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HS 2700 > PRE-MID TERM > Flashcards

PRE-MID TERM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the biology and evolutionary theories driven by?

A

-biology and internally

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2
Q

What are the 3 biological and evolutionary theories

A
  1. genetic and epigenetic interact with the environment to shape health/wellbeing
  2. genotype vs phenotype
  3. patterns of inheritance
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3
Q

explain genetic and epigenetic interact with the environment to shape health/wellbeing

A

genes control specific characteristics and we each have 23000 genes in each cell nucleus of our body

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4
Q

explain genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype is the specific genetic material on individual chromosomes whereas phenotype is the observed characteristic

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5
Q

explain patterns of inheritance

A

dominant-recessive pattern,

polygenic inheritance (many genes influence a trait)

multi-factorial inheritance (genes and environment)

mitochondrial inheritance (inherit genes from the mother’s egg)

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6
Q

What makes a good theory

A
  1. explain
  2. predict
  3. increases understanding
  4. testable
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7
Q

What is epigenetic?

A

study of changes stemming from modification of gene expression rather alteration of the genetic code

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8
Q

what are epigenetic markers

A
  • they regulate gene expression by turning genes on or off
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9
Q

what happens when gene expression is controlled

A

epigenetic mechanisms regulate bodily processes

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10
Q

what are the 3 thing in epigenetics

A
  1. 100 year effect
  2. U shaped curve
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11
Q

what is the 100 year effect

A
  1. a theory that existed way before we were born
  2. it is an egg that was in ur mother when u were conceived and was in ur grandma was conceived, etc
    environment of the grandma lived in shaped us, and it took 100 years to see the diff
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12
Q

what is the U shaped curve

A

way that babies enter the world matters: low birth weight vs high birth weight.

on one end of the curve there are heavy born babies and the other end are low birht weight and each end is an extreme so these babies will have chances of 3 or more chronic conditions

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13
Q

what is the average normal weight for a baby in canada

A

8lbs

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14
Q

what are pyschoanalytical theories

A

theories that say developmental change occurs because of influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour

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15
Q

Who is an example of psychoanalytical theory

A

freud

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16
Q

What is the psychosexual theory and who did it

A

-freud
-behaviour is determined by conscious and unconscious processes
-libido is the sex drive
-personality structure has 3 parts (tripartite): id, ego and super ego

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17
Q

what is the id

A
  • the pleasure principle
  • driven by unconscious needs for pleasure
  • displays itself as selfish and demands gratification

eg. a baby crying is driven by unconscious needs and once they get their milk, they get their pleasure.

  • id is like the devil
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18
Q

when does ego develop

A
  • develops around age of 2
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19
Q

what is the ego

A

-focuses on the reality principle
- mediates between id and super ego

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20
Q

what is the super ego

A
  • morality principle
  • it’s like an angel that stops from doing anything and will do it through guilt and punishes our ego
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21
Q

Freud’s theory was _____

A

super sexualized.

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22
Q

what did freud argue?

A
  • that you have to go through all 5 stages/theories by resolving some type of conflict that exists otherwise you end up in fixation
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23
Q

what is the oral stage

A
  • lasts from 0-2 years
  • infants become happy through oral activities like feeding, thum sucking and babbling

**first theory in freud’s theory

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24
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • 2-3 years old
  • child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (eg. potty training)

**2nd theory in freud’s theory

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25
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-7 years old
  • child learns to realize diffs between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality

**3rd theory in freud’s theory

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26
Q

Latency Stage

A

-7-11 years old
- development is continued but sexual urges are quiet

**4th theory in freud’s theory

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27
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • 11 - adult
  • learn to deal maturely with opposite sex

**5th theory in freud’s theory

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28
Q

If you go through fixation, what happens in the oral stage?

A

smoking, overeating, passivity and gullibility

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29
Q

If you go through fixation, what happens in the anal stage?

A

orderliness, parsimonious, or the opposite

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30
Q

If you go through fixation, what happens in the Phallic stage?

A

Vanity, recklessness or the opposite

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31
Q

If you go through fixation, what happens in the latency stage?

A

nothing- fixation usually does not occur at this stage

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32
Q

If you go through fixation, what happens in the genital stage?

A

adults should have successfully integrated earlier stages and now should emerge with a sincere interest in other and mature sexuality

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33
Q

What is noticed about fixations?

A
  • not testable
  • predicting is lacking
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34
Q

Who was eric erikson?

A
  • student of freud
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35
Q

what did erik erikson do?

A
  • expanded freud’s theory by taking a life span approach
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36
Q

What was erik erikson’s theory?

A
  • a psychosocial theory
  • it talks about the interaction of inner instinct and cultural demands
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37
Q

In who’s theory do you have to move through and successfully resolve all 8 dilemmas

A

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages

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38
Q

Infancy stage

A
  • 0-18 months
    -trust vs mistrust
  • feeding/comfort
  • is my world safe?
  • at this age, they develop a sense of who to trust when parent provide reliability, care and affection. lack of this leads to mistrust
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39
Q

