PRE- Lim Flashcards
In early 1940’s wherein a Franciscan Sister Mary Berenice Beck has great nurses during this era.
Historically, nursing was viewed in large part as a vocation of service to the sick or poor.
Historical perspective
has great nurses during this era.
Franciscan sister mary berenice beck
A nurse is missioned to be driven by
Altruism
Empathy
feeling to show desire to help.
Altruism
a feeling that you understand and share another person’s experiences, emotions and feelings.
Empathy
- The nurse did not expect much wordy rewards of her efforts.
- Envisioned her caregiving as commissioned and supported by God.
In early and middle 20th century
an earnest purpose to serve humanity, not only by giving curative care to the body o the sick but serving the needs of the mind and spirit.
Nursing as calling
The condition that kept the spiritual ministry because in early and mid 20th century nursing education in nursing schools affiliated started specially with religious denominations.
Most hospitals sponsored nursing education (3 year diploma program), many of which were religiously affiliated.
Capping and graduation were often conducted to places of worship with the blessings of a cleric as part of the ceremony.
Matthew 25:35-40
still with strong spiritual milieu focuses on the professional character of nursing.
In latet half of 20th century
nursing becomes baccalaureate with masters and doctoral degree:
During 1970-1980
Nursing becomes baccalaureate with masters and doctoral degree
“The need for holistic health care”
“Balance between art and science”
“interconnection of body, mind and spin”
“with equal focus”
“Analytic and intuitive (knowledge through intuition, no proof)”
the existence of virtue of an ethical-moral ideal and commitments to provide care.
The jean watson theory
Words related to spirituality
o Elements of love
o Compassion
o Caring
o Transcendence
o Relationship with God
o Connection of body, mind and spirit
is an individual’s attitude and beliefs related to transcendence (God) or to the non material forces of life and of nature.
spirituality as a personal concept
is a person’s belief and behaviors associated with a specific religious tradition or denomination,
religious practice or religiosity
related to holistic nursing is described by Dossey (1989) as:
o Broad concept that encompasses values, meaning and purpose.
o One turns inward to the human traits of honesty, love, caring, wisdom, imagination and compassion.
o Existence of a quality of a higher authority, guiding spirit or transcendence that is mystical.
o A flowing dynamic balance that allows and creates healing of body-mind-spirit and may or may not involved organized religion.
spirituality
related to holistic nursing is described by Dossey (1989) as:
o Broad concept that encompasses values, meaning and purpose.
o One turns inward to the human traits of honesty, love, caring, wisdom, imagination and compassion.
o Existence of a quality of a higher authority, guiding spirit or transcendence that is mystical.
o A flowing dynamic balance that allows and creates healing of body-mind-spirit and may or may not involved organized religion.
spirituality
Spirituality as an expression of the developmental capacity for self- transcendence.
Pamela Reed (1992)
Spirituality as a relationship with the supreme being that directs one’s belief and practices.
Madeliene Leininger
Spirituality as human need and describe as a dimension of a person that is concerned with ultimate end and values.
O’brien
Three Characteristics of Spirituality:
Unfolding mystery
Harmonious interconnectedness
Inner strength
related to one’s attempt to understand the meaning and purpose of life
Unfolding mystery
an individual’s relationship to other persons and/or to God.
Harmonious interconnectedness
relates to ones personal spiritual resources and sense of the sacred.
Inner strength
is a science, an art and the spirit of unselfish devotion to a cause primarily concerned with helping those who are physically, mentally and spiritually ill.
Nursing
is an altruistic vocation.
Nursing
as a service to the individual which helps him to regain or to keep a normal state of body and mind when it cannot accomplish this it helps him to gain relief from physical pain, mental anxiety or spiritual discomfort.
Nursing
is a sacred ministry of health care or health promotion provided to persons both sick and well, who require caregiving, support or education to assist them in achieving, regaining or maintaining a state of wholeness, including body, mind and spirit.
