risk women go to
why is homebirth outcomes better
- environment: hospital is too chaotic which can lead to stress
- higher infection rate at hospital
and homebirths have a good outcome because only women with LOW risk are having babies at home
how many stages of labour are there
4
1st stage of labour
- muscles of the uterus start to tighten (contract) and then relax
- these contraction help to efface (thin) and dilate (open) cervix so baby can pass through the birth canal
2nd stage of labour
- cervix is dilated completely (10cm) and the baby is born
3rd stage of labour
- this occurs AFTER baby is born
- mom still has contraction until the placenta is delivered
4th stage of labour
-first few hours after birth (breastfeeding, etc)
what are issues that can arise during the process of birth
-fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate)
- anoxia (oxygen deprivation for babies) can result in death or brain damage
what are the two kinds of reflexes
adaptive and primitve reflexes
what are physical changes in infant and toddler
in the first year, infants grow 25-30 cm and triple their body weight
most weight growth
What is happening physically during infancy and toddler
a lot of brain development
What do we know about 2 year olds and the brain
two year olds have proportionally larger heads as they need to hold their nearly full sized brain
what are the 3 kinds of Brain development that happen in the first 2 years
- synaptogenesis
- neuroplasticity
- myelinization
what is synaptogenesis
this is the creation of synapses. and this is followed by a period of synaptic pruning to make the nervous system more efficient
what is neuroplasticity
the brain’s ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections
what is myelinization
myelin gradually covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another- improving conductivity
what are the physical changes between 2-3 years
there are less dramatic physically changes than the first year of life but still impressive
how much height and weight do children gain each year from 2 years old to adolescence
5-8cm in height and 2.7kg in weight
what are the 3 growth developments
- motor
- linear
- obesity
what is motor development
kids with higher motor ability levels are better able to control or inhibit their behaviours allowing for successful task achievement
what is linear development
children’s motor activity levels increase linearly with age and peak between 7-9 years
this means that kids will not learn to run before they learn to walk, or they will not learn to walk before they stand.
what is obesity growth
this is an issue.
most kids eat sufficient quantities of food but not regular meals, particularly toddlers.
what is the stat about obesity
22% of children aged 2 to 5 years old are overweight or obese
what are adaptive reflexes
it helps them to survive
eg. are sucking, (so they can eat)
will you have adaptive reflexes your whole life
yes but you can also loose some
what are primitive reflexes
these are controlled by the primitive parts of the brain and they disappear around the age of 6 months
what are 3 titles of reflexes that she talks about
- rooting
- babinski
- moro
what is the rooting reflex
a soft touch and the cheek and the infant will turn toward the touch and open the mouth
this disappears by 3 months of age
what is the babinski reflex
stroking the sole of the foot causes the infants toes to fan out and up
this disappears by 12 months of age
what is the moro reflex
sudden noise or lack of support causes the infants to arch the back and throw the arms and legs out and bring them back in
disappears by 4-5 months of age
why do infants do the rooting reflex
to eat
what can reflexes like babinski indicate
these are checks for normal or abnormal nervous system development
why do babies have the moro reflex
- for protection
- a cling, so when someone does accidentally drop a baby, then the babies can grab or cling onto something
can babies trigger their own moro reflex?
yes, when they cry so loud they trigger their own moro reflex.
what are the 2 behavioural states that babies have
- conscious state
- sleeping state
how are patterns of sleep/wakefulness stabilized
with age
what is age range of a neonate?
0-28 days
who are neonates
babies that sleep for 80% of the day
at what age do babies start sleeping through the night
8 weeks
at what are babies sleeping about 14 hours a day
by 6 months
what are stats being presented in textbooks
an average
what are the 3 types of cries
1.basic cry
2. anger cry
3. pain cry
what does basic cry signal and sound like
signals hunger and has a rhythmic pattern
what does an anger cry sound like
louder and more intense
what does a pain cry sound like
very abrupt onset
how to reduce crying in the later years
prompt attention to crying in the first three months leads to less crying later.