Early childhood

A
  • 2-3 years old
  • autonomy vs shame and doubt
  • toilet training/ dressing
  • can I do things by myself or do I need to always rely on others?
  • they need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
  • success leads to a sense of autonomy
  • failure leads to feeling shame and doubt
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40
Q

preschool

A
  • 3-5
  • initiative vs guilt
  • exploration/play
    am I good or bad
  • children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment.
    success: leads to a sense of purpose
  • children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in guilt
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41
Q

school age

A
  • 6-11
  • industry vs inferiority
  • school/activities
  • how can I be good?
  • children need to cope with new social and academic demands
    success: sense of competence
    failure: inferiority
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42
Q

adolescence

A
  • 12-18
  • identity vs role confusion
  • social relationships/ identity
  • who am I and where am I going
  • teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity
  • success: ability to stay true to yourself
  • failure: role confusion and a weak sense of self
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43
Q

young adult

A
  • 19 to 40
  • intimacy vs isolation
  • intimate relationships
  • am I loved or wanted?
  • young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people
  • success leads to strong relationships
  • failure: loneliness and isolation
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44
Q

middle adulthood

A
  • 40 to 65
  • generatively vs stagnation
  • work and parenthood
  • will I provide something of real value?
  • adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, by having children or creating positive change that benefits other people
  • success: feelings of usefulness and accomplishment
  • failure: shallow involvement in the world
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45
Q

maturity

A
  • 65 to death
  • ego identity vs despair
  • reflection on life
  • have I lived a full life?
  • older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment
  • success: feeling of wisdom
  • failure: regret, bitterness and despair
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46
Q

humanistic alternative

A

theories start with a goal and self actualization is the ultimate goal in human life

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47
Q

What are the stages of Maslow needs? and in what order do you read it from?

A
  • read it from bottom to top
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. belongingness and love needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. self actualization `
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48
Q

explain physiological needs

A
  • basic needs
  • water, food, warmth and rest
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49
Q

explain safety needs

A
  • basic needs
  • security and safety
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50
Q

explain belongingness and love needs

A

-physiological needs
- intimate relationships and friends

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51
Q

explain esteem needs

A
  • physiological needs
  • prestige and feeling of accomplishment
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52
Q

explain self actualization

A
  • self-fulfillment needs
  • achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
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53
Q

what are learning theories

A

they focus on how experiences in the ENVIRONMENT shape the child

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54
Q

how is human behaviour seen

A

as being shaped by processes such as classical and operant conditioning

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55
Q

How is Pavlov’s classical important?

A

plays an important role in the development of emotional responses

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56
Q

how is skinner’s operant important

A

extinction and shaping

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57
Q

What are advantages of learning theories

A
  • testable
    -predictive
    -environmental context important
    -why some people thrive and others dont
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58
Q

what are the disadvantages of learning theories

A
  • very simplistic: that we can be controlled by our environment
  • shaping children the way we grew
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59
Q

who came up with positive and neg reinforcement and pos and neg punishment

A

skinner and it is called opperant conditioning

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60
Q

what is positive punishment vs neg punishment

A

pos punishment you add something to punish (eg, timeout or hitting or a chore)

neg punishment you take away something to punish them (eg, the fav toy or their phone)

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61
Q

what is positive reinforcement vs neg reinforcement

A

pos: adding something to repeat that behaviour, eg: REWARD

neg: taking something away to repeat that behaviour:
eg, a kid does good on a test so to encourage him to do good you take a chore away and make his life easier.

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62
Q

what are the 4 types of operant conditioning

A
  1. pos reinforcement
  2. neg reinforcement
  3. pos punishment
  4. neg punishment
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63
Q

what are cognitive theories

A

they are emphasized mental aspects of development (eg, logic and memory)

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64
Q

eg of learning theories

A
  1. pavlov’s conditioning
  2. skinners operant conditioning
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65
Q

eg of pyschoanalytical theory

A

freud’s pyschosexual theory and erik erikson’s pyschosocial theory

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66
Q

What was piaget’s theory based on

A

scheme, assimilation, accommodation and equilibration

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67
Q

what is a scheme

A

an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with procedure to follow in a specific circumstance

eg. how we brush our teeth: we plan it out as, first do this and then do that, etc

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68
Q

what is assimilation

A

process of applying schemes to (different?) experiences

eg. if a scheme was to get ready in the morning to come to class, but the same scheme could be applied to another class

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69
Q

what is accomodation

A

changing the scheme as a result of new information

eg. kids go through many spurts of development like learning a bunch of new words. when learning a new word they think on how to think or say a word and when they get feedback they retry it and change it

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70
Q

what is equiliberation

A

process of balancing assimilation and accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment

we learn what works and what doesn’t in particular situations.

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71
Q

what is the information processing theory

A

use the computer as a model of human thinking with memory processes

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72
Q

what is vgotsky’s theory

A

socio-cultural theory asserts complex forms of thinking- have their origins in social interactions

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73
Q

what is bandura’s theory

A

learning does not always require reinforcement, sometimes we learn through observation

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74
Q

How many stages does piaget stages of cognitive development have

A

4 stages

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75
Q

first stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain

A

sensorimotor
- 0-2 years old
- coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. language used for demands and cataloguing. object permanence is developed

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76
Q

what is object permenance

A

understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them

eg, a baby sees a teddy bear

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77
Q

second stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain

A

preoperational
- 2-7 years old
- symbolic thinking, using proper grammar to express concepts
- imagination and intuition are strong but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult
conversation is developed

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78
Q

third stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain

A

concrete operational
- 7-11
- concepts attached to concrete situations
-time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts

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79
Q

fourth stage of piaget’s cognitive development and explain

A

formal operation
- 11 years and older
- theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking. abstract logic and reasoning, strategy and planning become possible
concepts learning in one context can be applied to another

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80
Q

what is bandura’s theory?

A

bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning theories emphasis on attention, memory and motivation

he says you can learn through observation, limitation and modeling

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81
Q

an eg of bandura’s theory

A

influencing one another and influenced by environment; observing
eg. driving- looking at parents and also learning by the environment like stop signs etc.
eg. manners, for eg eye contact is important bc u look at ur parents to learn that.

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82
Q

are cognitive theories good?