Nursing
one tends to focus on his or her ability to relieve suffering.
Nurse as healer
The nurse stands as God’s surrogate and as a vehicle for His words and His touch of compassionate care
Nurse as healer
2 A Nursing Theology of Caring
Theology
Caring
comes form the Greek words “theos” meaning God and logos or science.
Theology
is an ordered body of knowledge about God. Faith seeking understanding.
Theology
is an active attitude which genuinely conveys to the other person that he or she does really matter.
Caring
Direct nurturant and skillful activities, processes and decisions related to assisting people in such a manner than reflects behavior attributes which are empathetic, supportive, compassionate, protective, succorant educational and otherwise dependent upon the needs, problems, values and goals of the individual or group being assisted.
Caring
The central focus or dimension of nursing practice.
Caring
3 dimension of caring
- Being with patients in their experiences of pain, suffering and other problems or needs.
- Listening to patients verbally express anxieties or emotions which hinder the achievements of wellness.
- Touching patients either physically, emotionally or spiritually to assure them of their connectedness with others in the family of God
in ancient civilization provided the foundations on which many of the healthcare practices of Christian nurses rested.
Medicine and nursing
District types of nurses during the pre christian culture
- Skilled workers who nursed for hire.
- Nurses whose positions were those of slaves in wealthy households.
4 Contributions of Early Cultures in Nursing
- Babylonia
- Early Buddhist in china
- Hindu in india
- Ireland
suggested that nursing care was provided for patients between physicians visit.
Code of Hammurabi
discovers the curative value of many plants led to nursing therapeutics employing herbology.
Early Buddhist in China
Role for male nurses.
Hindu in india
Ancient druidic priest and priestesses advised on care and healing of illness.
Ireland
priest in ancient British religion.
Druidic
women who leads religious activities in some religion.
Priestesses
4 Key Societies whose Spiritual and Cultural Contributions are Most Frequently cited that Supports the Art and Science of Modern Medicine and Nursing:
- Egypt
- Greece
- Rome
- Israel
Has a strong elements of religious magic.
Egypt
Practice of embalming was taught
Egypt
First physician in Egypt;
Imhotep
first medical textbook.
Ebers paryrus
Concerned about public health problems like famine and malnutrition
Egypt
Preventive measures to solve problem
- Offering prayers and sacrifices to religious deities.
- Strong grains for future needs.
A number of practical therapeutic remedies for care of the sick were developed (instinctive nursing care)
Egypt
roman era was largely the responsibility of members of the patient own family or that of slaves employed to provide specific skill.
Nursing in the greco
The spiritual rationale for providing nursing care was duty to and love for a relative.
Greece
Some of Hippocrates teaching
- Fluid diet only should be given in fever.
- Cold sponging for high temperature.
- Hot gargles- for acute tonsillitis.
who instructed the caregivers to use their eyes and ears and to reason from facts rather than from gratuitous assumption. He also emphasize them to be solicitous to their patient spiritual well-being and to do no harm.
Hippocrates
Greek Religious Mythology:
Aesculapius
Hygeia
Panacea
God of healing
Aesculapius
one of his five children (the Goddess of Health)
Hygeia
cure all (the Restorer of Health)
Panacea
Did not offer great advances physicians in nursing practice but depend greatly on the knowledge of the Greek.
Rome
Care of the sick was guided primarily by the use of natural or folk remedies.
Rome
Roman youth begun to study medicine in Athens Greece.
Rome
Prayers to a God or the several Gods was a critical adjuvant therapy in nursing a sick Roman.
Rome
Hebrews nursing care for the ill and infirm was provided in their mosaics law.
Israel
Rules of public Health in Israel
- Rules of diet and cleanliness
- Hours of work and sleep
the foundations of public health nursing which is naturally regarded by visiting the sick as its religious duty.