what is loco motor development
when body is moving in space between one location (walking)
what is nonlocomotor development
when you stay in one place and move your body vertically or horizontally on an axis
eg: bending, stretching twisting, etc
what is manipulative development
anything to do with hands
what is the locomotor development at one month of age
stepping reflex
what is nonlocomotor development at one month of age
lifts head up slightly and follows object with eyes
what is the manipulative development at one month of age
holds object if placed in hand
what is the locomotor reflex at 2-3 months
nothing
what is nonlocomotor development at 2-3 months of age
lifts head up to 90 degrees when lying on stomach
what is the manipulative development at 2-3 months
begins to swipe at objects in sight
what is locomotor development at 4-6 months
rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees (creeping)
what is the nonlocomotor development at 4-6 months
holds head erect while in sitting position
what is the manipulative development at 4-6months
reaches for and grasps objects and it is more purposeful
what is the locomotor development at 7-9 months
sits without support and crawls
what is the nonlocomotor development at 7-9 months
nothing
what is the manipulative development at 7-9 months
transfer objects from one hand to another
what is the locomotor development at 10-12 months
pulls self up and walks grasping furniture, then walks alone
what is the nonlocomotor development at 10-12 months
squats and stoops, plays patty cake
what is the manipulative development at 10-12 months
shows some signs of hand preference
and
grasps a spoon but has poor aim when moving to mouth
what is the locomotor development from 13-18months
walks backs wards, sideways and runsw
what is the nonlocomtor development from 13-18 months
rolls ball, and claps
what is the manipulative development from 13-18 months
stacks two blocks and puts objects in to small container and dumps them out
what is the locomotor development for 19-24 months
walks up and down stairs (2 feet per step)
what is the nonlocomotor development for 19-24 months
jumps with both feet off ground
what is the manipulative development for 19-24 months
uses spoon to feed self, stacks 4-10 blocks
is the motor development universal
yes, all children follow the same sequence of motor development
developmentally delayed children just follow at a slower pace.
what is gross motor activity by 2-3
by the age of 2-3 years old they can run easily, climb on furniture unaided, hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles
what is fine motor at 2-3
also around the age of 2-3 years old but they pick up small objects and throw small ball while standing
female vs male development
girls are ahead in motor skills in infancy, specifically manipulative
vs
male have more developmental delays but typically they are more active
what is the best form of infant nutrition
breastmilk
how long should exclusive breastfeeding should be done
first 4-6 months
what is the WHO recommendation for breastfeeding
until 2 years old
when can babies eat solid food
at the age of 6 months
are breast-fed babies healthier
yes, they are less likely to suffer from common illness as it stimulates better immune functioning bc antibodies are transferred from mother to baby
is there a difference between breastfed babies and formula fed babies when it comes to mother-infant social interactions
no, they both are identical if they are given the same maternal attention
what is the narrative about breastfeeding
it is all natural, and the images are happy people smiling down and it looks peaceful and easy
what is the reality with breastfeeding
it is painful
- typically for the first 2 weeks
- cracked and bleeding nipples
- milk can get clogged
why doesnt public health want to tell women about breastfeeding related pain
this is bc of the fear aspect that it wont even let mothers give it a try
and bc mothers base their decision of the culture and benefits of breastfeeding and the relationship with their body
Vision/hearing
poor seeing at first but develops rapidly over time
newborns hear nearly as well as adults- bc they can locate the direction of some sounds at birth
touch/motion
best developed of all the senses which is why babies like to be held and cuddled
smell/taste
smell has nearly unlimited variations
newborns react differently to each basic taste at birth
Two types of perceptual skills
- looking
- listening
Perceptual skill: looking
babies scan for light/dark contrasts
are faces interesting to babies
no faces are not interesting to babies but they prefer their mom’s face
Perceptual skill: listening
by 1 month they can discriminate between single syllables
at 6 months they can discriminate between 2 syllable words
at 3 months they recognize the sound regardless of who says it
What happens to a babies listening for language from 6 months to one year old
at 6 months infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language
but
by one year old, this ability fades and is limited to the sound contrast of their native language
why would the ability to distinguish sound contrasts in ALL languages fade?
this is because of synaptic pruning: you dont use it so you lose it bc we need to keep space for other things, so we get rid of things we dont use as much.
What is the language development at 2-3 months?
cooing, responds with smiles or cooing when spoken to
What is the language development at 4-5 months?
makes various vowel and consonant sounds with cooing
What is the language development at 6 months
babbles, utters phonemes of all languages
What is the language development at 8-9 months
focuses on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation, and now has receptive (words they understand) vocal of 20-30 words
What is the language development at 12 months
expressive language emerges, says single words
eg saying no
What is the language development at 12-18 months
uses word-gesture combination combined with variations in intonation (holophrases- word and gesture to form thought)
like roslyn saying uppie and having her hands up for me to pick her up
What is the language development at 18-20 months
uses two word sentences (telegraphic speech)
has expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words
what is fast mapping
vocabulary expands quickly
they can categorize new words with their own Brain/connections instead of us teaching them
when do cognitive skills change
over the first 2 years and are highly consistent across environments
consistent developmental trajectory (universal)
Paige-sensorimotor
infants use info from their sense and motor actions to learn about the world
what happens by 18-24 months for cognitive skills
infants has the beginnings of mental representation
what is mental representation and when does it occur
occurs between 18-24 months
and it is just schemes that infants make for how the world works around them
What is the sensorimotor development at 0-1 month
reflexes
What is the sensorimotor development at 1-4 month
primary circular reactions which are accommodation of basic schemes as babies practice them.