A

yes bc it takes into account of environment and is combining it with biology

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83
Q

why can cognitive theories be bad?

A

difficult to test and observe

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84
Q

what is a systems theory

A

personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system

basically everything interacting with everything

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85
Q

what two terms are part of the systems theory

A

holism and wellness

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86
Q

what doe holism mean

A

the “whole” is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts

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87
Q

what does wellness mean

A

a result of adaptive adjusment

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88
Q

this is the first group of theories to say something..what is it?

A

said studying a person in a lab is useless bc they don’t live in a lab and so need to study their environment along with the person

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89
Q

what is the bronfenbrenner bioecological system theory

A

development that is explained in terms of the relationships between people and their environments or contexts

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90
Q

what is the classification meaning in the bronfenbrenner bioecological system theory

A

classifies all the individual and contexual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact

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91
Q

what does bronfenbrenner bioecological system consist of (in order)

A

microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem

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92
Q

what is the microsystem

A

activities and interaction in the child’s IMMEDIATE surroundings

eg: parents, school, friends, etc
eg: interaction with roomates

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93
Q

what is the mesosystem

A

relationships AMONG entities invilved in child’s microsystem

eg: parent interaction with teachers, a school’s interaction with the daycare provider,

eg: prof at western

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94
Q

what is the exosystem

A

social instituitons which affect children indirectly

eg: parents’ work settings and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resources

eg: western uni as a WHOLE, a job (organization)

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95
Q

what is the macrosystem

A

broader cultural values, laws and governmental resources

eg: the bus system, tuition freezes

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96
Q

what is the chronosystem

A

changes which occur during child’s life, both personally and culturally

eg: eg sibling birth (personal), Iraqi war (cultural), divorce, natural disaster, moving houses, gaining or losing a pet, 9/11, SAG strike, etc

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97
Q

what is a noticeable factor about all the theorists?

A
  • all men
    -all old
    -all white
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98
Q

why is this a problem that all theoriests are white old men

A
  • less diversity bc they only experience so much in relation to culture, etc
    basically that these theories might only work with white old men
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99
Q

why do we still use these theories presented by these white old men

A

bc they laid the foundation for greater studies

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100
Q

What is a developmental trajectory that began before we even were a thought

A

100 year effect

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101
Q

what is the first stage in the developmental trajectory

A

conception

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102
Q

is the age of conception in canada getting higher or lower

A

higher

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103
Q

how much did the rates of triplets, quadruplets, and quintuples, increase since the mid 1990s

A

230% which is a lot

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104
Q

what is AMA

A

advance maternal age

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105
Q

Is AMA becoming an increasingly common phenomena?

A

yes

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106
Q

What is the AMA age

A

over 35

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107
Q

What does increased AMA lead to

A
  • conception of multiple births
  • increase in use of assisted human reproductive techniques
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108
Q

what are some examples of assisted human reproductive techniques

A
  1. fertility drugs
  2. cryopreservation: freezes the embryos created in IVF
  3. artificial insemination: injects sperm directly into the woman’s uterus
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109
Q

what are the 3 stages in pregnancy and prenatal development

A

antenatal: conception to post partum

preggo: physical condition in which a woman’s body is nurturing a developing embryo or fetus for 40 weeks

prenatal: process that transforms a zygote into a newborn

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110
Q

the first trimester

A

from the zygote implantation to 12 weeks is the first trimester

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111
Q

the second trimester

A
  • 12 to 24 weeks
  • begin to feel the fetus moving
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112
Q

third trimester

A
  • 25+ weeks
  • increased emotional attached to the fetus
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113
Q

what are the key issues in trimesters

A
  • ectopic pregnancy: occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus and usually occurs in the fallopian tube
  • abnormal urine or blood tests
  • increased blood pressure
    -malnutrition
    -bleeding
    -miscarriage
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114
Q

why is malnutrition a first trimester issue in canada

A
  • food insecurity
    but it’s still a issue in SES people too
    -its bc you throw up everything, no food is retained long enough therefore no nutrients are absorbed.
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115
Q

what are the key issues in the second trimester

A
  • increased blood pressure
  • bleeding
    -premature labour
  • bladder infection: this starts of asymptomatic
  • toxemia: blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacteria infection and the only cure is to delivery. it is another form of preeclampsia
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116
Q

What is the current trend and issue with the age of viability

A

age of viability is getting younfer and survival rate is getting higher

but bc of this, we have children with complex care condition and needing precision medicine and children living on technical wires

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117
Q

What are the issues in prenatal development

A
  1. genetic disorders
  2. chromosomal errors/ differences
  3. teratogens
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118
Q

what are genetic disorders

A
  1. autosomal dominant disorders (huntington’s disease, extra fingers)
  2. autosomal recessive disorders (sickle cell, cystic fibrosis)
  3. sex-linked recessive disorders (red-green colour blindess, missing front teeth)
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119
Q

what are chromosomal errors/differences

A
  1. trisomy (three copies- down syndrome)
  2. anomalies with sex chromosomes (turner’s syndrome)
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120
Q

what are teratogens

A

agents causing damage to the fetus bc it was exposed by mom

greatest risk in the first 8 weeks bc fetus has mass development

eg of teratogens: alc, drugs, caffeine, STDs, radiation, air, pollution, weed, etc

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121
Q

what are the issues with preterm birth

A

life long effects such as: cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual and hearing impairment, poor health and growth and behavioural and social-emotional problems

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122
Q

how is age measured when a baby is a preemie

A

during the first 2 years of life, they record the actual age and the preterm age. this is bc the effect is so much during the first 2 years and some kids are fine after these 2 years and some aren’t

