At the moment • Now These days Currently This week / year / month • Today During this season • At the present

On a regular basis On day-to-day basis Frequency adverbs: never, hardly ever/rarely/seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always Every day Every once in a while

Pre IELTS 1 Flashcards by Saeede FeizAbadi

The definition of behind the wheel is an expression that means you are driving or in control of some kind of a vehicle, usually a car. An example of behind the wheel is a person who is driving his car.

Sit behind the weel.

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به جاده زدن

Hit the road

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وسایلی نقلیه ای که باهاشون میشه سفر دور و دراز رفت

Long distance transport

noun
1 [uncountable] British English a system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another SYN transportation American English
air/rail/road transport
Improved rail transport is essential for business.
commuters who travel on public transport (=buses, trains etc)
It’s easier to get to the college if you have your own transport (=a car, bicycle etc).
means/mode/form of transport
Horses were the only means of transport.
GRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable?
In this meaning, transport is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. You say:
Public transport is very cheap.
✗Don’t say: public transports
2 [uncountable] the process or business of taking goods from one place to another SYN transportation American English
transport of
Canals were used for the transport of goods.
3 [countable] a ship or aircraft for carrying soldiers or supplies

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Steer

1 CAR/BOAT ETC [intransitive, transitive] to control the direction a vehicle is going, for example by turning a wheel
He was steering with only one hand.
steer for/towards etc
Steer towards the left.
2 CHANGE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING [transitive] to guide someone’s behaviour or the way a situation develops
steer somebody towards/away from/through etc something
Teachers try to steer pupils away from drugs.
Helen tried to steer the conversation away from herself.
3 BE IN CHARGE OF [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to be in charge of an organization, team etc and make decisions that help it to be successful, especially during a difficult time
steer something through/to etc something
McKinney steered the company through the recession.
4 GUIDE SOMEBODY TO A PLACE [transitive] to guide someone to a place, especially while touching them
steer somebody towards/to etc something
Joel steered Don and Louise towards the backyard.

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وسایل حمل و‌نقل بین المللی

International transport

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وسایل حمل و نقلی که تعداد زیادی آدم رو حمل میکنه

Mass transport

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به چو/ راست پیچیدن

Make a left, right

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سوار قطار، هواپیما، قایق شدن

Board a train / plane / yacht

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Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of transportation or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land transport, which includes Rails or railways, road and off-road transport.

Means / mode of transport

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to meet someone who you know, when you were not expecting to SYN run into

bump into somebody phrasal verb

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Congestion/ traffic jam

noun [uncountable]
1 the problem of too much traffic in a place
Councillors are looking at ways to reduce traffic congestion in the town centre

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a structure like a bridge that allows one road to go over another road

Overpass=\ underpass

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to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc
The kettle emitted a shrill whistle.
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
emit
• But soon after lunar sunrise, it emitted an extremely powerful blast of radio energy.
• The ratios change over time as potassium undergoes radioactive decay and emits argon gas.
• Sounds emitted by the dolphins were recorded with an underwater microphone.
• An average car emits five lungfuls of poisonous carbon monoxide gas per mile.
• Sleep becomes very deep as your brain emits high, wide delta waves.
• It emitted less than a tenth as much radiation.
• When minerals such as quartz are heated, they emit light.
• The Earth emits natural radiation.
• He knew he had acquired an object which emitted other noxious gases - Pitfall Number One - but that wasn’t all.
• The machine emits regular bleeps which indicate the heart rate.

Emit

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to hit the back of one car with another in an accident:

My new car was rear-ended while it was parked outside the station.

Rear-end verb

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بوق زدن

Honk
Honk the horn
Honk your horn

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وسایل نقلیه سازگار با محیط زیست

Environmentally friendly vehicles

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جریمه شدن به خاطر سرعت

Get a speeding ticket

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informal
: to lose control and start to behave in a way that is not normal or acceptable
He was a promising student but he went off the rails after he started taking drugs

Go off the rail

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حمل و نقل شهری

Transport

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رد کردن چراغ قرمز یا ساین ایستادن

Blow through a stop sign / red light

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to drive somewhere before there is a lot of traffic. Usage notes: We say “to beat traffic” or “to beat the traffic.”

Beat the traffic

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Present continues

At the moment • Now
These days
Currently
This week / year / month • Today
During this season • At the present

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Adverb of time

On a regular basis
On day-to-day basis
Frequency adverbs: never, hardly ever/rarely/seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always
Every day
Every once in a while

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noun [countable] American English informal

a car accident in which little damage is done

Fender bende

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``` adjective 1 likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful prone to Some plants are very prone to disease. prone to do something Kids are all prone to eat junk food. accident-prone/injury-prone etc He’s always been accident-prone. I have always been prone to headaches My husband has always been prone to road range ```

To be prone to

a passenger in a car who keeps giving the driver advice that he or she has not asked for:

Back-seat driver

ساعت هایی که ترافیک خیلی زیاده ساعت هایی که ترافیک زیاد نیست

Rush hour | Off-peak hours

The roads were full of traffic and we were travelling at a snail's pace for two hours. Extremely slowly

Moving at a snail spacec

کرما زده

Heat sick | Heatstroke

a bustling place is very busy bustling with somebody/something The flower market was bustling with shoppers

Bustling metropolis

وسایل نقلیه تک سرنشین

Single-occupancy vehicle

Good driver

Skillful driver

سپیده دم

Dawn

جمله هایی که آخر حرفمون میتونیم بزنیم

That's all I have to say about that. So that would be my answer to this question. That's pretty much it I guess. There is all I can say about that.

پنجره ماشینو بدی بالا

Roll up the windows

someone who travels a long distance to work every day► see thesaurus at travel

Commuter

1 useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems OPP inconvenient Mail-order catalogs are a convenient way to shop. My secretary will call you to arrange a convenient time to meet. convenient for Is three o'clock convenient for you? convenient to do something It is simple and convenient to use. Register In everyday English, people usually say a good time/day etc rather than a convenient time/day etc: Is this a good time for you to talk? 2 close and easy to reach OPP inconvenient The bus stop around the corner is probably the most convenient.

Convenient

make someone very irritated or angry

Drive someone up the wall!

the capital or chief city of a country or region a very large and busy city

Metropolis

ترافیک خیلی زیاد میشه | کیلومتر ها یا مایل ها ترافیک بود

Traffic backs, backed up miles, kilometers, 10 kilometers

نتیجه منفی

Negative outcome

ترافیک خیلی شدید

Bumper to bumper

verb [transitive] | to reduce the amount of something that is present or available

Deplete

Extremely slowly

The roads were full of traffic and we were travelling at a snail's pace for two hours.

محل کار

Work place

تمایل تمایل داشتن (plural tendencies) [countable] 1 if someone or something has a tendency to do or become a particular thing, they are likely to do or become it a tendency to do something Greg’s tendency to be critical made him unpopular with his co-workers. The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches. tendency to/towards Some people may inherit a tendency to alcoholism. tendency for Researchers believe that the tendency for diabetes is present at birth. 2 a general change or development in a particular direction there is a tendency (for somebody) to do something There is an increasing tendency for women to have children later in life. tendency to/towards a general tendency towards conservation and recycling tendency among a tendency among Americans to get married at a later age 3 → aggressive/suicidal/criminal/artistic etc tendencies 4 a group within a larger political group that supports ideas that are usually more extreme than those of the main group the growing fascist tendency

Tendency

بیشتر مردم مجبورند مسیر ده کیلومتری رو برای رسیدن به محل کارشان طی کنند.

• Most people have to travel a distance of tens of miles to reach their work place.

taking a long time to do (adj.)

Time-consuming

verb [transitive] to completely change the way people do something or think about something New technology is going to revolutionize everything we do. His work revolutionized the treatment of this disease.

Revolutionize

To do s.th one can to achieve s.th

To try every trick in the book

adjective 1 [only before noun] a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow. Bake for 20 minutes in a conventional oven; 8 in a microwave. ► see thesaurus at normal 2 always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable, so that you seem slightly boring a strong believer in conventional morals conventional in He is conventional in his approach to life. 3 → (the) conventional wisdom 4 [only before noun] conventional weapons and wars do not use nuclear explosives or weapons conventional forces 5 → conventional medicine —conventionally adverb —conventionality /kənˌvenʃəˈnæləti/ noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus conventional • The hospital provides both conventional and alternative medical treatments. • They argued that the use of atomic weapons violated both conventional and customary international law. • Acupuncture may work, but I still believe in a more conventional approach to medicine. • The zone blitz can fluster an offense because it looks nothing like a conventional blitz. • In conventional data processing, on the other hand, files are seen as a department or single application resource. • Urging restraint in the development of conventional forces, the statement said that otherwise these could exacerbate political tensions. • Rosemary led a quiet, conventional life until she went to college. • Although expensive, it lasts longer and uses less energy than a conventional light bulb. • It can be used to transmit computer data to and from sites where conventional lines are not available. • Her outrageous stage act is seen as a challenge to conventional morality. • A microwave cooks food much faster than a conventional oven. • My mother was very conventional - she didn't approve of my hippie lifestyle. • a young man with conventional tastes in clothes and music • This feeling has nothing to do with conventional views about conduct, or conventional morality, or ethics. • a new proposal to limit conventional weapons in Europe • Conventional wisdom holds that more money for education means better schools for children. • That was the conventional wisdom in conventional Western business circles, in cautious places like New York and Frankfurt. • She ended her letter with a conventional "Yours Sincerely."

Conventional

Sufficient 1 enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose SYN sufficient OPP inadequate Farmers have been slow to make adequate provision for their retirement. Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light. The standard of his work is barely adequate. The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions. adequate for Are the parking facilities adequate for 50 cars? adequate to do something The lunchtime menu is more than adequate to satisfy the biggest appetite. ► see thesaurus at enough 2 fairly good but not excellent → satisfactory Her performance was adequate but lacked originality.

Adequate

noun 1 [countable, uncountable] an act of leaving a place, especially at the start of a journey OPP arrival departure for I saw Simon shortly before his departure for Russia. departure of There was a delay in the departure of our plane. departure from Mozart’s departure from Paris in September 1778 2 [countable, uncountable] an act of leaving an organization or position departure from He refused to discuss his departure from the government. 3 [countable] a flight, train etc that leaves at a particular time There are several departures for New York every day. 4 [countable] a way of doing something that is different from the usual, traditional, or expected way departure from Their new designs represent a departure from their usual style. radical/major/significant etc departure (=a big change) This would be a radical departure from the subsidy system.