eg: grasping, listening, looking
beginning of coordination schemes from different senses: things set the foundation of how you put things together–hasnt linked body actions to results outside of the body
What is the sensorimotor development at 4-8 month
secondary circular reactions: baby becomes more aware of events outside his own body- imitation may occur- and beginning to understand object permanence
What is the sensorimotor development at 8-12 month
coordination of secondary schemes
intentional means end behaviour: means that they are focused and go after things.
they can combine 2 schemes to support means end behaviour. ie move pillow to reach you
What is the sensorimotor development at 12-18 month
tertiary circular reactions:
experimentation begins- infant tries new ways of playing with or manipulating objects.
What is the sensorimotor development at 18-24 month
beginning of mental representation which is the development of the use of symbols to represent objects or events
eg a stick could be a pencil or marker
the child understands the symbol is separate from the object (object permanence)
emotional development is tied to _________
parent infant relationship
what does emotional development is tied to parent infant relationship mean
it means that whoever is the infant’s primary caregiver they tend to develop the bond with them the most
what is the attachment theory
a theory that views the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is a genetic characteristic of all humans
we all want to be in relationship with somebody else where we feel cared for and loved
what are the 4 types of attachment
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- ambivalent attachment
- disorganized/disoriented
what is secure attachment
primary caregiver is always sensitive to infants’ needs and infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact
these infants know that they’re caregivers will always be there and will attend to their needs therefore will explore the world around them better
what is avoidant attachment
infants avoid contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people
what is ambivalent attachment
little exploratory behaviour
greatly upset when separated from parent and is not reassured by the parent’s return of comfort efforts
eg, I want u here but since u left its ok
what is disorganized/disoriented attachment
confused or apprehensive infant who shows contradictory behaviour such as moving toward parent while looking away
the other group, they’re just not connected
what do we know about secure attachment kids
they tend to be emotional responsive, to those around them
tend to be from families where there are 2 parents, high SES and stable mental health in the home
consequences of attachment
they are numerous and long lasting and they are all the way through life.
what are the consequences on secure attachment
more sociable, more positive in behaviour towards friends and siblings, less clinging and dependent on teachers, less aggressive and disruptive, more empathetic and emotionally mature in interactions in school and other settings outside the home
What are 2 kinds of cognitive changes
- constructive play
- first pretend play
what is constructive play
by age 2 children begin to use objects to build or construct things (building a tower, drawing a picture)
what is first pretend play
child uses object for other than its purpose or pretend with an object.
(pretending to drink from a cup) at 15-21 months
become more of a common place and explodes at 2 years
what is substitute pretend play
between 2-3 years children begin to use objects to stand for something altogether different (using a broom as a horse)
What is social play
2-6years onwards, relationships with non-siblings peers becomes increasingly important
what is solitary play
all ages of children playing by themselves
what is parallel play
14-18 months
when they are doing the same thing and playing with the same thing but not interacting
what is associative play
at 18 months
playing together but different ideas and different end goal
can be problems arising
what is cooperative play
3-4 years old
playing together with a common goal
eg: performances by the kids and they make it up as they go
2 types for learning
short-term
long term
what is short term learning
you retain for a short period of time
eg: stories, pictures and play
what is long term learning
practicing short term things over and over again so it is retained.
eg: ritual, imitation, reinforcement, repetition, games, role models
why is there physical aggression and what age
it peaks at age 2
this is because they are still developing language and they dont how to express themselves except through actions
what is aggression
a behaviour intended to harm another person or damage an object.