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123
Q

what is the normal birth weight in general and in canada

A

general: 5lbs to 8.13 lbs
canada: 8lbs 7oz

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124
Q

what is the low birth weight

A

5lbs 5oz

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125
Q

what is very low birth weight

A

less than 3.9 lbs

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126
Q

what is extremely low birth weight

A

less than 2.3 lbs

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127
Q

what is the cure for gestational diabetes

A

excerise and diet

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128
Q

what is the impact on the baby if mom has gestational diabetes

A

baby come`s out chunkier

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129
Q

what is the impact of low birth weight and very low birth weight

A

neg effects on mental and motor development and growth at 9 months to 2 years of age

effect on physical and mental development seems to lessen over time but the growth effects do not

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130
Q

what are the 2 options for birth location in london

A
  1. hospital: (OB or mid wife)
  2. home birth: (midwives)
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131
Q

Is home birth safe and who does it

A
  • 9% of first time moms plan a home birth and 21% second times moms
  • but only offered to women with NO risk factors and spontaneous labors
  • yes it is safe if not even better than hospital births that low risk women go to
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132
Q

why is homebirth outcomes better

A
  1. environment: hospital is too chaotic which can lead to stress
  2. higher infection rate at hospital

and homebirths have a good outcome because only women with LOW risk are having babies at home

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133
Q

how many stages of labour are there

A

4

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134
Q

1st stage of labour

A
  • muscles of the uterus start to tighten (contract) and then relax
  • these contraction help to efface (thin) and dilate (open) cervix so baby can pass through the birth canal
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135
Q

2nd stage of labour

A
  • cervix is dilated completely (10cm) and the baby is born
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136
Q

3rd stage of labour

A
  • this occurs AFTER baby is born
  • mom still has contraction until the placenta is delivered
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137
Q

4th stage of labour

A

-first few hours after birth (breastfeeding, etc)

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138
Q

what are issues that can arise during the process of birth

A

-fetal distress (sudden change in fetal heart rate)

  • anoxia (oxygen deprivation for babies) can result in death or brain damage
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139
Q

what are the two kinds of reflexes

A

adaptive and primitve reflexes

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140
Q

what are physical changes in infant and toddler

A

in the first year, infants grow 25-30 cm and triple their body weight

most weight growth

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141
Q

What is happening physically during infancy and toddler

A

a lot of brain development

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142
Q

What do we know about 2 year olds and the brain

A

two year olds have proportionally larger heads as they need to hold their nearly full sized brain

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143
Q

what are the 3 kinds of Brain development that happen in the first 2 years

A
  1. synaptogenesis
  2. neuroplasticity
  3. myelinization
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144
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

this is the creation of synapses. and this is followed by a period of synaptic pruning to make the nervous system more efficient

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145
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections

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146
Q

what is myelinization

A

myelin gradually covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another- improving conductivity

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147
Q

what are the physical changes between 2-3 years

A

there are less dramatic physically changes than the first year of life but still impressive

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148
Q

how much height and weight do children gain each year from 2 years old to adolescence

A

5-8cm in height and 2.7kg in weight

149
Q

what are the 3 growth developments

A
  1. motor
  2. linear
  3. obesity
150
Q

what is motor development

A

kids with higher motor ability levels are better able to control or inhibit their behaviours allowing for successful task achievement

151
Q

what is linear development

A

children’s motor activity levels increase linearly with age and peak between 7-9 years

this means that kids will not learn to run before they learn to walk, or they will not learn to walk before they stand.

152
Q

what is obesity growth

A

this is an issue.

most kids eat sufficient quantities of food but not regular meals, particularly toddlers.

153
Q

what is the stat about obesity

A

22% of children aged 2 to 5 years old are overweight or obese

154
Q

what are adaptive reflexes

A

it helps them to survive

eg. are sucking, (so they can eat)

155
Q

will you have adaptive reflexes your whole life

A

yes but you can also loose some

156
Q

what are primitive reflexes

A

these are controlled by the primitive parts of the brain and they disappear around the age of 6 months

157
Q

what are 3 titles of reflexes that she talks about

A
  1. rooting
  2. babinski
  3. moro
158
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

a soft touch and the cheek and the infant will turn toward the touch and open the mouth

this disappears by 3 months of age

159
Q

what is the babinski reflex

A

stroking the sole of the foot causes the infants toes to fan out and up

this disappears by 12 months of age

160
Q

what is the moro reflex

A

sudden noise or lack of support causes the infants to arch the back and throw the arms and legs out and bring them back in

disappears by 4-5 months of age

161
Q

why do infants do the rooting reflex

A

to eat

162
Q

what can reflexes like babinski indicate

A

these are checks for normal or abnormal nervous system development

163
Q

why do babies have the moro reflex

A
  1. for protection
  2. a cling, so when someone does accidentally drop a baby, then the babies can grab or cling onto something
164
Q

can babies trigger their own moro reflex?

A

yes, when they cry so loud they trigger their own moro reflex.

165
Q

what are the 2 behavioural states that babies have

A
  1. conscious state
  2. sleeping state
166
Q

how are patterns of sleep/wakefulness stabilized

A

with age

167
Q

what is age range of a neonate?

A

0-28 days

168
Q

who are neonates

A

babies that sleep for 80% of the day

169
Q

at what age do babies start sleeping through the night

A

8 weeks

170
Q

at what are babies sleeping about 14 hours a day

A

by 6 months

171
Q

what are stats being presented in textbooks

A

an average

172
Q

what are the 3 types of cries

A

1.basic cry
2. anger cry
3. pain cry

173
Q

what does basic cry signal and sound like

A

signals hunger and has a rhythmic pattern

174
Q

what does an anger cry sound like

A

louder and more intense

175
Q

what does a pain cry sound like

A

very abrupt onset

176
Q

how to reduce crying in the later years

A

prompt attention to crying in the first three months leads to less crying later.