Departure

``` nounکرایه 1 [countable] the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, plane etc bus/train/air/cab fare Air fares have shot up by 20%. half-fare/full-fare Children under 14 travel half-fare. ► see thesaurus at cost 2 [uncountable] written food, especially food served in a restaurant or eaten on a special occasion traditional Christmas fare ► see thesaurus at food 3 [countable] a passenger in a taxi 4 [uncountable] something that is offered to the public, especially as entertainment The movie is suitable family fare. ```

Fare

a very young child who is just learning to walk► see

Noun toddler

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult

ˌædəˈlesənt | Adolescent

1 to officially tell someone what to do → order instruct somebody to do something His secretary was instructed to cancel all his engagements. instruct (somebody) that The judge immediately instructed that Beattie be released. Eva went straight to the hotel, as instructed (=as she had been told). instruct somebody what to do He had instructed the slaves what to say when questioned. ► see thesaurus at order 2 formal to teach someone something, or show them how to do something instruct somebody in something Greater effort is needed to instruct children in road safety. instruct somebody how to do something Employees are instructed how to make a complaint. ► see thesaurus at teach 3 British English formal to officially tell someone about something be instructed that I was instructed that £20,000 had been paid into my account. Grammar Instruct is usually passive in this meaning

Verb | Instruct

noun 1 [countable usually plural] a gas or other substance that is sent into the air Britain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations. 2 [uncountable] the act of sending out light, heat, gas etc

Emissions (produce emissions) | Emission

خودروهایی که هیچ آلودگی ای تولید نمی کنند

Zero-emission vehicles

برف و کولاک

Blizzard

خشکسالی

Drought

Related topics: Nature, Meteorology, Geography hur‧ri‧cane /ˈhʌrɪkən $ ˈhɜːrəkeɪn/ ●●○ noun [countable] a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water

Hurricane

یخچال های طبیعی

Glacier, glaciers

تبخیر شدن تبخیر 1 [intransitive, transitive] if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas Most of the water had evaporated. The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves. 2 [intransitive] if a feeling evaporates, it slowly disappears Hopes of achieving peace are beginning to evaporate. His courage had evaporated away. —evaporation /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus evaporate • Add wine and cook until liquid evaporates. • At nine-thirty the soup had all evaporated. • Forget about sinking your teeth into it; touch it with your tongue, and it evaporates. • They then fan the water so that it evaporates and in doing so lowers the temperature. • The Salton Sea would slowly evaporate and life would return to normal, for a while. • Support for the idea had evaporated by that time. • Some particles, however, do not evaporate completely and survive the entry-heat to impact on the Earth's surface. • And that aspect of human nature does not evaporate just because people are part of the same organization.

Evaporate | Evaporation

``` سوزاننده adjective extremely hot the scorching desert heat a scorching hot day ```

Scorching

a very strong wind that moves very fast in a circle

Cyclone

1 a very large ocean wave that flows over the land and destroys things 2 a very large amount of a particular kind of feeling or activity happening at one time tidal wave of a tidal wave of crime Voters were swept away on a tidal wave of enthusiasm.

Tidal wave

``` verb ریز ریز ریختن 1 → it drizzles 2 [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to let a liquid fall on food in a small stream or in small drops Drizzle the soy sauce over the chicken ``` noun [singular, uncountable] weather that is a combination of light rain and mist A light drizzle had started by the time we left. ► see thesaurus at rain

Drizzle

1 smoke, dust, or mist in the air which is difficult to see through haze of a haze of cigarette smoke The sun was surrounded by a golden haze. 2 the feeling of being very confused and unable to think clearly a drunken haze

Haze

در ابتدا | At first

initially

به طور همزمان همزمان things that are simultaneous happen at exactly the same time They grabbed each other’s hands in simultaneous panic. Up to twenty users can have simultaneous access to the system. simultaneous with The withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces. The speeches will be broadcast live, with simultaneous translation (=immediate translation, as the person is speaking) into English. —simultaneously adverb The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio.

Simultaneously

finally, after everything else has been done or considered

Ultimately

Earlier

Prior

Of or in an earlier time; before the present time or in the past

Former

In the past | Previously

Formerly

رونق یافتن موفق شدن [intransitive] if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit Businesses across the state are prospering. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus prosper • If some one like Sam Nunn from my home state were to be president our cause would prosper. • If you repeat the basics faithfully, your business will prosper. • They prospered and employed many poor in and near London to dress flax, until the Netherlanders brought in dressed flax. • Over the next few years, our little bar prospered and grew in popularity. • He did not prosper, and moved to Burgh-by-Sands, near Carlisle. • Thereafter he prospered as a royal attendant, who at times served on campaign, and as a county magnate. • India's software companies have prospered by keeping costs to a bare minimum. • The Mormon cause prospered on controversy. • The children seemed to prosper under their grandparent's care. • Thirty years ago, interstate interchanges helped many communities to prosper, while those on backroads stagnated. • Lower inflation and a stable climate for industry to plan and prosper will lead to long-term prosperity. From LMDict - Business Dictionary pros‧per /ˈprɒspəˈprɑːspər/ verb [intransitive] to be successful and become rich As families prosper, consumer demand for meat increases. With hard work and long hours, our business prospered.

Prosper

حومه

Outskirts

تظاهرات

demonstration

شبکه

Grid

در حالیکه | وسط جمله میاد

Whereas

شارژ

Top up

to reduce the amount of something that is present or available Salmon populations have been severely depleted. Grammar Deplete is often passive in this meaning. —depletion /dɪˈpliːʃən/ noun [uncountable] the depletion of the ozone layer → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus deplete • Over the last few years, rainforests have been steadily depleted. • Now his wife is worse and his savings are depleted. • Note that B complex vitamins are depleted by nicotine, alcohol, stress, and oral contraceptives. • He knew that the area's rich plant life had been severely depleted by the huge herds of cows grazing the land. • As oil reserves are depleted, its price will continue to rise. • Algae can block light and deplete oxygen from the water. • Salmon populations have been severely depleted recently.

Deplete

British. : a battery that has no more electricity : dead battery.

Definition of flat battery

برق رفته

The power is gone

خط اعتباری رو شارژ کردم

Top up your bill

Plug in

Unplug

to do something that could have either good or bad results She's trying to find a publisher who will take a chance on her book. It might not work, but it's a chance we'll have to take.

Take a chance

to do something instead of someone else No one could ever take the place of her father. Joe resigned as chairperson in 1999 and I took his place.

Take the place of someone

درجه حرارت تب کسی رو گرفتن

Take sb tempreture

Violate or fail to observe a promise or contract one has made. For example, You can trust him implicitly; I've never known him to break his word. [c. a.d. 1000]

Break sb’s word

dirty air that looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, caused by smoke from cars and factories in cities

Smog

``` Adj. showing signs of being successful or good in the future a promising career in law a promising young actor a promising start ```

Promising

1 [usually singular] the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illness etc The death toll has risen to 83. The bombings took a heavy toll, killing hundreds of Londoners. 2 a very bad effect that something has on something or someone over a long period of time toll on Years of smoking have taken their toll on his health. a heavy toll on the environment 3 the money you have to pay to use a particular road, bridge etc► see thesaurus at cost 4 the sound of a large bell ringing slowly

Toll

Noun [uncountable] a system in which people work a particular number of hours each week or month, but can change the times at which they start and finish each day

Flexitime

1 [transitive] if a room, building etc can accommodate a particular number of people or things, it has enough space for them He bought a huge house to accommodate his library. The ballroom can accommodate 400 people. 2 [transitive] to provide someone with a place to stay, live, or work The island was used to accommodate child refugees. 3 [transitive] to accept someone’s opinions and try to do what they want, especially when their opinions or needs are different from yours We’ve made every effort to accommodate your point of view. 4 [intransitive] to get used to a new situation or to make yourself do this accommodate to Her eyes took a while to accommodate to the darkness.

Accommodate

1 [not before noun] not wanting to do something and refusing to do it unwilling to do something He was unwilling or unable to pay the fine. 2 [only before noun] not wanting to do something but doing it an unwilling helper

Unwilling | To be unwilling to do something

1 [not before noun] prepared to do something, or having no reason to not want to do it willing to do something How much are they willing to pay? quite/perfectly willing I told them I was perfectly willing to help. 2 → willing helper/volunteer/partner etc —willingly adverb Sixty percent of voters said they would willingly pay higher taxes for better health care.

Willing

formal something that is necessary before something else can happen or be done prerequisite for/of/to A reasonable proficiency in English is a prerequisite for the course.

Prerequisite

INFORMAL say something that one has wanted to say for a long time, resulting in a feeling of relief. "tell me about it, get it off your chest"

To get something off your chest

— phrasal verb with spring verb [ I usually + adv/prep ] UK /sprɪŋ/ US /sprɪŋ/ sprang or US also sprung | sprung to suddenly tell or ask someone something when they do not expect it: I hope he's not going to spring any nasty surprises on us at the meeting this morning.

Spring sth on sb

Break up kardan ba kasi

To Dump sb

it would be fair of me

از نظر من عادلانه خواهد بود

arise or happen very surprisingly and unexpectedly That question came out of nowhere. a company that has come out of nowhere to become one of the leaders in the industry.

Come out of nowhere

To like something a lot

To be crazy about something

to be extremely happy: | Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven.

To be in seventh heaven

leave. "the Mounties briskly ordered them to move on" 2. start doing something new or making progress. "I've been in this job long enough—it's time I moved on"

Move on

to allow yourself to become less attractive or healthy: It's easy to let yourself go when you've got small kids