Israel
has a specific nursing rules for those with contagious diseases, care of children and elderly
Israel
has a religious tradition in nursing the sick with a concept of which resulted in a system of houses for strangers hospitality and charity for anyone in need
Israel
each citizen tithing a 10th of his or her possessions toward charitable work.
Charity
The Old Testament scriptures contain reference to the nurses as:
Servant
Companion
Helpmate
Nursing the sick or injured in the early Christian was accorded a place of honor and respect which is based on Jesus message: TO LOVE ONE’S NEIGHBOR
Early Christian nurses
Jesus message
To love one’s neighbor
Jesus interacted with the sick not by saying the word but by
Touching
Anointing
Taking the hands
to put oil
Anointing
nurse was an organized service to society had its inception and development.
organized group of women nurses existed.
Early Christian nurses
4 Group of Workers whose Main Functions was to Care for the Sick and the Needy:
- Veronica of Jerusalem
- Deacons and deaconesses
- Roman matrons
- Early monastic nurses
Comforter of the Afflicted
A woman who is present during Christ’s painful journey to Calvary and who cleansed His bleeding face with her vail.
Veronica of Jerusalem
asserted that nursing practice was fostered by the example of early caregivers like Veronica.
Josephine Veronica
followers of Jesus for whom care of the sick and infirm was an identified task.
Deacons and deaconesses
is derived from the Greek verb diakomen meaning to serve.
Deacon
meaning to serve.
Diakomen
These men and women are not only obliged by their positions to visit and nurse the brought them into their own homes to be cared for. Sick but brought them into their own homes to be cared for.
Deacons and deaconesses
is a setting precursors to the modern hospitals. This is associated with diaconate- the work of nursing.
Diakonias
the work of nursing.
Diaconate
In the very early days of the church, diakonias is called
Christ room
suggesting a direct associations with Jesus teaching.
Christ room or diakonias
is a deaconess known as a woman of great dignity and social status who spent many hours nursing the poor in their homes.
Phoebe
Served the early church around 3th and 4th centuries
Uses their power and wealth to support the charitable work of nursing the sick.
Roman matrons
THREE Most Famous Roman Matrons:
Saint Helena
Saint Paula
Saint Marcella
Or Flavia Helena
Was empress of Rome and mother of Constantine the Great.
devoted her life to care of the sick person
Saint Helena
Started the first gerokomion- the home for the aged infirm in the Roman Empire.
Saint Helena
the home for the aged infirm in the Roman Empire.
Gerokomion
A learned woman of her time
founded the finest hospice for pilgrims in Bethlehem.
Saint Paula
She also built hospices for the sick along the roads to the city
she managed the institutions and personally nursed the and the sick for almost 20 years.
Saint Paula
the leader of the Roman matrons.
A scholar and a deeply spiritual woman.
Saint Marcella
Founded a community of religious women whose primary concern was care of the sick poor.
Saint Marcella
Stay in convent
Early monastic nurses
it was during this time that the work of nursing began to become institutionalized
Early monastic nurses
the monasticism was born out of a desire of many Christian men and women to lead lives of sanctity and guided by the vows of poverty
early monastic nurses
a state of not having sex with anyone.
Chastity
the vows of poverty
Chastity and obedience
3 Most Famous Abbesses (a woman who is a head of a convent):
- Saint Radegunde of Poitiers
- Saint Hilda
- Saint Brigid
the daughter of Thurigian King who took poor patients into her own palace to nurse them.
Saint Radegunde of Poitiers
founder of the Holy Cross Monastery with 200 nuns.
Saint Radegunde of Poitiers
A leper
A cultured and scholarly woman directed her monastic community in the care of the sick
Saint Hilda
Supported a group of associated members of the monastery called oblates who supported a group of assisted in the nursing care
Saint Hilda
a laymen living in a monastery under a modified rule and without vows
Oblates
Become the most famous abbesses in Poland
the daughter of an Ulster Chieftain.
Saint Brigid
a long loose overcoat of Irish origin made of heavy materials.