177
Q

what is loco motor development

A

when body is moving in space between one location (walking)

178
Q

what is nonlocomotor development

A

when you stay in one place and move your body vertically or horizontally on an axis

eg: bending, stretching twisting, etc

179
Q

what is manipulative development

A

anything to do with hands

180
Q

what is the locomotor development at one month of age

A

stepping reflex

181
Q

what is nonlocomotor development at one month of age

A

lifts head up slightly and follows object with eyes

182
Q

what is the manipulative development at one month of age

A

holds object if placed in hand

183
Q

what is the locomotor reflex at 2-3 months

A

nothing

184
Q

what is nonlocomotor development at 2-3 months of age

A

lifts head up to 90 degrees when lying on stomach

185
Q

what is the manipulative development at 2-3 months

A

begins to swipe at objects in sight

186
Q

what is locomotor development at 4-6 months

A

rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees (creeping)

187
Q

what is the nonlocomotor development at 4-6 months

A

holds head erect while in sitting position

188
Q

what is the manipulative development at 4-6months

A

reaches for and grasps objects and it is more purposeful

189
Q

what is the locomotor development at 7-9 months

A

sits without support and crawls

190
Q

what is the nonlocomotor development at 7-9 months

A

nothing

191
Q

what is the manipulative development at 7-9 months

A

transfer objects from one hand to another

192
Q

what is the locomotor development at 10-12 months

A

pulls self up and walks grasping furniture, then walks alone

193
Q

what is the nonlocomotor development at 10-12 months

A

squats and stoops, plays patty cake

194
Q

what is the manipulative development at 10-12 months

A

shows some signs of hand preference

and

grasps a spoon but has poor aim when moving to mouth

195
Q

what is the locomotor development from 13-18months

A

walks backs wards, sideways and runsw

196
Q

what is the nonlocomtor development from 13-18 months

A

rolls ball, and claps

197
Q

what is the manipulative development from 13-18 months

A

stacks two blocks and puts objects in to small container and dumps them out

198
Q

what is the locomotor development for 19-24 months

A

walks up and down stairs (2 feet per step)

199
Q

what is the nonlocomotor development for 19-24 months

A

jumps with both feet off ground

200
Q

what is the manipulative development for 19-24 months

A

uses spoon to feed self, stacks 4-10 blocks

201
Q

is the motor development universal

A

yes, all children follow the same sequence of motor development

developmentally delayed children just follow at a slower pace.

202
Q

what is gross motor activity by 2-3

A

by the age of 2-3 years old they can run easily, climb on furniture unaided, hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles

203
Q

what is fine motor at 2-3

A

also around the age of 2-3 years old but they pick up small objects and throw small ball while standing

204
Q

female vs male development

A

girls are ahead in motor skills in infancy, specifically manipulative

vs

male have more developmental delays but typically they are more active

205
Q

what is the best form of infant nutrition

A

breastmilk

206
Q

how long should exclusive breastfeeding should be done

A

first 4-6 months

207
Q

what is the WHO recommendation for breastfeeding

A

until 2 years old

208
Q

when can babies eat solid food

A

at the age of 6 months

209
Q

are breast-fed babies healthier

A

yes, they are less likely to suffer from common illness as it stimulates better immune functioning bc antibodies are transferred from mother to baby

210
Q

is there a difference between breastfed babies and formula fed babies when it comes to mother-infant social interactions

A

no, they both are identical if they are given the same maternal attention

211
Q

what is the narrative about breastfeeding

A

it is all natural, and the images are happy people smiling down and it looks peaceful and easy

212
Q

what is the reality with breastfeeding

A

it is painful
- typically for the first 2 weeks
- cracked and bleeding nipples
- milk can get clogged

213
Q

why doesnt public health want to tell women about breastfeeding related pain

A

this is bc of the fear aspect that it wont even let mothers give it a try

and bc mothers base their decision of the culture and benefits of breastfeeding and the relationship with their body

214
Q

Vision/hearing

A

poor seeing at first but develops rapidly over time

newborns hear nearly as well as adults- bc they can locate the direction of some sounds at birth

215
Q

touch/motion

A

best developed of all the senses which is why babies like to be held and cuddled

216
Q

smell/taste

A

smell has nearly unlimited variations

newborns react differently to each basic taste at birth

217
Q

Two types of perceptual skills

A
  1. looking
  2. listening
218
Q

Perceptual skill: looking

A

babies scan for light/dark contrasts

219
Q

are faces interesting to babies

A

no faces are not interesting to babies but they prefer their mom’s face

220
Q

Perceptual skill: listening

A

by 1 month they can discriminate between single syllables

at 6 months they can discriminate between 2 syllable words

at 3 months they recognize the sound regardless of who says it

221
Q

What happens to a babies listening for language from 6 months to one year old

A

at 6 months infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language

but

by one year old, this ability fades and is limited to the sound contrast of their native language

222
Q

why would the ability to distinguish sound contrasts in ALL languages fade?

A

this is because of synaptic pruning: you dont use it so you lose it bc we need to keep space for other things, so we get rid of things we dont use as much.

223
Q

What is the language development at 2-3 months?

A

cooing, responds with smiles or cooing when spoken to

224
Q

What is the language development at 4-5 months?