To let yourself go!

``` 1. of little depth. "serve the noodles in a shallow bowl" 2. not exhibiting, requiring, or capable of serious thought. "a shallow analysis of contemporary society" Similar: superficial facile glib simplistic oversimplified schematic slight flimsy insubstantial lightweight empty trivial trifling surface skin-deep frivolous foolish silly unintelligent unthinking unscholarly ignorant Opposite: profound serious in-depth noun an area of the sea, a lake, or a river where the water is not very deep. verb (of the sea, a lake, or a river) become less deep over time or in a particular place. "the boat ground to a halt where the water shallowed" Translate shallow to adjective 1. کم عمق 2. سطحی noun 1. کم ژرفا 2. کم اب ```

Shallow

آغل خوک | جای کثیف

Pigsty

raise a matter for discussion or consideration. | "she tried repeatedly to bring up the subject of money"

Bring something up!

(DEVELOP) to develop from something that happened or existed before: The new law grew out of people’s dissatisfaction with the election results. (STOP LIKING) to stop having an interest in something or stop doing something as you become older: He wants to be a rapper, but I think he'll grow out of it. (STOP FITTING) to become too tall or too big to wear or use something: Mom said she wasn’t going to buy me something I was going to grow out of next week.

Grow out of something

US, informal. : it is reasonable, normal or expected : it is not surprising It figures that he would be late today. "He's late." "Well, it figures."

It figures!

متمایز 1 clearly different or belonging to a different type two entirely distinct languages distinct types/groups/categories etc There are four distinct types. distinct from The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other. 2 → as distinct from something 3 something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled etc OPP indistinct The outline of the ship became more distinct. 4 [only before noun] a distinct possibility, feeling, quality etc definitely exists and cannot be ignored I got the distinct impression he was trying to make me angry. There is a distinct possibility that this will eventually be needed. a distinct lack of enthusiasm

Distinct

محصولات کشاورزی اصلاح شده ژنتیکی

genetically modified crops

noun 1 [countable] an advantage or good feature of something merit of The film has the merit of being short. The merit of the report is its realistic assessment of the changes required. The great merit of the project is its flexibility and low cost. Each of these approaches to teaching has its merits. Tonight’s meeting will weigh up the relative merits of the two candidates. ► see thesaurus at advantage Register Merit is used especially in formal contexts. In everyday English, people usually talk about the good points of something: The book does have its good points. 2 [uncountable] formal a good quality that makes someone or something deserve praise There is never any merit in being second best. have (some) merit/be of merit (=be good) The suggestion has some merit. on merit Students are selected solely on merit (=because they are good). artistic/literary merit a film lacking any artistic merit

Merit=\demerit

a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject leaflet on a leaflet on skin cancer hand/pass/give/send out a leaflet Students were handing out election leaflets at the station.

Leaflet

1 LIQUID/GAS to take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around something Plants absorb nutrients from the soil. absorb something into something Water and salts are absorbed into our bloodstream. 2 INFORMATION to read or hear a large amount of new information and understand it Her capacity to absorb information is amazing. 3 INTEREST to interest someone so much that they do not pay attention to other things The movement and noise of the machines absorbed him completely. be absorbed in something Judith lay on the settee, absorbed in her book. 4 BECOME PART OF SOMETHING to become part of something larger California absorbs many of the legal immigrants to the US. be absorbed into something We were soon absorbed into local village life. 5 LIGHT/HEAT/ENERGY/NOISE if something absorbs light, heat, energy, or noise, it takes it in Darker surfaces absorb heat. 6 DEAL WITH CHANGE/COSTS if something absorbs changes or costs, it accepts them and deals with them successfully The beer industry had absorbed a doubling of federal tax in 1991. 7 MONEY/TIME if something absorbs money, time etc, it uses a lot of it Defence spending absorbs almost 20% of the country’s wealth. 8 FORCE to reduce the effect of a sudden violent movement A well-designed sports shoe should absorb the impact on your

Absorb

a disadvantage of a situation, plan, product etc It’s a great city – the only drawback is the weather. drawback of/to (doing) something The main drawback to these products is that they tend to be too salty.

Drawback

the negative part or disadvantage of something OPP upside Digital cell phones offer more security, but the downside is that they have less power. the downside of The downside of the book is that it is written in a rather boring style.

Downside, the downside

the main part of a plane, in which people sit or goods are carried Examples from the Corpus fuselage • Mr Wakenshaw's parachute became tangled in the wheels of a plane and he was dragged along its fuselage. • The foolproof fuel system has interconnected front and rear fuselage flexible tanks holding 255 and 475 litres. • This line represents the fore and aft axis of your aircraft, the fuselage. • A hurricane in the mid-1970s cause much damage and the fuselage was turned into a superb house-boat by David Drimmer. • The three arc-lamps had come to rest athwart the sunken bomber, sharply illuminating the fuselage and the two wings. • With the sling load hooked up, the swing of the fuselage is slowed by the inertia of the attached load. • Heavier plate ensured attachment to the fuselage and the team created a crude cradle for their baby.

Fuselage

1 MORE more, or to a greater degree A spokesman declined to comment until the evidence could be studied further. The flavour of the wine is further improved during the aging period. Whaling in Australia was stopped. But the Australian government went further (=said or did something more extreme) and proposed a global ban. further into/away etc Marcus sank further and further into debt. ► see thesaurus at more 2 → take something further 3 DISTANCE (also farther) a greater distance, or beyond a particular place They walked a little further. further up/away/along etc His farm is located further away from Riobamba than his brother’s. His hands moved further down her back. They’ve never been further south than San Diego. 4 TIME into the past or the future further back/on/ahead etc Five years further on, a cure has still not been found. The records don’t go any further back than 1960. It might be a sign, much further down the road (=in the future), of a change in policy. 5 IN ADDITION [sentence adverb] formal used to introduce something additional that you want to talk about SYN furthermore Butter sales have fallen because margarine has improved in flavor. Further, butter consumption has decreased because of links to heart disease.

Further | Furthermore

Related topics: Motor vehicles, Air re‧fu‧el /ˌriːˈfjuːəl/ verb (refuelled, refuelling British English, refueled, refueling American English) 1 [intransitive, transitive] to fill a plane or vehicle with fuel before continuing a journey The plane was refuelled in Dubai. 2 [transitive] to make feelings, emotions, or ideas stronger The attack refuelled fears of war.

Refuel | Refueling

1 if an agreement or official document is renewable, you can make it continue for a further period of time after it ends OPP non-renewable It’s a six-month lease but it’s renewable. a renewable visa 2 [usually before noun] renewable energy replaces itself naturally, or is easily replaced because there is a large supply of it renewable energy such as solar power an industry based on renewable resources

Renewable

مهماندار هواپیما

Steward | Stewardess

پیشگام

Pioneer

a change in a price, amount, level etc SYN variation fluctuation in the fluctuation in interest rates Prices are subject to fluctuation.

Fluctuation

``` at a steep angle; sharply. "the walls of the gorge rise steeply on both sides" by a very large or sudden amount. "prices rose steeply" Translate steeply to 1. به شدت ```

Steeply

verb [transitive] 1 [not in progressive] to think about someone or something in a particular way regard somebody/something as something Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral. Edith was widely regarded as (=considered by many people to be) eccentric. His work is highly regarded (=regarded as very good) by art experts. 2 formal to look at someone or something in a particular way She stood back and regarded him coldly.

Regard

منتقد

Critic

نامطلوب 1 not good or favourable They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. Miller’s campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity. 2 → adverse conditions —adversely adverb developments which had adversely affected their business

Adverse | Adversely

adjective 1 large in amount or number SYN considerable OPP insubstantial We have the support of a substantial number of parents. a substantial salary a substantial breakfast The document requires substantial changes. ► see thesaurus at big 2 [only before noun] large and strongly made OPP insubstantial a substantial piece of furniture

Substantial

adjective 1 [only before noun] very easy to notice SYN noticeable a marked lack of enthusiasm The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. Miller’s organized desk stood in marked contrast to the rest of the office

Marked

1 having a strong influence or effect profound effect/influence/impact/consequence etc Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work. The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child. profound changes in society 2 showing strong serious feelings SYN deep a profound sense of guilt 3 showing great knowledge and understanding SYN deep a profound question Jenner is a profound thinker. 4 literary deep or far below the surface of something SYN deep Her work touches something profound in the human psyche.

Profound

adjective 1 great and sudden dramatic change/shift/improvement Computers have brought dramatic changes to the workplace. dramatic increase/rise/fall/drop/reduction etc Universities have suffered a dramatic drop in student numbers. dramatic effect/results A serious accident can have a dramatic effect on your family’s finances. 2 exciting or impressive A superb goal by Owen earned United a dramatic victory yesterday. Some of the most dramatic events in American history happened here. the dramatic scenery of the Grand Canyon ► see thesaurus at exciting 3 connected with acting or plays the amateur dramatic society the dramatic arts 4 intended to be impressive, so that people notice She needed a stunning dress to help her make a dramatic entrance. Tristan threw up his hands in a dramatic gesture.

Dramatic

Having effects on a lot of things or people

Far-reaching

adjective too slight or unimportant to have any effect SYN insignificant The damage done to his property was negligible. ► see thesaurus at unimportant

Negligible effect, small, minimal

The effect you want

Desired effect

adjective increasing gradually as more of something is added or happens Learning is a cumulative process. cumulative effect (of something) Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork. Examples from the Corpus cumulative • During a period of sleep deprivation the effects of sleeplessness may become cumulative. • The cumulative effect of all of these efforts would ultimately turn the tide. • This situation, although made worse by the war, was a cumulative problem dating from the period of colonial dependency. • The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the power of this cumulative selection as a fundamentally nonrandom process. • The essential difference between single-step selection and cumulative selection is this. • The figure illustrates the cumulative ulcer free survival curves of patients randomised to each drug. cumulative effect (of something) • Drugs which are rapidly inactivated have advantages, because the risk of overdosage is minimized and there are no cumulative effects. • During the reign of Charles the Bald, however, such developments not only continued but showed cumulative effects. • Some have argued that change has a cumulative effect. • But the cumulative effect is gridlock. • The cumulative effect of all of these efforts would ultimately turn the tide. • The cumulative effect of this conscientious blandness denied Lisa a distinctive personality, which limited the fervor of its users. • The cumulative effect provides an even more impressive testimonial. • Their cumulative effect would give rise to the microwave background radiation. From LMDict - Business Dictionary cu‧mu‧la‧tive /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv-leɪtɪv/ adjective increasing gradually and having a greater effect as more is added over a period of time The state is already saddled with a cumulative deficit of about $73 million. The company faces cumulative losses approaching $7 billion.

Cumulative

to make the price or value of something increase News of the bid has pushed up the group’s share price. There are fears that import price rises will push up inflation. Housing starts increased 2.6% in December, pushed up by falling interest rates

Push up

adjective 1 badly damaging or destroying something devastating effect/impact Acid rain has a devastating effect on the forest. devastating results/consequences The oil spill had devastating consequences for wildlife. It will be a devastating blow for the town if the factory closes. 2 making someone feel extremely sad or shocked He was in Nice when he heard the devastating news. Long-term unemployment can be devastating. 3 very impressive or effective In a devastating display of military muscle, soldiers seized the town. 4 literary extremely attractive a devastating smile

Devastating

در آن زمان

At the time Back then At that time

1 to prevent someone or something from moving The broken limb must be immobilized immediately. She was immobilized with a broken leg. 2 to stop something from working The car’s security device will immobilize the ignition system. —immobilization /ɪˌməʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən $ ɪˌmoʊbələ-/ noun [uncountable]