Ulster
founded the great monastery compassion of Kildare, who received the if with chanty and compassion.
Saint Brigid
known as the Patroness of Healing.
Saint Brigid
Mental Illness stigmatized the population during the middle ages.
Mental illness in the middle ages
an Irish saint during the seventh century.
Dymphna of Belgium
A patroness of the mentally ill.
Dymphna of Belgium
Devoted her life to care of the sick poor in the manner of the early monastic nurses.
Dymphna of Belgium
(2) Most Famous Medieval Christian Hospital
Hotel- dieu of Lyon
Hotel- dieu of Paris
is commonly chosen as name of French hospital of the era.
serves as almshouse and orphanages and facilitats to care for the sick
Hotel- dieu or House of God
added the group of men called “brothers” who also assisted women in the care of the sick.
Hotel- dieu of Lyon
The first hospital to separate those with contagious illnesses from those with ordinary illness.
Hotel- dieu of Lyon
begun as a hostel providing care for small number of the sick poor.
Hotel- dieu of Paris
orders of men of the Holy land who where committed by their religious ministry to care of those wounded in battle.
Military nursing order
The Three Major Groups or Orders who are Committed to Care the Wounded Soldiers in the Battle/War:
- Knight hospitallers of saint john of Jerusalem
- Teutonic Knight
- Knight of saint lazarus
the largest of the order.
Created around 1050 A. D. to staff the two Jerusalem hospitals:
Knight hospitallers of saint john of Jerusalem
- For men dedicated to
Saint john
- For women dedicated to
Saint Magdalene
This order was originated under the guidance of Peter Gerard= a deeply religious man, the order for women was created to nurse the sick under Agnes of Rome
Knight hospitallers of Saint john of Jerusalem
a deeply religious man, the order for women was created to nurse the sick under Agnes of Rome
Peter Gerard
The order was characterized by a specific dress:
A black robe with white linen cross
a German order which was founded in 1191 A.D. at the time of the Third Crusade.
Teutonic Knight
was originated to care for the lepers in Jerusalem.
They also admitted lepers in their orders.
Knight of saint Lazarus
The Three General Classes of Members in the Military Orders were:
- Knight
- priest
- Serving brother
participated in the Crusades and helped to care for the injured.
Knight
served the religious needs in camps and hospitals.
priest
were responsible for general care of the sick.
Serving brother
All members professed their religious commitment of their lives as exemplified in the Rule of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem, which is written by its first grand master-
Raymond du Puy
The Orders focuses on 3 Promises they have made to God:
Poverty
Chastity
obedience
Two Categories of Knights
Warriors
hospitallers
who has a special commitment to care for those with leprosy.
hospitallers
During the period of Crusades military nursing orders cared for the wounded in war, medieval monastic continue to provide nursing care on civilians.
Medieval monastic nursing
One of the most respected healers of medieval monasticism
Hildegard of bingen
she also described as the Sybil of Rhine
Hildegard of Bingen
founded two new monasteries for women;
Rupertsberg
Ebingen
its daughter house
Ebingen
her first book of vision
Scivias or know the ways
Two Medical Books:
Physica
Liber composite medicine
Anatomy and Physiology
Physica
explained the symptoms and cure of illness and disease
Liber composite medicine
According to Hildegard diseases and cures were all associated with the 4 qualities:
o heat, dryness, moisture and cold
o Fire, air, water and earth
Other Outstanding Monastic Nurses of the Middle Ages:
Clare of assisi and Francis of assisi
Elizabeth of Hungary
Catherine of sienna
The alexian brothers
the founder of mendicant (beggar) monasticism.
the patron of those who tend the sick.
Francis of assisi
Daughter of the wealthy Italian family who gave up all to follow Jesus in the way to her beloved Francis
Clare of assisi
A distinguished Franciscan tertiaries a member of the monastic third orders.
A princess of Thuringia who entered the third order of St. Francis after her husband’s death in the Crusades.