A

makes various vowel and consonant sounds with cooing

225
Q

What is the language development at 6 months

A

babbles, utters phonemes of all languages

226
Q

What is the language development at 8-9 months

A

focuses on phonemes, rhythm, and intonation, and now has receptive (words they understand) vocal of 20-30 words

227
Q

What is the language development at 12 months

A

expressive language emerges, says single words

eg saying no

228
Q

What is the language development at 12-18 months

A

uses word-gesture combination combined with variations in intonation (holophrases- word and gesture to form thought)

like roslyn saying uppie and having her hands up for me to pick her up

229
Q

What is the language development at 18-20 months

A

uses two word sentences (telegraphic speech)

has expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words

230
Q

what is fast mapping

A

vocabulary expands quickly

they can categorize new words with their own Brain/connections instead of us teaching them

231
Q

when do cognitive skills change

A

over the first 2 years and are highly consistent across environments

consistent developmental trajectory (universal)

232
Q

Paige-sensorimotor

A

infants use info from their sense and motor actions to learn about the world

233
Q

what happens by 18-24 months for cognitive skills

A

infants has the beginnings of mental representation

234
Q

what is mental representation and when does it occur

A

occurs between 18-24 months

and it is just schemes that infants make for how the world works around them

235
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 0-1 month

A

reflexes

236
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 1-4 month

A

primary circular reactions which are accommodation of basic schemes as babies practice them.

eg: grasping, listening, looking

beginning of coordination schemes from different senses: things set the foundation of how you put things together–hasnt linked body actions to results outside of the body

237
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 4-8 month

A

secondary circular reactions: baby becomes more aware of events outside his own body- imitation may occur- and beginning to understand object permanence

238
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 8-12 month

A

coordination of secondary schemes

intentional means end behaviour: means that they are focused and go after things.

they can combine 2 schemes to support means end behaviour. ie move pillow to reach you

239
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 12-18 month

A

tertiary circular reactions:

experimentation begins- infant tries new ways of playing with or manipulating objects.

240
Q

What is the sensorimotor development at 18-24 month

A

beginning of mental representation which is the development of the use of symbols to represent objects or events
eg a stick could be a pencil or marker

the child understands the symbol is separate from the object (object permanence)

241
Q

emotional development is tied to _________

A

parent infant relationship

242
Q

what does emotional development is tied to parent infant relationship mean

A

it means that whoever is the infant’s primary caregiver they tend to develop the bond with them the most

243
Q

what is the attachment theory

A

a theory that views the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is a genetic characteristic of all humans

we all want to be in relationship with somebody else where we feel cared for and loved

244
Q

what are the 4 types of attachment

A
  1. secure attachment
  2. avoidant attachment
  3. ambivalent attachment
  4. disorganized/disoriented
245
Q

what is secure attachment

A

primary caregiver is always sensitive to infants’ needs and infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact

these infants know that they’re caregivers will always be there and will attend to their needs therefore will explore the world around them better

246
Q

what is avoidant attachment

A

infants avoid contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people

247
Q

what is ambivalent attachment

A

little exploratory behaviour
greatly upset when separated from parent and is not reassured by the parent’s return of comfort efforts

eg, I want u here but since u left its ok

248
Q

what is disorganized/disoriented attachment

A

confused or apprehensive infant who shows contradictory behaviour such as moving toward parent while looking away

the other group, they’re just not connected

249
Q

what do we know about secure attachment kids

A

they tend to be emotional responsive, to those around them
tend to be from families where there are 2 parents, high SES and stable mental health in the home

250
Q

consequences of attachment

A

they are numerous and long lasting and they are all the way through life.

251
Q

what are the consequences on secure attachment

A

more sociable, more positive in behaviour towards friends and siblings, less clinging and dependent on teachers, less aggressive and disruptive, more empathetic and emotionally mature in interactions in school and other settings outside the home

252
Q

What are 2 kinds of cognitive changes

A
  1. constructive play
  2. first pretend play
253
Q

what is constructive play

A

by age 2 children begin to use objects to build or construct things (building a tower, drawing a picture)

254
Q

what is first pretend play

A

child uses object for other than its purpose or pretend with an object.

(pretending to drink from a cup) at 15-21 months

become more of a common place and explodes at 2 years

255
Q

what is substitute pretend play

A

between 2-3 years children begin to use objects to stand for something altogether different (using a broom as a horse)

256
Q

What is social play

A

2-6years onwards, relationships with non-siblings peers becomes increasingly important

257
Q

what is solitary play

A

all ages of children playing by themselves

258
Q

what is parallel play

A

14-18 months
when they are doing the same thing and playing with the same thing but not interacting

259
Q

what is associative play

A

at 18 months
playing together but different ideas and different end goal

can be problems arising

260
Q

what is cooperative play

A

3-4 years old

playing together with a common goal

eg: performances by the kids and they make it up as they go

261
Q

2 types for learning

A

short-term
long term

262
Q

what is short term learning

A

you retain for a short period of time

eg: stories, pictures and play

263
Q

what is long term learning

A

practicing short term things over and over again so it is retained.

eg: ritual, imitation, reinforcement, repetition, games, role models

264
Q

why is there physical aggression and what age

A

it peaks at age 2

this is because they are still developing language and they dont how to express themselves except through actions

265
Q

what is aggression

A

a behaviour intended to harm another person or damage an object.