Immobolize

مطابق اسمش

True to its name

زیستگاه های طبیعی

Natural habitat

شکارچی

Predator

``` 1 slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way Wipe the leather with a damp cloth. a cold, damp day ► see thesaurus at wet 2 → damp squib —dampness ```

Damp

1 when animals produce babies Open-sea fish lay several million eggs each breeding season. 2 the activity of keeping animals or plants in order to produce animals or plants that have particular qualities the breeding of pedigree dogs Benson took great care in selecting breeding stock (=animals you keep to breed from). 3 the fact of coming from a family of high rank and having polite social behaviour The young lieutenant had an air of wealth and good breeding.

Breeding

1 a place or situation where something bad or harmful develops breeding ground for Overcrowded slums are breeding grounds for crime.

Breading ground

a group of wild animals that hunt together, or a group of dogs trained to hunt together a wolf pack pack of a pack of hounds

Pack

a group of sheep, goats, or birds flock of a flock of small birds ► see thesaurus at group 2 [countable usually singular] a large group of people SYN crowd flock of a flock of children 3 [countable usually singular] a priest’s flock is the group of people who regularly attend his or her church 4 [uncountable] small pieces of wool or cotton that are used for filling cushions 5 (also flocking /ˈflɒkɪŋ $ ˈflaː-/ American English) [uncountable] a soft substance that is used to make patterns on the surface of wallpaper, curtains etc

Flock

a group of lions | A young lion had strayed some distance from the pride.

Pride

زمین های زمستانی

Wintering ground

if an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter

Hibernate

پرنده شناس

Ornithologist

formal a trick or plan to deceive an enemy or gain an advantage SYN ploy

Stratagem

to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or clever plans a wolf that had outwitted hunters for years

Outwit

a) [intransitive] to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a bed etc lie on/in etc He was lying on the bed smoking a cigarette. Don’t lie in the sun for too long. lie there For a few minutes he just lay there. lie still/awake etc She would lie awake worrying. The dog was lying dead on the floor. b) (also lie down) [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to put yourself in a position in which your body is flat on the floor or on a bed lie on Lie flat on the floor. lie back She lay back against the pillows. c) [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to be in a flat position on a surface

Lie

(also hatch out) [intransitive, transitive] if an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out The eggs take three days to hatch. 2 (also hatch out) [intransitive, transitive] if a young bird, insect etc hatches, or if it is hatched, it comes out of its egg All the chicks have hatched out. 3 → hatch a plot/plan/deal etc → See Verb table

Hatch

پترن های کوچ

Migratory pattern

noun 1 [uncountable] the scientific study of how objects move through the air 2 [plural] the qualities needed for something to move smoothly through the air

Aerodynamics

منقار پر بال

Beak Feather Wing

adjective 1 arid land or an arid climate is very dry because it has very little rain Water from the Great Lakes is pumped to arid regions. 2 not having any new, interesting, or exciting features or qualities My mind was arid, all inspiration gone.

Arid

جنگل زدایی

Deforestation

انقراض

Extinct

قریضه

Instinct

to make a hole or passage in the ground SYN dig down burrow into/under/through etc Mother turtles burrow into the sand to lay their eggs. ► see thesaurus at dig 2 [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition] to press your body close to someone or under something because you want to get warm or feel safe SYN nestle burrow into/under/down etc The child stirred and burrowed deeper into the bed. burrow something into/against etc something She burrowed her head into his shoulder. 3 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to search for something that is hidden in a container or under other things SYN rummage burrow in/into/through etc Helen burrowed in her bag for a handkerchief. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus burrow • The rabbits had burrowed a hole under the fence. • The gophers were busy burrowing holes. • Toads burrow into the earth to hide from their enemies. • It lays its eggs in your clothes while they are drying on the line and then they burrow into the skin. • But still they tell them, suggesting how deeply the stories have burrowed into their psyches. • Hundreds of parishioners were working with bare hands, shovels and harrows, extending the church by burrowing out a crypt. • Orange flames burrowed through the grass. • The small mammals alive at this time did not hibernate, but had insulating fur and could burrow underground. • One group have lost their legs altogether and taken to burrowing underground. • He threw everything out, clothes, shoes, old wellingtons, burrowing underneath all the mess like an overgrown mole. • The footing corals start to anchor down on the loose rocks, and the subterranean sponges burrow underneath. burrow into/under/through etc • And at the same time I burrowed into that fabric. • It tried to burrow into the earth. • Orange flames burrowed through the grass. • It lays its eggs in your clothes while they are drying on the line and then they burrow into the skin. • She closed her eyes and let her fingers burrow through the tissue paper until she felt the lace of the collar. • This results in a ball of cells, which then proceeds to burrow into the wall of the uterus. • Western spadefoot toads burrow into the wash bottom, emerging to produce another batch of mosquito larvae-eating tadpoles during the summer rains. burrow into/under/down etc • And at the same time I burrowed into that fabric. • It tried to burrow into the earth. • In burrowing down, the fish made a tube through the mud an inch or so across. • It lays its eggs in your clothes while they are drying on the line and then they burrow into the skin. • This results in a ball of cells, which then proceeds to burrow into the wall of the uterus. • Western spadefoot toads burrow into the wash bottom, emerging to produce another batch of mosquito larvae-eating tadpoles during the summer rains. • But still they tell them, suggesting how deeply the stories have burrowed into their psyches. burrow in/into/through etc • He was burrowing in a briefcase while he waited. • And at the same time I burrowed into that fabric. • It tried to burrow into the earth. • Orange flames burrowed through the grass. • It lays its eggs in your clothes while they are drying on the line and then they burrow into the skin. • This results in a ball of cells, which then proceeds to burrow into the wall of the uterus. • But still they tell them, suggesting how deeply the stories have burrowed into their psyches. Related topics: Animals burrow2 noun [countable] a passage in the ground made by an animal such as a rabbit or fox as a place to live

Burrow

بستر رودخانه بستر دریا

River bed | Sea bed

1 to prepare and use land for growing crops and plants The land was too rocky to cultivate. 2 formal to plant and take care of a particular crop SYN grow We cultivated maize and watermelons. Register In everyday English, people usually say someone grows a crop rather than cultivates it: They have been growing grapes there for hundreds of years. 3 to work hard to develop a particular skill, attitude, or quality Try to cultivate a more relaxed and positive approach to life. The company has been successful in cultivating a very professional image. 4 to make an effort to develop a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone who can help you Professor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.

Cultivate

گلبرگ

Petal

pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful a small tranquil village ► see thesaurus at quiet —tranquilly adverb —tranquillity British English, tranquility American English /træŋˈkwɪləti/ noun [uncountable] the tranquillity of the Tuscan countryside Examples from the Corpus tranquil • For a few weeks, the atmosphere on the Street was quiet, almost tranquil. • If you are calm, it will be tranquil. • Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven. • The mind is tranquil but alert, its consciousness commanding the body's movements. • Their tranquil dreams broken, they were united in their resolve to repair the damage. • Efforts are being made to make life more tranquil in Japan's noisy and overcrowded cities. • a tranquil mountain community • But in this tranquil, often overlooked part of the country, the signs of outside intervention are clear. • In summer, the normally calm, tranquil streets fill with crowds of tourists. • If I was so tranquil, why was this happening?

Tranquil

اختلال

Disturbance

تعادل اکولوژیکی

Ecological balance

منقرض شدن

Go extinct

the effects of an action or event, especially bad effects that continue for some time → consequence repercussion for The collapse of the company had repercussions for the whole industry. repercussion on There were serious repercussions on his career. repercussion of the repercussions of the crisis political/social/economic etc repercussions

Repercussion noun [countable usually plural

گیاهان و جانوران

Flora and fauna

Phenomenon

1 something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand phenomenon of the growing phenomenon of telecommuting Homelessness is not a new phenomenon. natural/historical/social etc phenomenon Language is a social and cultural phenomenon. ► see thesaurus at event 2 something or someone that is very unusual because of a rare quality or ability that they have COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES a new phenomenon The idea that we may be able to live forever is is not a new phenomenon. a recent phenomenon Detailed food labelling is a fairly recent phenomenon. a common phenomenon Cloudy water is a common phenomenon in new aquariums. a rare phenomenon Planes have occasionally disappeared in midair, but this is a rare phenomenon. a strange phenomenon What could explain this strange phenomenon? a natural phenomenon (=one that happens in nature) Natural phenomena such as the appearance of comets intrigued him. a social/cultural etc phenomenon Crime is a complex social phenomenon. supernatural/paranormal phenomena (=ones that appear to be against the laws of nature) Ghosts are one example of paranormal phenomena.

خز

Fur

دم

Tail

فلس

Scales

if a company or its work is at the cutting edge of an activity, they are working in the most advanced area of it, using the newest methods, systems, equipment etc cutting edge of The scientific and engineering skills which we have developed are at the cutting edge of nuclear technology.

Cutting-edge

Giving your own idea

As far as I’m concerned

verb [transitive] formal to make it easier for a process or activity to happen Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.

Facilitate

مقاومت

Resistance

1 an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions → collide collision with The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck. Two people were killed in a head-on collision (=between two vehicles that are moving directly towards each other) on highway 218. ► see thesaurus at accident 2 a strong disagreement between two people or groups collision between a collision between the two countries over fishing rights 3 → be on a collision course

Collision

سانحه، کشته | Emergency room

Casualty

adjective [only before noun] happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it the preliminary stages of the competition a preliminary draft preliminary to The discussions were preliminary to preparing a policy paper. مقدماتی

Preliminary

هندسی | هندسه

Geometric | Geometry

متوازی الاضلاع

par‧al‧lel‧o‧gram /ˌpærəˈleləɡræm/

اریب

Diagonally

1 if an organization, system, relationship etc falls apart, it stops being effective or successful Don’t be reckless or your plans may fall apart. The health service is falling apart at the seams. 2 be falling apart to be in very bad condition Tommy’s old bicycle was rusty and falling apart. 3 to break into pieces The book fell apart in my hands. 4 to be unable to deal with your personal or emotional problems She had to get some rest or she was going to fall apart. 5 somebody’s world/life falls apart if someone’s world or life falls apart, something very bad and serious happens which changes their life When his wife left him, his world fell apart.

Fall apart

1 [transitive] to allow something to happen, especially by an official decision, rule, or law Smoking is only permitted in the public lounge. be permitted to do something As a punishment, she was not permitted to attend any school activities. be permitted in/near etc something Dogs are not permitted inside the shop. permit somebody something The bill would permit workers 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family emergencies. He had more than the permitted level of alcohol in his blood. ► see thesaurus at allow Register Permit is a formal word, which is used especially about someone being officially allowed to do something. In everyday situations, people usually say let somebody do something or allow somebody to do something: His parents won’t let him watch TV after ten o'clock. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to make it possible for something to happen The large windows permit a clear view of the lake. permit somebody to do something The moon permitted me to see a little way into the distance. I’ll see you after the meeting, if time permits (=if it finishes early enough). We’ll have a picnic at the beach, weather permitting (=if the weather is good enough).

Permit

1 MOVE [intransitive, transitive] a) to turn a part of your body around or change your position by turning He twisted his head slightly, and looked up at her. twist round/around She twisted round, so that she could see the dog better. b) if you twist your mouth or features, you smile in an unpleasant way or look angry, disapproving etc His mouth twisted in a humourless smile. 2 BEND [transitive] to bend or turn something, such as wire, hair, or cloth, into a particular shape twist something into something She twisted her handkerchief into a knot. twist something together Twist the two ends of the wire together. 3 WIND [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to wind something around or through an object twist something round/around/through etc something She twisted a silk scarf round her neck. Ann twisted some daisies through Katherine’s thick brown hair. 4 TURN [transitive] to turn something in a circle using your hand twist something off (something) Jack twisted the cap off the bottle. 5 ROAD/RIVER [intransitive] if a road, river etc twists, it changes direction in a series of curves The road twisted between spectacular mountains. 6 WORDS [transitive] to change the true or intended meaning of a statement, especially in order to get some advantage for yourself He’s always trying to twist my words and make me look bad.

Twist

fair1 /feə $ fer/ ●●● S1 W2 adjective 1 REASONABLE AND ACCEPTABLE a fair situation, system, way of treating people, or judgment seems reasonable, acceptable, and right OPP unfair All we are asking for is a fair wage. £150 is a fair price. fair trial/hearing the right to a fair trial What do you think is the fairest solution? The report is a fair summary of the issues facing us. it is fair to do something It seems fair to give them a second chance. it’s only fair (that) (=used to say that it is right to do something) It’s only fair that we tell him what’s happening. it’s fair to say (that) (=used when you think what you are saying is correct or reasonable) It’s fair to say that by then he had lost the support of his staff. it’s not fair on somebody I can’t carry on working such long hours. It’s not fair on my family. 2 TREATING EVERYONE EQUALLY treating everyone in a way that is right or equal OPP unfair Why does Eric get to go and I don’t? It’s not fair! Life isn’t always fair. fair to The old law wasn’t fair to women. it’s only fair (that) You pay him $10 an hour – it’s only fair that I should get the same. My boss expects a lot – but he’s very fair. 3 → a fair size/amount/number/bit/distance etc 4 HAIR/SKIN someone who is fair, or who has fair hair or skin, has hair or skin that is very light in colour OPP dark 5 ACCORDING TO THE RULES a fair fight, game, or election is one that is played or done according to the rules OPP unfair 6 LEVEL OF ABILITY neither particularly good nor particularly bad SYN average Her written work is excellent but her practical work is only fair. 7 WEATHER weather that is fair is pleasant and not windy, rainy etc SYN fine It should be generally fair and warm for the next few days. 8 → have had more than your fair share of something 9 → give somebody a fair crack of the whip 10 → give somebody/get a fair shake 11 → by fair means or foul 12 → all’s fair in love and war 13 PLEASANT/ATTRACTIVE old use or literary pleasant and attractive a fair maiden SPOKEN PHRASES 14 → fair enough 15 → to be fair 16 → be fair! 17 → fair’s fair 18 → fair comment 19 → you can’t say fairer than that 20 → it’s a fair cop 21 → with your own fair hands THESAURUS fair treating people equally or in the way that is right It’s not fair that she gets paid more than me. Everyone has the right to a fair trial. just formal morally right and fair a just punishment a just cause a just society Do you think it was a just war? reasonable fair and sensible according to most people’s standards a reasonable request Lateness, without a reasonable excuse, will not be tolerated. balanced giving fair and equal treatment to all sides of an argument or subject Balanced reporting of the news is essential. even-handed giving fair and equal treatment to everyone, especially when it would be easy to favour one particular group The drama takes an even-handed look at the consequences of violent crime, both on attackers and their victims. The film is even-handed and does not try to make you support either side. equitable /ˈekwətəbəl/ formal giving equal treatment to everyone involved We need an equitable solution to this problem. a more equitable distribution of wealth Examples from the Corpus fair • Jenny excels in science, but her grades in English are just fair. • Mrs. Anderson is strict but she's fair. • My grandfather used to say that life isn't always fair. • The old system of student funding seemed much fairer. • Both her children are very fair. • And yet this is hardly fair. • Wearing my competition hat, I shall be happy to examine any evidence which suggests that competition is not fair. • Her husband should help take care of the baby - it's only fair. • Kelson has a reputation as a fair and compassionate judge. • They also have an interest in sport that is seen to be clean, fair and exciting. • All observers noted that the elections had been free and fair and that conduct had exceeded all expectations. • It should be generally fair and warm for at least the next three days. • But people demand a fair chance at justice as surely as they demand medical care. • Despite the discrimination they suffered, my grandparents remained fair, decent, good people. • Observers will be present