____ behaviours tends to run in _____
aggressive, families
this is bc kids will learn, eg, they will hit if they see parents hit
what kind of parenting is linked with aggression
punitive and harsh parenting
what two things play a key role in aggression
reinforcement and modelling
what happens between 17 and 29 months of age
ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistent (5:1)
what is the flipside of aggression
prosocial behaviour
what is prosocial behaviour
behaviour that is intended to help another person
develops around 2-3 years of age
what is the key for prosocial behaviour
empathy
what are they 4 key components of empathy
perspective taking, staying out of judgement, expressing vulnerability (recognizing emotions), communication ( to be empathetic–you need to be communicate
what drives connection
empathy
what is the stage has the strongest evidence in freud’s theory
oral stage bc hes right about kids under age of 2 put everything in their mouth
What stage of Eriksons theory is largely impacted by the caregiver and what is the resolution
Trust vs mistrust
resolution: hope
What does ACE stand for
Adverse childhood experiences
Autonomy vs shame and doubt has to do with…
toddler’s new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy
When does ACES start
can start as early as their born
What involves ACES
Abuse neglect and house hold dysfunction
What are abuse in ACES
physical, emotional and sexual
What is neglect in ACES
physical or emotional
What is household dysfunction for ACES
mental illness, incarcerated relative, mother treated violently, substance abuse and divorce
% of physical abuse in ACES
20%
Intimate partner violence % in ACES
nation wide a 34% exposure to IPV
Emotional maltreatment % in ACES
9%
Sexual abuse % in ACES
3%
What to take away from the video
If you are in a constant state of fight or flight so you are going to have high cortisol levels you will then have changes in your body and fundmental charges disrupt developing immune system or how dna is transcriped
preschool
3-6 years
physical changes between 4-6
less dramatic than first year of life but still impressive
gross motor skills for 3-4
walks upstairs one foot per step
skips on 2 feet
walks on tiptoe
pedals and steers
walks in any direction pulling a lg toy
jumps
gross motor skills for 4-5
walks up and down stairs one door per step, stands, run and walks not tiptoes
gross motor skills 5-6
skips on alternate feet, walks on a line, slides, swings
fine motor skills for 3-4
catches lg ball between outstretched arms
cuts with scissors
holds pencil between thumb and fingers
fine motor skills 4-5
strikes ball with bath
kicks and catches ball
thread beads on a string
grasps pencil properly
fine motor skills 5-6
plays ball games well, threads needle and sews large stitches
preschoolers make a ____
steady progress in motor development
what is the most impressive motor development in the preschool era
most impressive gains are in large muscle skills
art skills for a 3 year old
goes from scribbling to drawing and realizing that art can stand for something
thinking process of knowing where the major body parts go (head and legs and body may be missing)
art skills for a 4-5 year old
telling stories and working out problems using art
details like fingers and clothes are added and integrated
art skills for 6 years
set of symbols are developed
ie. sun a circle with lines that is yellow
they also learn that everything has an order and sits on a line/plane
lateralization during preschool 3-6
brain functions divided between two hemispheres
Left- language, logic, math and analysis
Right- intuition, creativity, art/music, spatial
Myelinization of 3-6
of the reticular formation- the brain structure that regulates attention and concentration
Handedness of 3-6
preference for one over another appears between 2 and 6 years of age
Prevention of ACES
ECE is one of the best defences about ACES
what does ECE stand for
Early childhood education
What is the video with 7 year old girl called
How every child can thrive by five, Molly wright
What can grown ups do to shape their kids, according to Molly Wright
- start early and often
- do it during the first 5 years bc they are v important for health and development
brain double in ____
volume, 90% the volume of an adult brain by age 7
what are the 5 things we can do and what is this called?
- connecting
- talking
- playing
- a healthy home
- community
to serve and return
cognitive development in preschool age
socio dramatic play and rule governed play
what is socio dramatic play
sometime in the preschool years, children begin to play parts of take role
eg. playing house
also the age where children make imaginary companions
what is rule governed play
by 5-6 years children prefer rule governed pretending and formal games.
pre-operational stage in preschool
children become more comfortable in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still struggle in thinking logically
what is rule on conservation
the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
at what age is conservation developed
around 5 but not before 5
what can 4-5 year olds understand in terms of appearance and reality
4-5 year olds understand that the same object can represent diff things
what is the false belief principle
an understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another person’s POV and determine what kind of information will cause that person to have a false belief.
realization that the world is outside “I”
what is the theories of mind (ToM)
a theory that has the capacity to understand of other and how the others are feeling
ToM of age 4
basic principle that each person’s actions are based on her or his representation of reality
ToM of age 4-5
cannot understand that other people can think about them, do not understand that most knowledge can be derived from inference ( happens by 6 years).