266
Q

____ behaviours tends to run in _____

A

aggressive, families

this is bc kids will learn, eg, they will hit if they see parents hit

267
Q

what kind of parenting is linked with aggression

A

punitive and harsh parenting

268
Q

what two things play a key role in aggression

A

reinforcement and modelling

269
Q

what happens between 17 and 29 months of age

A

ratio of male to female physical aggression is consistent (5:1)

270
Q

what is the flipside of aggression

A

prosocial behaviour

271
Q

what is prosocial behaviour

A

behaviour that is intended to help another person

develops around 2-3 years of age

272
Q

what is the key for prosocial behaviour

A

empathy

273
Q

what are they 4 key components of empathy

A

perspective taking, staying out of judgement, expressing vulnerability (recognizing emotions), communication ( to be empathetic–you need to be communicate

274
Q

what drives connection

A

empathy

275
Q

what is the stage has the strongest evidence in freud’s theory

A

oral stage bc hes right about kids under age of 2 put everything in their mouth

276
Q

What stage of Eriksons theory is largely impacted by the caregiver and what is the resolution

A

Trust vs mistrust

resolution: hope

277
Q

What does ACE stand for

A

Adverse childhood experiences

278
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt has to do with…

A

toddler’s new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy

279
Q

When does ACES start

A

can start as early as their born

280
Q

What involves ACES

A

Abuse neglect and house hold dysfunction

281
Q

What are abuse in ACES

A

physical, emotional and sexual

282
Q

What is neglect in ACES

A

physical or emotional

283
Q

What is household dysfunction for ACES

A

mental illness, incarcerated relative, mother treated violently, substance abuse and divorce

284
Q

% of physical abuse in ACES

A

20%

285
Q

Intimate partner violence % in ACES

A

nation wide a 34% exposure to IPV

286
Q

Emotional maltreatment % in ACES

A

9%

287
Q

Sexual abuse % in ACES

A

3%

288
Q

What to take away from the video

A

If you are in a constant state of fight or flight so you are going to have high cortisol levels you will then have changes in your body and fundmental charges disrupt developing immune system or how dna is transcriped

289
Q

preschool

A

3-6 years

290
Q

physical changes between 4-6

A

less dramatic than first year of life but still impressive

291
Q

gross motor skills for 3-4

A

walks upstairs one foot per step

skips on 2 feet

walks on tiptoe

pedals and steers

walks in any direction pulling a lg toy

jumps

292
Q

gross motor skills for 4-5

A

walks up and down stairs one door per step, stands, run and walks not tiptoes

293
Q

gross motor skills 5-6

A

skips on alternate feet, walks on a line, slides, swings

294
Q

fine motor skills for 3-4

A

catches lg ball between outstretched arms

cuts with scissors

holds pencil between thumb and fingers

295
Q

fine motor skills 4-5

A

strikes ball with bath

kicks and catches ball

thread beads on a string

grasps pencil properly

296
Q

fine motor skills 5-6

A

plays ball games well, threads needle and sews large stitches

297
Q

preschoolers make a ____

A

steady progress in motor development

298
Q

what is the most impressive motor development in the preschool era

A

most impressive gains are in large muscle skills

299
Q

art skills for a 3 year old

A

goes from scribbling to drawing and realizing that art can stand for something

thinking process of knowing where the major body parts go (head and legs and body may be missing)

300
Q

art skills for a 4-5 year old

A

telling stories and working out problems using art

details like fingers and clothes are added and integrated

301
Q

art skills for 6 years

A

set of symbols are developed

ie. sun a circle with lines that is yellow

they also learn that everything has an order and sits on a line/plane

302
Q

lateralization during preschool 3-6

A

brain functions divided between two hemispheres

Left- language, logic, math and analysis

Right- intuition, creativity, art/music, spatial

303
Q

Myelinization of 3-6

A

of the reticular formation- the brain structure that regulates attention and concentration

304
Q

Handedness of 3-6

A

preference for one over another appears between 2 and 6 years of age

305
Q

Prevention of ACES

A

ECE is one of the best defences about ACES

306
Q

what does ECE stand for

A

Early childhood education

307
Q

What is the video with 7 year old girl called

A

How every child can thrive by five, Molly wright

308
Q

What can grown ups do to shape their kids, according to Molly Wright

A
  1. start early and often
  2. do it during the first 5 years bc they are v important for health and development
309
Q

brain double in ____

A

volume, 90% the volume of an adult brain by age 7

310
Q

what are the 5 things we can do and what is this called?

A
  1. connecting
  2. talking
  3. playing
  4. a healthy home
  5. community

to serve and return

311
Q

cognitive development in preschool age

A

socio dramatic play and rule governed play

312
Q

what is socio dramatic play

A

sometime in the preschool years, children begin to play parts of take role

eg. playing house

also the age where children make imaginary companions

313
Q

what is rule governed play

A

by 5-6 years children prefer rule governed pretending and formal games.

314
Q

pre-operational stage in preschool

A

children become more comfortable in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still struggle in thinking logically

315
Q

what is rule on conservation

A

the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

316
Q

at what age is conservation developed

A

around 5 but not before 5

317
Q

what can 4-5 year olds understand in terms of appearance and reality

A

4-5 year olds understand that the same object can represent diff things

318
Q

what is the false belief principle

A

an understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another person’s POV and determine what kind of information will cause that person to have a false belief.

realization that the world is outside “I”

319
Q

what is the theories of mind (ToM)

A

a theory that has the capacity to understand of other and how the others are feeling

320
Q

ToM of age 4

A

basic principle that each person’s actions are based on her or his representation of reality

321
Q

ToM of age 4-5

A

cannot understand that other people can think about them, do not understand that most knowledge can be derived from inference ( happens by 6 years).

322
Q

ToM of age 5-7

A

understand the reciprocal nature of thought

323
Q

how to enhance ToM

A

pretend play, shared pretence with other children, discussion of emotion-provoking events with parents

narrating the world around them and guiding them through

eg: car accident happens, then you narrate emotions saying how said this is, I feel so bad.
this way kids can recognize emotions

324
Q

what is metamemory

A

realizing the function of memory and reflecting upon and controlling one’s own MEMORY function

eg: a 6 year old saying oh I forget things all the time im forgetting things

or some kids can say I’ll always remember

325
Q

what is metacognition

A

knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one’s own THOUGHT process

they will realize that thinking is a SKILL and not something they always did and they will find ways or learning skills to retain it.