to ensure a free and fair election. • The new government has promised to hold free and fair elections. • Julia has blue eyes and fair hair. • The tax law provides for a deduction of the fair market value of the work of art. • The Court held that he need not state expressly that his quote was a fair quote. • Oh it was a fair scandal in our village, I can tell you. • Someone fair skin like you should probably use a stronger sunscreen. • The Indians were at first frightened of the fair-skinned Europeans. • Do you think it's fair that she gets paid more money than me? • To be fair, these are complicated, serious issues, and the department has only been discussing them for a short time. • I've always tried to be fair to all my children. • In order to be fair to everyone, ticket sales are limited to two for each person. • Everyone has the right to a fair trial. • All we're asking for is a fair wage. fair trial/hearing • The audi alteram partem rule-the right to a fair hearing. • The police seem to be a law unto themselves sometimes, even if it does prejudice a fair trial. • Timothy McVeigh got a fair trial. • Their lawyers argued the men would not have a fair trial because of the delays, and proceedings against them were stayed. • The question became how a fair trial could be conducted without the excess. • Mr Bonin has had a full and fair hearing on all of his claims. • They also maintained that it would be impossible to hold fair trials so long after the alleged crimes had been committed. • What I did was win us a change of venue on grounds that a fair trial was impossible in Greene County. It’s not fair • She says it's a nightmare come true and it's not fair. • It's not fair, but then, as Del once pointed out, neither is Frank Bruno's backside. • Maybe it's not fair, having it all come down to one game. • It's not fair, I haven't come off that ladder yet. • It's not fair on the people who turn up on time. • It's not fair says John. • It's not fair to keep him in like that. Related topics: Outdoor fair2 ●●○ noun [countable] 1 (also funfair British English) a form of outdoor entertainment, at which there are large machines to ride on and games in which you can win prizes SYN carnival American English 2 American English an outdoor event, at which there are large machines to ride on, games to play, and sometimes farm animals being judged and sold state/county fair 3 → book/antiques/craft/trade etc fair 4 → job/careers fair 5 British English an outdoor event with games and things to eat and drink, usually organized to get money for a school, club etc SYN fête 6 British English old-fashioned a market where animals and farm products are sold a horse fair Examples from the Corpus fair • The number of stalls and the range of employers represented at careers fairs has dwindled sharply. • Her ceramics are sought after at craft fairs in Northallerton, Harrogate and York. • But then I went to one of those arts-and-crafts fairs. • Go to a franchise fair, for example. • Did responsible parents take their children to the state fair? • Such fairs are a great morale booster for any nurse who feels unappreciated. • Want the agricultural shows filled with fairs and cheap sideshows so they can enjoy themselves? 9. state/county fair • Clark had set up a booth to display his wares at a county fair to which Roosevelt was paying a visit. • Rains always fell on state and county fairs. • At the time, North County Fair did not exist. • Annie hired a new manager, William A.. Banks, who booked her in a number of state fairs. • None the less, the state fair was going on as scheduled. • Did responsible parents take their children to the state fair? • But in 139 years of attending their state fair, the people of Iowa have never seen this: Butter Elvis. fair3 adverb 1 → win (something)/beat somebody fair and square 2 → play fair Examples from the Corpus fair • Her job is to make sure that the money is distributed fairly. • I believe I acted fairly when I expelled those students. From LMDict - Business Dictionary fair1 /feəfer/ adjective a situation or arrangement which is fair is reasonable, honest, and acceptable The committee takes seriously the need to be fair and just in everything it does. fair voting procedures All we are asking for is a fair wage. fair2 noun [countable] a large show where business people producing a particular product or service can meet to advertise or sell their products the Frankfurtbook fair Many businesses deal less formally, for example at trade fairs

Fair

And the rest, and so on

etc, et cetera

For example

e.g.

Note well

written abbreviation used before a piece of important information to make certain that readers notice it: NB All prices are quoted for a low-season week starting January 6/7.

داشتم دیر میکردم

I was running late

میخای بگی چه نوع آب و هوایی یا انواع آب و هوا

Types of weather Kinds of weather Weather conditions

قرص نان | چون نان غ غ ش هست نمیتونیم بگیم ۲ تا نون

Loaves of bread

کنار زدن | ماشینو بزنی کنار

Pull over

no longer useful, because something newer and better has been invented → out-of-date obsolete weapons computer hardware that quickly became obsolete Will computers render (=make) books obsolete?

Obsolete

verb [transitive] to be the first person to do, invent, or use something The new cancer treatment was pioneered in the early eighties by Dr Sylvia Bannerjee. 1 someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people pioneer of John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation. He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology. 2 one of the first people to travel to a new country or area and begin living there, farming etc the early pioneers of the Dakota territory

Pioneer

noun [countable] an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time breakthrough in Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.

Breakthrough

adjective groundbreaking work involves making new discoveries, using new methods etc پیشگامانه

Groundbreaking

djective 1 an ingenious plan, idea, or object works well and is the result of clever thinking and new ideas Many fish have ingenious ways of protecting their eggs from predators. an ingenious device 2 someone who is ingenious is very good at inventing things or at thinking of new ideas —ingeniously adverb

Ingenious

oun [countable] something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do remarkable/considerable/incredible etc feat They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat. feat of an incredible feat of engineering perform/accomplish/achieve a feat the woman who performed the feat of sailing around the world alone no mean feat (=something that is difficult to do) It is no mean feat to perform such a difficult piece

Feat

phrasal verb 1 come across somebody/something to meet, find, or discover someone or something by chance I came across an old diary in her desk. I’ve never come across anyone quite like her before. We’ve come across a few problems that need resolving. Register In written English, people often use encounter when writing about problems or difficulties because this sounds more formal than come across: The team of researchers had encountered similar problems before. 2 if an idea comes across well, it is easy for people to understand Your point really came across at the meeting. 3 if someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities SYN come over as He comes across as a very intelligent sensitive man. She sometimes comes across as being rather arrogant. I don’t think I came across very well (=seemed to have good qualities) in the interview. → come→ See Verb table مواجه شدن

Come across

noun [countable] 1 a big jump SYN bound He threw a stick into the river and the dog went after it in a flying leap. 2 a large increase or change quantum/great/huge etc leap a quantum leap (=very great increase or change) in population levels leap in a 16% leap in pre-tax profits leap forward the huge leap forward that took place in the 1980s verb (past tense and past participle leapt /lept/ especially British English, leaped especially American English) 1 JUMP a) [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to jump high into the air or to jump in order to land in a different place She leapt over the fence. The smaller animals can easily leap from tree to tree. b) [transitive] literary to jump over something Brenda leaped the gate and ran across the field. ► see thesaurus at jump 2 MOVE FAST [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to move very quickly and with a lot of energy I leapt up the stairs three at a time. He leapt out of bed. She leapt to her feet (=stood up quickly) and started shouting. 3 INCREASE [intransitive] to increase quickly and by a large amount OPP tumble leap to Profits leapt to £376m. He leapt 27 places to second spot. 4 → leap at the chance/opportunity 5 → leap to somebody’s defence 6 HEART [intransitive] literary if your heart leaps, you feel a sudden surprise, happiness, or excitement My heart leaped when I saw Paul at the airport

Leap

تا اونجایی که

As far as As far as someone concerned As far as something concerned

1 take something ↔ off to remove a piece of clothing OPP put on He sat on the bed to take his boots off. Charlie was taking off his shirt when the phone rang. 2 if an aircraft takes off, it rises into the air from the ground SYN lift off, → takeoff I felt quite excited as the plane took off from Heathrow. 3 to suddenly start being successful Mimi became jealous when Jack’s career started taking off. 4 take something off (something) to have a holiday from work on a particular day, or for a particular length of time take time off (work/school) I rang my boss and arranged to take some time off. take a day/the afternoon etc off Dad took the day off to come with me. 5 take somebody ↔ off British English informal to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, in order to entertain people

Take off

1 take something ↔ up to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest. 2 take something up to start a new job or have a new responsibility Peter will take up the management of the finance department. take up a post/a position/duties etc The headteacher takes up her duties in August. 3 take something ↔ up if you take up a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it Now the papers have taken up the story. take something ↔ up with The hospital manager has promised to take the matter up with the member of staff involved. I am still very angry and will be taking it up with the authorities. 4 take up something to fill a particular amount of time or space be taken up with something The little time I had outside of school was taken up with work. take up space/room old books that were taking up space in the office 5 take something ↔ up to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea Rob took up the invitation to visit. take up the challenge/gauntlet Rick took up the challenge and cycled the 250-mile route alone. 6 take up something to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something The runners are taking up their positions on the starting line. 7 take something ↔ up to make a piece of clothing shorter OPP let down 8 take something ↔ up to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break I’ll take up the story where you left off.

Take up

فضای زیادی رو اشغال کردن

Taking up too much space

noun [countable] 1 someone who gives money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in campaign contributors contributor to Dr Win was a major contributor to the research. 2 someone who writes a story, song, speech etc that forms part of a larger work such as a newspaper, book, broadcast, recording etc contributor to a regular contributor to ‘Time’ magazine 3 formal someone or something that helps to cause something to happen contributor to Cars are still one of the principal contributors to air pollution.

Contributor

ایستگاه مترو

Subway stop

To rest by sitting down | ناراحت میشی اگه یه لحظه اینجا بشینم و استراحت کنم؟

Take a loaf off | Do you mind if I take a loaf off??

به طور خلاصه | خیلی مختصر و مفید بخوام بگم

in a nutshell

To start fresh | To forget about something in the past

To make a clean break

To begin a new project or period in your life

To turn over a new leaf

To not have definite shape or direction

To be up in the air

Not important

No big deal

To delay/ postpone/ procrastinate something

To put something off

Domino effect

Ripple effect

Repercussions plural!

رد پا

Footprint

رکود

Recession

To be in a situation that can lead to better opportunities

To have a foot in the door or

To arrive

To show up | I showed up for work late one too many times

The idiom "describes the minor or routine action that causes an unpredictably large and sudden reaction, because of the cumulative effect of small actions. It alludes to the proverb "it is the last straw that breaks the camel's back". This gives rise to the phrase "the last straw", or "the final straw", meaning that the last one in a line of unacceptable occurrences causes a seemingly sudden, strong reaction

the straw that broke the camel's back"

روی پای خودت وایستادن phrase. If you say that someone or something is on their feet again after an illness or difficult period, you mean that they have recovered and are back to normal. You need someone to take the pressure off and help you get back on your feet. He said they all needed to work together to put the country on its feet again.

To get on your feet

بلد نباشی برقصی

To have two left feet

1. to treat severely; be harsh towardنسبت به کسی سخت گیر بودن 2. to be difficult, unpleasant, or painful for

To be hard on someone

ضمنا | اتفاقا

By the way

قاره

Continent

کندو

Hive

a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops

Pesticide

noun 1 [countable] the area where the land meets the sea → coastal coast of the west coast of Africa We drove along the Pacific coast to Seattle. on the coast I used to live in a small village on the coast (=on the land near the sea). off the coast a small island off the coast (=in the sea near the land) of Scotland the first European to cross Africa coast to coast a deserted stretch of coast

Coast

1 large in size, amount, or degree The house stands in extensive grounds. Fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests. the extensive use of pesticides 2 containing or dealing with a lot of information and details Extensive research is being done into the connection between the disease and poor living conditions. The exhibition has received extensive coverage in the national press.

Extensive

having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize

Distinctive

1 a way of going from one place to another that is longer than the usual way make/take a detour We took a detour to avoid the town centre. 2 American English a different road for traffic when the usual road cannot be used

Detour

صدف

Shelfish

1 angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone, and ready to argue with them Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception. Carr wouldn’t meet Feng’s stare, which was openly hostile. his hostile attitude hostile to/towards The boy feels hostile towards his father. ► see thesaurus at unfriendly 2 opposing a plan or idea very strongly hostile to/towards Senator Lydon was hostile to our proposals. 3 belonging to an enemy hostile territory 4 used to describe conditions that are difficult to live in, or that make it difficult to achieve something hostile environment/climate/terrain etc a guide to surviving in even the most hostile terrain Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment.

Hostile

1 [transitive] to show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to be true indicate (that) Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary. Long skid marks on the pavement indicated the driver had attempted to brake. The study indicates a connection between poverty and crime. 2 [transitive] to say or do something to make your wishes, intentions etc clear The Russians have already indicated their willingness to cooperate. Professor Johnson has indicated his intention to retire at the end of next year. indicate (that) Ralph patted the sofa to indicate that she should join him. Please indicate your preference on the booking form. 3 [transitive] to direct someone’s attention to something or someone, for example by pointing ‘That’s her, ’ said Toby, indicating a girl on the other side of the room. 4 [transitive] to represent something Sales targets are indicated on the graph by a vertical dotted line.

Indicate verb

دورتر | بیشتر

Firther

سراغ گرفتن از کسی از حال خودت به کسی خبر دادن

check in with someone

To experience difficulties dealing with a situation

To have a rough time of it

To feel less than healthy

To feel under the weather

سرما خوردن | To become sick with a cold or flu

To catch a bug

To move on | به چیزی فائق اومدن

To get over it

To recover from sickness | To feel healthy agian

To be back on your feet

If you are up to speed with a subject or activity, you have all the latest information about it and are able to do it well: We arranged for some home tutoring to get him up to speed with the other children in his class. Before we start the meeting I'm going to bring you up to speed with the latest developments.

Up to speed on something

to become well again after a serious illness, especially when you might have died: They said the operation had been successful and they expected his wife to pull through.

To pull through

To become worse very quickly

To take a noise-dive

Deteriorate, worsen,

To go downhill

غافلگیر کردن

To catch off guard | To catch someone off guard

To react to a situation emotionally | To respond to something

To take something

To handle something as well as can be expected, especially a very difficult situation

To be hanging in there

To have a lot of something to deal with,

To be up to your neck in something

To be a reasonable match of value and cost

To be worth every dime

To do more than is required or expected to help someone

To bend over backwards

To have a serious bad effect on someone or something To cause harm or damage If you keep working so hard, the stress will eventually take its toll. —often + on Too much sunlight can take a (heavy) toll on your skin. Her illness has taken a toll on her marriage.

To take a/it’s toll

سر زدن به خانواده متوفی

To pay your respect

To not attend to the normal schedule

To take off from something

To prepare to leave

To pack up shop

To leave, to depart a place

To be Out the door

To have the desire to do something

To feel up to something

کسی رو سر قرار قال گذاشتن

Stand somebody up

To be worry or angry about something or to think about something

To stew over something

To give someone a break, to be understanding of someone’s situation

To cut someone some slack

To fail to happen To not accomplished to fail or stop in a sudden or final way Contract negotiations have fallen through. Our vacation plans have fallen through.

To fall through

To fail to something that someone else was depending on it

To leave someone high and dry

To compensate someone for something specially something you’ve done wrong before

Make it up to someone

While waiting, in the time that passes between one event and another

In the meantime

To do or say something that helps to get rid of some strong feelings or energy

Let off steam | She jogs after work to let off steam