Elizabeth of Hungary
the Patroness of Nursing
Catherine of sienna
o Fever caused by a bacterium
Blacl plaque
dedicated lay men caring for the sick poor in a variety of venue.
The alexian brother
They bears the powerful message of Saint Paul which reflects the motivation for their religious ministry
Caritas christi urget nos
cause us to feel a strong needs or desires to do something.
Impels
The catholic and protestant nursing orders
- The nursing order of minister of the sick
- Daughters of charity of saint Vincent de Paul
- Sister of charity
- Sister of mercy
Also called C-millans = who cared for the sick in hospitals as Catherine of Siena
especially remembered and revered for his founding of a religious community of men.
Camillus de lellis
cared for plaque victims in Italy especially in hospital nursing at the renowned Santo Spirito Hospital in Italy
Camillus de lellis
to him there is no music sweeter than the voices of the sick clamoring to be assisted, no perfume more delicious than the odor of drugs and ointment that bring relief to the sick
Camillus de lellis
one of the largest and best known of the early religious communities of women and was established as a religious community dedicated to serving the poorest of the poor.
Daughters of charity of saint Vincent de Paul
founded in Paris, France in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul.
in 1617 Vincent began to gather a band of Laily named Confraternity of Charity who visited and care for the sick and poor
Daughters of Charity of saint Vincent de Paul
the first leader of the Dames de Charite
Louise de Marillac
soldier, whose leg was seriously injured in a battle and seeks
Camillus de lellis
who visited and care for the sick and poor
Confraternity of charity
women of the world prepared to nurse on the battlefield’s in time of war or to be sent to care for the sick in any disaster.
Pious
American Sisters who also follow the vision of Vincent de Paul of French.
Sister of charity
commit her life to the service of others by teaching children and caring for the sick
Elizabeth bagley seton
was founded in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland by Mother Catherine Mc Auley
Sister of mercy
wealthy from the inheritance at the age of 40 erected a building of classroom, dormitories, clinics and chapel labeling it the House of Mercy.
Mother Catherine mc Auley
protestant community of women founded by a young Lutheran minister = Theodor Filedner around 1836 in Kaiserswerth, Fliedner Germany
Kaiserswerth deaconess
represents the negative image of nurses in the early 1800’s
Sairy Gamp
Education of the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses
- training lasted 3 years
- simple uniform
- taught on domestic duties associated with caring for the sick
4 Key Branches of Deaconesses Works were:
- Nursing
- Relief of the poor
- Care of children
- Work among unfortunate women
this is the first Protestant church hospital in the US. Pittsburg Infirmary was founded by William Passavant
(Passavant Hospital)
3 Lutheran Deaconess Communities that provide Diaconal Education in the U.S.
- Evangelical Lutheran Deaconess Association community motherhouse at Gladuyne, Pennsylvania
- Center for Diaconal Ministry of the Lutheran Deaconess Association at Valpariso University, Valpariso, Indiana
- Deaconess Program at Concordia University, River Forest, Illinois.
the first Christian community of nurses sent by the English government in 1854 to care for the wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
Nightingale Pledge
She was the first to bring spirituality and science together to improve the care of the sick.
Florence Nightingale
one of our greatest heroines during the first world war.
Edith Cavell
founder of the Frontier Nursing Service in Hayden, Kentucky in 1828 to care for mothers and bables
Mary Brekinridge
one of the more contemporary Roman Catholic community of religious women who engage in nursing the sick poor, distinguish by their habit;
a blue and white Indian sari reflecting the country of their founder
a long piece of cloth that this wrapped around the body and head
• sari
foundress of the Missionaries of Charity in 1960
Mother Teresa of Calcutta
have 4 vows:
- poverty
- chastity
- obedience
- to offer wholehearted and free services to the poorest of the poor
well-known quotation from Mother Teresa:
We can do no great things; only small things with love.