326
Q

how many words do kids have in their vocabulary at the age of 5-6

A

15,000 words

327
Q

what is reinforcement

A

child rapidly forms a hypothesis about a new word’s meaning ,then uses word often and getting feedback to help them judge the accuracy of their hypothesis

328
Q

what is articulation disorder

A

it is a common speech disorder and it’s some preschoolers have difficulty making certain sounds

eg: Rs and Ss

329
Q

is early intervention always needed for articulation disorder

A

no.
there is early intervention that is possible but kids can still grow out of articulation disorder

330
Q

who realizes and judges if kids need help with articulation disorder

A

teachers can realize it and they will give the Kids more help if the other kids cant understand them

331
Q

why do teachers get involved (if needed) in articulation disorder?

A

this is bc this order can put self esteem down and will affect the way they learn

332
Q

what is invented spelling

A

a strategy young children with phonological awareness skills use when they write.

333
Q

how do kids learn to read fast

A

the greater the phonological awareness the faster they will learn to read

334
Q

Why is Jolly phonic so effective in promoting learning at this age

A

this is bc it targets three types of learners: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic

there is repition in the song, visually showing letter, sounding out letter and an action involved as well

335
Q

what is grammar explosion

A

the start to realize that there are rules for writing

336
Q

what is inflections

A

additions that change meaning

i.e adding -ing = go to going

337
Q

what is overregulatization

A

using rules when they dont apply

ie. goed

338
Q

what is complex sentences

A

using conjunctions to combine two ideas or using embedded clauses

339
Q

what is problematic about intelligence testing

A
  • subjetive to what you think intelligence is
  • do not know what we are measuring
  • diminishing self esteem and therefore affects further learning
  • categorizing of children: labelling and reducing opportunities for certain kids
340
Q

what is numeracy

A

ability to use numbers

341
Q

how does numeracy help

A

development of numeracy abilities in preschoolers helps to facilitate more advance math concepts

342
Q

what is 1:1 ratio

A

kids dont have the concept of this: it’s putting one number to one person or thing

343
Q

Erikson theory on preschoolers

A

initiative vs guilt

  • they have ability to plan
  • they always want to take initiative and help around
344
Q

what is person perception

A

ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender and race

erikson’s theory and preschoolers

345
Q

why do parents need to protect kids in the preschooler stage

A

this is because child’s emerging skills and desire for autonomy have to be protected and control behaviour

eg they cant do lawnmower when they are that young

346
Q

what is social cognitive for preschoolers- understanding rule categories

A

understanding rule categories is a way young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules

347
Q

what is social cognitive for preschoolers- understanding others’ intentions

A

they start to understand the intention in others and understand that intentional wrong doing is more punishment deserving than unintentional rule breaking

348
Q

family relationships

A

most important contributing factor to early childhood development

when ur little the family is ur whole world

349
Q

what is attachment for preschoolers

A

predicts behaviour during preschoolers years both in behavioural problems and positive relationships with preschool teachers

secure attachment more likely to thrive in a school system

350
Q

what ate insecurely attached preschoolers more likely to do

A

more like than securely attacked kids to develop neg, critical attitudes toward themselves

eg; I suck at school

351
Q

4 aspects of family functioning

A
  1. warm/nurturance
  2. clarity and consistency of rules
  3. level of expectations
  4. communication between parent and child
352
Q

what are the 4 parenting styles

A
  1. authoritarian
  2. permissive
  3. authoritative
  4. uninvolved
353
Q

authoritarian

A

parenting style where they are low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

strict expectations

354
Q

permissive

A

a parenting style which is high in nurturance and low in mistral demands, control and communication

opp of authoritarian

355
Q

authoritative

A

a parenting style high in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication

my parents

356
Q

uninvolved and what do they produce

A

a parenting style which is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication

produces the most consistently neg outcomes

357
Q

stats about parenting styles in canada

A

authoritative- 33%
authoritarian and permissive- 25%
uninvolved- 15%

358
Q

is the stats about parenting styles a good theory

A

no, bc it is not falsifiable, testable or explains understanding and has gaps and doenst add up

359
Q

canadian parents

A
  • lenient and emotionally warm with children
    -more friend related actinide while having a strong emotional bond with their children
360
Q

european style parenting vs canadian style parenting

A

when compared to European parents, Canadian parents exert less behaviour control and use permissive disciplinary strategies and more friend related activities with a strong bond

361
Q

what is discipline

A

training, whether physical, mental or moral that develops self control, moral characters and proper conduct

362
Q

two main problems with discipline

A

effect and intensity

363
Q

what is effect in discipline

A

a problem that says: difficult to establish effects of discipline

364
Q

what is intensity in discipline

A

a problem that says: research has not concluded how intense and frequent effective discipline needs to be

365
Q

why are we still researching on discipline

A

this is because ethically you can’t do certain things, for eg seeing if physical discipline works

and also bc every kid is different and each kid will respond differently

366
Q

learning in preschoolers- short term

A

physical and visual stimuli: actions are v important in this stage bc kids cant sit still and learn they want to move all the time

  • relate to familiar experiences
  • active participation
  • praise and approval
    -stories
367
Q

learning in preschoolers- long term

A
  • role models: older and bigger humans
  • repetion
  • reinforce new skills: praising as well
368
Q
A

HS 2700 (1 decks)

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