adjective not intended to attract a lot of attention to an event, subject, or thing They want the funeral to be as low-key as possible. a low-key military operation Examples from the Corpus low-key • On the first day of the blockade, policing was low-key. • But the campaigns have been very amateurish and low-key and many of the younger people are not interested. • This year's campaign was low-key and quiet. • a low-key approach to management • Such a low-key comment is not what is required by the popular press at the conclusion of a traumatic trial. • In the war against Microsoft, it was a low-key day. • They're low-key, fun and there's no pressure to pair anyone off. • He had an appealing, low-key manner. • He is rueful, polite, mildly disappointed, and afflicted by a low-key melancholy. • It was to hold up any new organizing at all, even on

Low-key

To see a movie

To catch flick

Agree with someone

See eye to eye | My sisters don’t see eye to eye with me about the arrangements

hrasal verb informal to stop paying attention, for example because you are bored or tired He tends to zone out when I talk to him about my job.

Zone out

noun [countable usually singular] American English a report on what is happening in a sports game, given at the same time as the game is being played Examples from the Corpus play-by-play • Hahn does play-by-play for the Kings.

Play-by-play

از خطای کشی گذشتن بدون اینکه تنبیه خاصی اش بکنی

Let someone off easy

idiom) in the sense of pay (someone) back I was always borrowing his clothes, so it was his turn to even the score. to get enough points, goals, runs, etc., to have the same score as one's opponent : to tie the score in a game They evened the score at 5–5. 2 : to harm or punish someone who caused one harm.

Even the score

To be someone’s responsibility specially financially

To be on someone

an amount of money given to someone, especially by the government, for a particular purpose The university gets a government grant. Anyone wishing to apply for a grant should write to the Treasurer. grant of a grant of £50,000 grant from These studios are funded by a grant from the Kress Foundation. 1 formal to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for Britain could grant Spain’s request. I would love to be able to grant her wish. grant somebody something The council have granted him permission to build on the site. grant something to somebody A licence to sell alcohol was granted to the club. grant that (=used in prayers) Grant that we may know your presence and love.

Grant

About, more for technical context, more or less than a number or amount SYN roughly The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes. How much do you think it will cost, approximately?

Approximately

1 not exactly SYN about, approximately There were roughly 200 people there. Azaleas flower at roughly the same time each year. roughly equal/comparable/equivalent two rocks of roughly equal size roughly speaking (=used when saying something without giving exact details or information) Roughly speaking, I’d say we need about $500. ► see thesaurus at approximate 2 not gently or carefully He grabbed her roughly.

Roughly

having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind equivalent to a qualification which is equivalent to a degree I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling. something that is equal in value, amount, quality etc to something else The Japanese bank had the equivalent of $131 billion in assets on March 31. —equivalent adjective It must issue 5 million new shares or equivalent convertible securities to complete the deal.

Equivalent

About, used with very large numbers or amounts

Somewhere in the region of | Something in the region of

preposition formal used before a date to show that something happened close to but not exactly on that date SYN around manuscripts dating from circa 1100

Circa

Used when the total may be a lot more and you want to emphasize that this is a large amount

Or more Oe less Or higher

adverb 1 moving or pointing towards a higher position OPP downwards Pointing upwards, he indicated a large nest high in the tree. The path began to climb steeply upwards. 2 increasing to a higher level OPP downwards The expected rate of inflation was revised upwards. Prices are moving upwards again. 3 more than a particular amount, time etc SYN over children of 14 and upwards The meeting was attended by upwards of (=over) 500 people

Upwards

used when emphasizing that something is no more and no less than a number or amount, or is completely correct in every detail It’s exactly half past five. The figures may not be exactly right, but they’re close enough. exactly where/what/when etc I can’t remember exactly what she said. It’s a tragic situation and no one will ever know exactly what happened. why/what/where etc exactly ...? Where exactly did you stay in Portugal? 2 used to emphasize that something is the same or different SYN precisely That’s exactly what we’ve been trying to tell you. It’s exactly the kind of work I’ve been looking for. She tries to be exactly like her older sister. Kevin’s teachers saw him as quiet and serious, but with his friends he was exactly the opposite. The two candidates responded to the question in exactly the same way. 3 → not exactly 4 spoken used as a reply to show that you think what someone has said is completely correct or true ‘So you think we should sell the house?’ ‘Exactly.’

Exactly

1 completely correct in every detail Police are still investigating the exact cause of the accident. What were his exact words? The timing had to be exact. exact location/position/spot etc The exact location of the hostages is unknown. exact date/time/number/amount etc I know her birthday’s in July, but I can’t remember the exact date. exact copy/replica etc It’s not an exact copy, but most people wouldn’t notice the difference. Some concepts in Chinese medicine have no exact equivalent in Western medicine. بری اینکه دقیق بگم

Exact | To be exact

Exactly but more formal exactly and correctly SYN exactly Temperature can be measured precisely. He arrived at precisely four o'clock. precisely what/how/where etc It is difficult to know precisely how much impact the changes will have. What, precisely, does that mean? Lathes make wheels, or, more precisely, they make cylindrical objects. ► see thesaurus at exactly 2 used to emphasize that a particular thing is completely true or correct Women in these jobs are paid less precisely because most of the jobs are held by women rather than men. She’s precisely the kind of person we’re looking for. 3 spoken formal used to say that you agree completely with someone ‘It needs to be dealt with now.’ ‘Precisely, before it gets any worse.’

Precisely

exactly in a particular position or place right in/in front of/by etc something She was standing right in the middle of the room. There’s the house, right in front of you. right here/there I left my bags right here.

Right

1 with no other person, action, process etc between OPP indirectly The new property tax law won’t directly affect us. We hope to bring together the countries directly involved in the conflict. directly to/from Application for admission to this course should be made directly to the University. ► see thesaurus at exactly 2 exactly in a particular position or direction SYN right directly in front of/behind/under etc something It was a small house, directly behind the church. The girl was sitting directly opposite him. Have you noticed how he never looks directly at you?

Directly

verb [transitive] 1 to make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated. 2 to influence something in a way that has a bad effect He claims the poster ads have ‘contaminated Berlin’s streets’. —contamination /kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] radioactive contamination

Contaminate

تا این سن زندگی میکنند | انتظار میره تا این سن زندگی کنند

Live up to …. | Their Life expectancy

formal something that exists as a single and complete unit → being The mind exists as a separate entity. Good design brings a house and garden together as a single entity

Entity

عادت ساختن

Develop a habit of….

1 [singular, uncountable] the need or desire that people have for particular goods and services Production is increasing faster than demand. demand for the demand for new housing in demand (=wanted) As a speaker he was always in demand. → supply and demand 2 [countable] a very firm request for something that you believe you have the right to get demonstrations in support of the nationalists’ demands demand for their demand for higher salaries demand that

Demand

> I cannot maintain consistency in my efforts

Efferct:attempt:

ویژگی بارز من این هست که سخت کوش هستم

My most obvious feature is that I am hardworking. | My most salient characteristic is being hardworking.

You have to create your own way to success. | .

You have to pave your own way / construct your own path to success

Hard work makes you different than others. | .

Hard work makes you stand out [from the crowd]

The common feature of all successful people is their consistency.

The common denominator of all successful people is their consistency.

I love new ideas because I am always looking for freshness.

I love new ideas because I am always seeking novelty.

I might forget about all of my work plans and leave for an adventure.

I might quit / give up my plans to go off on an adventure

Lack of confidence

Insecurity

To see and notice

Observe

Grow out of something

1 if a child grows out of clothes, he or she becomes too big to wear them SYN outgrow 2 if someone grows out of something, they stop doing it as they get older SYN outgrow Mike finally seems to be growing out of his rebelliousness. 3 to develop or happen as a result of something else that happened or existed His art grew out of his love of nature. legislation which grew out of concern over the increasing crime rate

slowly, over a long period of time OPP suddenly Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell. Gradually, my ankle got better. ► see thesaurus at slowly Examples from the Corpus gradually • As the weeks passed, I gradually accepted the idea of him leaving. • The climate is gradually becoming drier and warmer. • Some patients experience a slow decline in their health as the effectiveness of the drugs gradually decreases. • Most patients gradually develop a resistance to the drug. • She gradually got sicker and sicker. • The first dilemma has been discussed: the managers gradually learned that their subordinates varied extensively in skill and motivation. • It began to slide toward the gradually opening door. • These cost reductions occurred gradually over a six-year period. به تدریج

Gradually

تعمدا | یا غیر عمدی

Intentionally | Deliberately

آگاهانه

consciously

هموار کردن مسیر برای

Pave the way for

خواب سبک و سنگین

Light sleeper, heavy sleeper

خواب بعد از ظهر

The habit of taking a nap in the afternoon | Seista

an occasion when something that has happened before happens again recurrence of after the recurrence of a back problem Measures must be taken to stop a recurrence of last night’s violence.

Recurrence

کابوس های تکراری

Recurring nightmare

infml to sleep very well, without being woken by any noises:

To sleep like a log | Sleep like a baby

to keep changing your position in bed because you cannot sleep I’ve been tossing and turning all night. → toss Examples from the Corpus toss and turn • This, and the sound of heavy machinery passing underneath the window, kept me tossing and turning. • She had slept badly, tossing and turning before falling into a fitful doze. • Do you fall asleep as soon as your head hits the pillow, or do you toss and turn for hours before dropping off? • She had slept badly, tossing and turning in the heat though the room had been cool enough. • If your tossing and turning is taking up needed sleep time, insomnia may be the culprit. • Recurring thoughts about her conversation with Philippe Fontaine had kept her tossing and turning most of the night

Toss and turn

برخی از افراد در مواردی از فلج خواب رنج می برند

Some people suffer from sleep paralysis on occasions

دندون قروچه کردن

Grind your teeth

something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it SYN vital crucial to This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies. crucial in/to doing something The work of monks was crucial in spreading Christianity. play a crucial role/part in something The city of Mycenae played a crucial role in the history of Greece. The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance.

Crucial

1 confused and not understanding what is happening around you 2 confused about where you are or which direction you should go When he emerged into the street, he was completely disoriented. Examples from the Corpus disoriented • At first, the fire had left them shocked and disoriented. • He sat up, feeling weak, disoriented. • I come out of the theater feeling disoriented. • Everybody is exhausted and disoriented after three weeks on the road. • Jean-Pierre felt faintly disoriented by it. • Mrs Roberts, indeed, who felt completely disoriented, clung on absurdly to the reality of Martin Parr. • The drumming disoriented him, the darkness frightened him; he shouted out. • The pilot became disoriented in bad weather over the ocean.

Disoriented

منحصر به فرد | پیشگامانه groundbreaking

One of a kind | First of its kind

a study led by = a study conducted by = a study done by

پیامد الزاما منفی نیست countable usually plural] a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc implication of What are the implications of these proposals? This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy. consider/discuss/examine the implications His talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution. practical/financial/political etc implications 2 [uncountable] a situation in which it is shown or suggested that someone or something is involved in a crime or a dishonest act → implicate the implication of somebody (in something) the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal 3 [countable, uncountable] a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to understand or accept → imply They are called ‘Supertrams’, the implication being that (=which is meant to suggest that) they are more advanced than earlier models. by implication The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.

Implication

مدیر مخصوصا مدیر مدرسه و‌ مدیر جاهای علمی

Principal

ارزش 1 MORAL RULE [countable, uncountable] a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave Schools try to teach children a set of principles. He’s got no principles at all! It’s against my principles to accept gifts from clients. 2 IDEA BEHIND SOMETHING [countable] the basic idea that a plan or system is based on The general principle is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16. basic/fundamental/guiding principle the basic principles of business management principle of the principles of French law principle that Reflexology is based on the principle that specific areas on the feet correspond to different parts of the body. on a principle The project worked on the principle that each person’s experience was equally valuable. principle behind the principles behind government policies He called for a return to first principles (=the most important ideas) of road safety for children. Similar principles apply in the case of older children (=the principles are the same as others that have been mentioned). 3 → in principle 4 RULES OF A PROCESS [countable] a rule which explains the way something such as a machine works, or which explains a natural force in the universe Archimedes’ principle principle of the basic principles of physics ► Do not confuse the noun principle with the noun and adjective principal: a former principal of the college | her principal tasks

Principle

noun 1 → be in a muddle/get into a muddle 2 [countable usually singular, uncountable] when there is confusion about something, and things are done wrong as a result Our accountant finally managed to sort out the muddle. muddle over/about There was a bit of a muddle over our hotel reservations. Examples from the Corpus muddle • Unless, of course, there had been a muddle in the names. • Gerald Ford getting into a muddle about what was and wasn't a Warsaw Pact country. • It is too valuable a document of human heartbreak and muddle to be scorned or dismissed. • Over the years the generations had gotten into a chronological muddle. • She could sense his muddle, and it touched her. • a legal muddle • Nevertheless, if we allow ourselves to be swayed by every fashion that comes along, we live in a perpetual muddle. • This book assesses the technological fix for the muddle left by downsizing and reengineering. • None of the muddle in her room mattered. muddle over/about • Gerald Ford getting into a muddle about what was and wasn't a Warsaw Pact country. • There was a muddle about his origins, wasn't there? • You can see why it is easy to be muddled about carbohydrate. • Was it muddled over the association between money wage changes and real wage changes? muddle2 (also muddle up) verb [transitive] especially British English 1 to put things in the wrong order Someone’s muddled up all the papers on my desk. The government seems to have lost its way and muddled its priorities. 2 to confuse one person or thing with another, and make a mistake SYN mix up The twins are so alike that it’s easy to muddle them up. Spanish and Italian are very similar and I sometimes get them muddled up. muddle something with something Be careful not to muddle the files you’ve already worked on with the others. 3 to confuse someone, especially so that they make a mistake Don’t muddle her with all the extra details at the moment. Could you just repeat those figures – I’ve got a bit muddled up. → muddle along/on در هم ریحتن به هم ریختکی

Muddle

a study that looks at -> a study revolving around / a study pertaining to / a study discussing /a study evaluating

If something happens in the course of a particular period of time, it happens during that period of time. In the course of the 1930s, steel production in Britain approximately doubled. We struck up a conversation, in the course of which it emerged that he was a sailing man.

In the course of ….

to become very successful or very strong and healthy plants that thrive in tropical rain forests a business which managed to thrive during a recession Register In everyday English, people usually say do well rather than thrive: The whole family seems to be doing well. if a company, market, or place is thriving, it is very successful and making a lot of money Our natural food supermarkets are thriving.

Thrive

از اونجاییکه تا زمانیکه

As long as

مگر. اینکه

Un less

used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or is done SYN provided You can borrow the car, providing I can have it back by six o'clock.

Providing, provided

1) It was nice of you to do something It was silly of you to forgive him! 2) be nice to somebody She was very cruel to all the people in the party 3) be +adj+ with+somebody+ for doing something Are you annoyed with me for being late ? 4) be+ adj+ about something وقتی تو پروسه اش هستی 5) be+ adj+ with the result of something you received or done 6)

تحت تاثیر فلان چیز قرار گذفتن

To be impressed by something