ToM of age 5-7
understand the reciprocal nature of thought
how to enhance ToM
pretend play, shared pretence with other children, discussion of emotion-provoking events with parents
narrating the world around them and guiding them through
eg: car accident happens, then you narrate emotions saying how said this is, I feel so bad.
this way kids can recognize emotions
what is metamemory
realizing the function of memory and reflecting upon and controlling one’s own MEMORY function
eg: a 6 year old saying oh I forget things all the time im forgetting things
or some kids can say I’ll always remember
what is metacognition
knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own THOUGHT process
they will realize that thinking is a SKILL and not something they always did and they will find ways or learning skills to retain it.
how many words do kids have in their vocabulary at the age of 5-6
15,000 words
what is reinforcement
child rapidly forms a hypothesis about a new word’s meaning ,then uses word often and getting feedback to help them judge the accuracy of their hypothesis
what is articulation disorder
it is a common speech disorder and it’s some preschoolers have difficulty making certain sounds
eg: Rs and Ss
is early intervention always needed for articulation disorder
no.
there is early intervention that is possible but kids can still grow out of articulation disorder
who realizes and judges if kids need help with articulation disorder
teachers can realize it and they will give the Kids more help if the other kids cant understand them
why do teachers get involved (if needed) in articulation disorder?
this is bc this order can put self esteem down and will affect the way they learn
what is invented spelling
a strategy young children with phonological awareness skills use when they write.
how do kids learn to read fast
the greater the phonological awareness the faster they will learn to read
Why is Jolly phonic so effective in promoting learning at this age
this is bc it targets three types of learners: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic
there is repition in the song, visually showing letter, sounding out letter and an action involved as well
what is grammar explosion
the start to realize that there are rules for writing
what is inflections
additions that change meaning
i.e adding -ing = go to going
what is overregulatization
using rules when they dont apply
ie. goed
what is complex sentences
using conjunctions to combine two ideas or using embedded clauses
what is problematic about intelligence testing
- subjetive to what you think intelligence is
- do not know what we are measuring
- diminishing self esteem and therefore affects further learning
- categorizing of children: labelling and reducing opportunities for certain kids
what is numeracy
ability to use numbers
how does numeracy help
development of numeracy abilities in preschoolers helps to facilitate more advance math concepts
what is 1:1 ratio
kids dont have the concept of this: it’s putting one number to one person or thing
Erikson theory on preschoolers
initiative vs guilt
- they have ability to plan
- they always want to take initiative and help around
what is person perception
ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender and race
erikson’s theory and preschoolers
why do parents need to protect kids in the preschooler stage
this is because child’s emerging skills and desire for autonomy have to be protected and control behaviour
eg they cant do lawnmower when they are that young
what is social cognitive for preschoolers- understanding rule categories
understanding rule categories is a way young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules
what is social cognitive for preschoolers- understanding others’ intentions
they start to understand the intention in others and understand that intentional wrong doing is more punishment deserving than unintentional rule breaking
family relationships
most important contributing factor to early childhood development
when ur little the family is ur whole world
what is attachment for preschoolers
predicts behaviour during preschoolers years both in behavioural problems and positive relationships with preschool teachers
secure attachment more likely to thrive in a school system
what ate insecurely attached preschoolers more likely to do
more like than securely attacked kids to develop neg, critical attitudes toward themselves
eg; I suck at school
4 aspects of family functioning
- warm/nurturance
- clarity and consistency of rules
- level of expectations
- communication between parent and child
what are the 4 parenting styles
- authoritarian
- permissive
- authoritative
- uninvolved
authoritarian
parenting style where they are low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands
strict expectations
permissive
a parenting style which is high in nurturance and low in mistral demands, control and communication
opp of authoritarian
authoritative
a parenting style high in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication
my parents
uninvolved and what do they produce
a parenting style which is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication
produces the most consistently neg outcomes
stats about parenting styles in canada
authoritative- 33%
authoritarian and permissive- 25%
uninvolved- 15%
is the stats about parenting styles a good theory
no, bc it is not falsifiable, testable or explains understanding and has gaps and doenst add up
canadian parents
- lenient and emotionally warm with children
-more friend related actinide while having a strong emotional bond with their children
european style parenting vs canadian style parenting
when compared to European parents, Canadian parents exert less behaviour control and use permissive disciplinary strategies and more friend related activities with a strong bond
what is discipline
training, whether physical, mental or moral that develops self control, moral characters and proper conduct
two main problems with discipline
effect and intensity
what is effect in discipline
a problem that says: difficult to establish effects of discipline
what is intensity in discipline
a problem that says: research has not concluded how intense and frequent effective discipline needs to be
why are we still researching on discipline
this is because ethically you can’t do certain things, for eg seeing if physical discipline works
and also bc every kid is different and each kid will respond differently
learning in preschoolers- short term
physical and visual stimuli: actions are v important in this stage bc kids cant sit still and learn they want to move all the time
- relate to familiar experiences
- active participation
- praise and approval
-stories
learning in preschoolers- long term
- role models: older and bigger humans
- repetion
- reinforce new skills: praising as well
