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Anesthesia Rotation > Pre-med Drugs > Flashcards

Pre-med Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acepromazine MOA

A

Phenothiazine sedative

Dopamine antagonist

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2
Q

Acepromazine Use

A

Tranquilizing/sedative
Antiemetic
Antispasmodic
Hypothermic

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3
Q

Acepromazine disadvantages

A

No analgesia
Can cause Hypotension
Avoid in animals prone to seizures (CNS stim and aggression)

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4
Q

Atropine MOA

A

Antimuscarinic

Inhibits ACh or other cholinergic stimulants at parasympathetic sites

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5
Q

Atropine Use

A

Preanesthetic to prevent or reduce resp secretions

Treat sinus bradycardia, SA arrest, incomplete AV block

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6
Q

Atropine Disadvantages

A

Contraindicated in certain conditions: narrow angle glaucoma, tachycardia, ileus, UO
Adverse effects: Dry secretions, initial bradycardia then tachycardia, slowed gut and urinary tract, mydriasis

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7
Q

Buprenorphine (Buprenex) MOA

A

Partial mu opiate agonist

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8
Q

Buprenorphine Use

A

Injectable analgesic, good in cats. Can admin transmucosally
Well tolerated
Mild to moderate pain

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9
Q

Buprenorphine Disadvantages

A

Can decrease BP and HR

Resp depression possible

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10
Q

Butorphanol (Torb) MOA

A

Partial opiate agonist/antagonist

Will antagonize full agonists (morphine, meperidine, oxymorphone)

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11
Q

Butorphanol Uses

A

Analgesic, premed, antitussive, or antiemetic
Minimal analgesia, good for non-painful procedures
Reversal for full mu agonists

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12
Q

Butorphanol Disadvantages

A

Contraindications: Liver dz, hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency, Addison’s, Head trauma, increased CSF pressure (most opioids)
Reduce Dose in MDR1 mutation dogs
Adverse effects: sedation, ataxia, anorexia, diarrhea (rare)

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13
Q

Detomidine MOA

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

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14
Q

Detomidine Uses

A

Sedative analgesic used primarily in horses

More potent than xylazine

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15
Q

Detomidine Disadvantages

A

Contraindications: heart block, cerebrovascular and resp Disease, CKD
Initial BP increase, then bradycardia/heart block
Piloerection

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16
Q

Dexmedetomidine MOA

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

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17
Q

Dexmedetomidine Uses

A

Preanesthetic, sedation and analgesia

Emetic in cats

18
Q

Dexmedetomidine Disadvantages

A

Contraindications: cardiac dz, liver/kidney dz, shock, severe debilitation, stressed animals, caution with seizure disorders
Adverse effects: bradycardia, AV block, decreased resp, hypothermia

19
Q

Diazepam (Valium) MOA

A

Benzodiazepine
Depress CNS subcritical levels (lambic, thalamic, hypothalamic)
Binds to GABA receptors and increases affinity of receptor for GABA, causing hyperpolarization

20
Q

Diazepam Uses

A

Anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, hypnotic, appetite stimulant, anticonvulsant
Decreases amount of induction agents needed, like propofol

21
Q

Diazepam Disadvantages

A

Can cause thrombophlebitis, hypotension, agitation, ataxia, sedation
May have contradictory CNS excitation
Can cause hepatotoxicity in cats
Use caution in p with hepatic or renal Disease, debilitated, geriatric

22
Q

Glycopyrrolate MOA

A

Anticholinergic (antimuscarinic)
Competitively inhibit ACh at parasympathetic neuroeffector sights
High doses may block nicotinic receptors
Dose dependent effects

23
Q

Glycopyrrolate Uses

A

Used for premed, bradycardia, antidote
May be useful in animals where CO is dependent on HR or when potent opioids are used
Tx bradycardia, siniatrial arrest, incomplete AV block
Simultaneously admin with cholinergic (neostigmine) to prevent peripheral muscarinic effects

24
Q

Glycopyrrolate Disadvantages

A

Contraindications: narrow angle glaucoma, tachycardia, ileus, UO
Adverse effects: dry secretions, initial bradycardia then tachycardia, slowing of gut and urinary tract, mydriasis

25
Hydromorphone MOA
Opiate sedative/analgesic | Receptors in lambic system, spinal cord, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, GI, Urinary, smooth muscle tissues
26
Hydromorphone Uses
Sedative, restraining agent, analgesic, preanesthetic Less sedating than morphine Minimal histamine release Rarely causes vasodilation or hypotension
27
Hydromorphone Disadvantages
Dogs: nausea, vomiting, defecation, panting, focalization, sedation. CNS depression, resp depression, bradycardia, decreased GI motility Cats: nausea common, ataxia, hyperesthesia, hyperthermia, behavioral changes
28
Methadone MOA
Opioid/Narcotic agonist | Mu opioid receptor agonist, also non-competitive inhibitor of NMDA receptors
29
Methadone Uses
Preanesthetic or analgesic in dogs or cats | Alternative to morphine, causes less histamine release, sedation, and vomiting than morphine
30
Methadone Disadvantages
Caution with hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency, Addison’s, geriatric, severely debilitated patients Extreme caution with head injuries, increased ICP, colic Resp depression, vomiting, panting, whining, sedation, constipation
31
Midazolam MOA
Parenteral benzodiazepine (injectable) Depresses subcortical levels of CNS Antagonist of serotonin, increased release of gaba, decrease turnover of ACh in CNS
32
Midazolam Uses
Anxiolytic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant effects Pre-op med Can be given IM for sz Best when used with other drugs, not a good premed alone
33
Midazolam Disadvantages
Contraindications: acute narrow-angle glaucoma, hepatic or renal dz, geriatric/debilitated, coma, shock, resp depression Adverse effects: resp depression, cats may get excited
34
Morphine MOA
Classic opioid analgesic | Mu receptor agonist
35
Morphine Uses
Analgesia, for acute pain and preanesthetic, sedation | Can be reversed with Naloxone
35
Morphine Disadvantages
Caution: hypothyroidism, renal azotemia, adrenocortical insufficiency, geriatric/debilitated, head injuries, increased intracranial pressure, acute abdominal conditions(colic) Adverse effects: histamine release, vasodilation, resp depression, bronchoconstriction, CNS depression, hyperthermia in cats, hypothermia in dogs, GI effects(nausea/vomiting)
36
Romifidine MOA
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist A2receptors found in CNS and several tissues peripherally Feedback inhibition of norepi release
37
Romifidine Uses
Sedative, muscle relaxant, analgesic effects, preanesthetic | Horses as sedative and analgesic
38
Romifidine Disadvantages
Horses: bradycardia, 1 and 2 degree heart block, sinus arrhythmias, initial hypertension followed by hypotension, ataxia, sweating, salivation, muscle tremors, urination, swelling of face, decreased GI motility Dogs/cats: bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, hyperglycemia, thermoreg problems, pant, salivate, vomit
40
Xylazine
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist Less selective for a2 than detomidine, dex, or romifidine Can have a1 activity
41
Xylazine Uses
Sedative and analgesic Emetic in cats Reversed by yohimbine, atipamezole
42
Xylazine Disadvantages
Caution with hypotension, shock, cardiac problems, resp dysfunction, seizure disorders Adverse effects: muscle tremors, bradycardia with partial av block, reduced resp rate, movement in response to stimuli

Anesthesia Rotation (3 decks)

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