``` 1 making someone suffer or feel unhappy His death was a cruel blow. Sometimes life seems unbearably cruel. ► see thesaurus at unkind 2 deliberately hurting people or animals OPP kind The prisoner was a hard cruel man. cruel jokes about mothers-in-law It was a cruel tactless thing to say. cruel to She was often cruel to her sister. 3 → be cruel to be kind ```

Cruel | Creuely

adjective informal annoyed or bored, and wanting something to change She felt tired and a bit fed up. fed up with I’m really fed up with this constant rain. Anna got fed up with waiting

To be fed up | To be bored

To be tired of something

To be sick of something

1) Sorry about something(noun)-> You are sorry about something bad that has happened: I’m sorry about what I said. I’m sorry about your car (=sorry that your car has been damaged). 2) You are sorry for the delay, the inconvenience, or the trouble: The next train will arrive in 12 minutes. We are sorry for the delay. • You are sorry for doing something bad: I’m sorry for upsetting you. 3) You are sorry that you did something or sorry that something happened: I’m sorry that I can’t come. ‘That’ can be omitted: I’m sorry you didn’t get the job. 4) If you are sorry to do something, it makes you sad to do it: I’ll be sorry to leave this place. ✗Don’t say: I’ll be sorry for leaving this place. 5) feel sorry or be sorry for someone who is in a bad situation متاسفم برای فلانی یا خودم

1 feeling very sorry and embarrassed because of something you have done ashamed of/at I felt ashamed of the things I’d said to him. be ashamed to do something I’m ashamed to admit that I’ve never read any of his books. ashamed that She felt ashamed that she had missed her sister’s wedding. deeply/bitterly/thoroughly ashamed Alan was deeply ashamed when he remembered what he’d said. Everyone cries sometimes – it’s nothing to be ashamed of. be/feel ashamed of yourself You should be ashamed of yourself. 2 feeling uncomfortable because someone does something that embarrasses you ashamed of Many children feel ashamed of their parents. ashamed to be/do something Their behaviour makes me ashamed to be British.

To be ashamed | To feel ashamed

wanting something that someone else has → jealous envious of Colleagues were envious of her success. envious looks ► see thesaurus at jealous —enviously adverb Examples from the Corpus envious • I see people who have opportunities I don't have, and I get envious. • They were in this life to make other people feel envious. • Their ideas gain plausibility amongst the idle, the envious and the unlettered. • My feet were the embarrassing target of envious gazes. • One of the fantasies of the envious is that the other has everything. • People will become more envious, more mistrustful, more vindictive. • Lewis was envious of Forney's success. • We are envious of others who have power because they represent a threat. • She looks good, and enjoys the envious stares of other women.

Envious of someone or something

مضنون به کسی بودن

Be suspicious of someone

1 CRITICIZING if you are critical, you criticize someone or something critical of Many economists are critical of the government’s economic policies. Many parents are strongly critical of the school. He made some highly critical remarks. 2 IMPORTANT something that is critical is very important because what happens in the future depends on it SYN crucial critical to These talks are critical to the future of the peace process. It is absolutely critical for us to know the truth. Foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy. 3 SERIOUS/WORRYING a critical time or situation is serious and worrying because things might suddenly become much worse The fighting has stopped, but the situation is still critical. changes that took place during the critical period at the end of the war ► see thesaurus at serious 4 ILL so ill that you might die He is still in a critical condition in hospital. She is in intensive care, where she remains critical but stable. 5 → the critical list 6 MAKING JUDGMENTS making careful judgments about how good or bad something is His book provides a critical analysis of the television industry in Britain. She looked round the room with a critical eye. 7 ART/LITERATURE according to critics who give judgments about art, films, theatre, and books The book came out last year to great critical acclaim (=critics said it was very good). Her first play was a critical success (=critics said it was good).

Be critical of someone

adjective 1 allowing people to do, say, or believe what they want without criticizing or punishing them OPP intolerant → tolerate tolerant of/towards Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of music. a tolerant society 2 plants that are tolerant of particular weather or soil conditions can exist in those conditions tolerant of trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds

Tolerant of someone or someone adj. tol‧e‧rate /ˈtɒləreɪt $ ˈtɑː-/ ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 to allow people to do, say, or believe something without criticizing or punishing them → tolerant, tolerance We simply will not tolerate vigilante groups on our streets. 2 to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it → tolerant, tolerance SYN stand, bear

آگاه بودن از چیزی

Aware/ conscious of something

2 able to do things well a strong capable woman توانایی انجام کاری رو داشتن

Capable of something | Incapable of something

``` adjective (comparative shorter, superlative shortest) 1 TIME happening or continuing for only a little time or for less time than usual OPP long a short meeting Morris gave a short laugh. a short course on business English Winter is coming and the days are getting shorter. I’ve only been in Brisbane a short time. For a short while (=a short time), the city functioned as the region’s capital. I learned a lot during my short period as a junior reporter. Germany achieved spectacular economic success in a relatively short period of time. They met and married within a short space of time. I promise to keep the meeting short and sweet (=short in a way that is good, especially not talking for a long time). For a few short weeks (=they seemed to pass very quickly), the sun shone and the fields turned gold. 2 LENGTH/DISTANCE measuring a small amount in length or distance OPP long a short skirt Anita had her hair cut short. They went by the shortest route, across the fields. Carol’s office was only a short distance away, and she decided that she would walk there. a short walk/flight/drive It’s a short drive to the airport. The hotel is only a short walk from the beach. 3 NOT TALL someone who is short is not as tall as most people OPP tall a short plump woman Chris was short and stocky, with broad shoulders. He’s a bit shorter than me. 4 BOOK/LETTER a book, letter etc that is short does not have many words or pages OPP long a short novel I wrote a short note to explain. → short story 5 NOT ENOUGH a) if you are short of something, you do not have enough of it be short (of something) Can you lend me a couple of dollars? I’m a little short. be short of money/cash/funds Our libraries are short of funds. be 5p/$10 etc short Have you all paid me? I’m about £9 short. I’m a bit short British English spoken (=I haven’t got much money at the moment) somebody is not short of something British English (=they have a lot of it) Your little girl’s not short of confidence, is she? They’re not short of a few bob (=they are rich). b) if something is short, there is not enough of it Money was short in those days. It’s going to be difficult – time is short. Gasoline was in short supply (=not enough of it was available) after the war. 6 → be short on something 7 LESS THAN a little less than a number short of Her time was only two seconds short of the world record. just/a little short of something She was just short of six feet tall. ```

To be short of something

having the usual features or qualities of a particular group or thing typical British weather typical of This painting is typical of his work. This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy. 2 happening in the usual way On a typical day, our students go to classes from 7.30 am to 1 pm. Try calculating your budget for a typical week. 3 behaving in the way that you expect Bennett accepted the award with typical modesty. it is typical of somebody to do something It’s not typical of Gill to be so critical. Mr Stevens’ appointment was a typical case of promoting a man beyond his level of competence.

Typical of | It’s typical of him to do something

adjective 1 [not before noun] confident and sure, without any doubts SYN sure certain (that) I’m absolutely certain that I left the keys in the kitchen. I felt certain that I’d passed the test. certain who/what/how etc I’m not certain when it will be ready. certain about/of Now, are you certain about that? They were watching him. He was certain of it. ► see thesaurus at sure Register In everyday English, people usually say sure rather than certain: I’m sure I gave him the money. 2 if something is certain, it will definitely happen or is definitely true It now seems certain that there will be an election in May. Many people look certain to lose their jobs. It is wise to apply early to be certain of obtaining a place. It’s not certain where he lived. His re-election was considered virtually certain. It is by no means certain that the deal will be accepted. If they stayed in the war zone they would face certain death.

Certain | Certain of ….

``` noun [countable] 1 SKILLED PERSON someone who is very skilled at something master of Runyon was a master of the short story. a master of disguise Hitchcock was an acknowledged master of suspense. master at (doing) something She’s a master at manipulating people. a work of art by a true master ```

Master master2 ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 to learn a skill or a language so well that you have no difficulty with it the skills needed to master a new language I never quite mastered the art of walking in high heels. ► see thesaurus at learn 2 to manage to control a strong emotion SYN overcome He had learned to master his fear of heights.

noun 1 [countable, uncountable] a piece of work that is given to someone as part of their job on an assignment She’s gone to Italy on a special assignment. on assignment He was killed while on assignment abroad. 2 [countable] a piece of work that a student is asked to do a history assignment 3 [uncountable] when people are given particular jobs to do 4 [countable] something such as a place to sit, piece of equipment etc that you are given to use for a particular purpose an aeroplane seat assignment

Assignment

noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the main ideas or facts about something, without the details a research proposal outline outline of an outline of world history broad/rough/general outline a broad outline of the committee’s plans in outline A debt reduction scheme was agreed in outline (=people agreed on its main points). 2 [countable, uncountable] a line around the edge of something which shows its shape outline of The outlines of animals were cut into the rock. an outline map of Europe in outline figures drawn in outline 3 [countable] a plan for a piece of writing in which each new idea or fact is separately written down outline2 ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details The new president outlined plans to deal with crime, drugs, and education. 2 to show the edge of something, or draw around its edge, so that its shape is clear a map with our property outlined in red trees outlined against the sky Grammar Outline is usually passive in this meaning.

Outline

erb [transitive] 1 formal to remove an object from somewhere, especially with difficulty SYN pull out You’ll have to have that tooth extracted. extract something from something He extracted an envelope from his inside pocket. 2 to carefully remove a substance from something which contains it, using a machine, chemical process etc extract something from something Oils are extracted from the plants. 3 to get something which you want from someone, such as information, money, help etc, especially when they do not want to give it to you extract something from somebody She had extracted a promise from him. They used torture to extract information about their families. 4 to take information or a short piece of writing from a book We need to extract the relevant financial data. 5 to get an advantage or good thing from a situation extract something from something They aim to extract the maximum political benefit from the Games.

Extract

verb [transitive] especially British English informal 1 to throw something in a careless or relaxed way chuck something on/out of/into etc something Tania chucked her bag down on the sofa. I chucked a few things into a suitcase and left. chuck somebody something Chuck me that pen, would you? 2 to throw something away because you do not want it anymore I think I might have chucked it by mistake. 3 (also chuck something ↔ in) to leave your job You haven’t chucked your job, have you?

Chuck

verb [intransitive, transitive] to understand something that is complicated or difficult SYN understand, grasp, → comprehension She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster. I did not fully comprehend what had happened. comprehend what/how/why etc It may be hard to comprehend how much this gift means for my country. comprehend that Finally, she comprehended that he wanted his pay. ► see thesaurus at understand Register In everyday English, people usually say understand rather than comprehend: I could understand most of what she was saying. GRAMMAR: Patterns with comprehend • Comprehend is often used in the negative, especially with can’t/cannot: I cannot comprehend why anyone would do that.

Comprehend

verb (grabbed, grabbing) [transitive] 1 WITH YOUR HAND to take hold of someone or something with a sudden or violent movement SYN snatch I grabbed my bag and ran off. Two men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground. Kay grabbed hold of my arm to stop herself falling. grab something from somebody/something I managed to grab the gun from Bowen. ► see thesaurus at hold 2 FOOD/SLEEP informal to get some food or sleep quickly because you are busy SYN snatch Why don’t you go and grab some sleep? Hang on while I grab a cup of coffee. Let’s grab a bite to eat before we go. 3 GET SOMETHING FOR YOURSELF to get something for yourself, sometimes in an unfair way Try to get there early and grab good seats. Bob tried to grab all the profit. 4 CHANCE/OPPORTUNITY (also grab at something) informal to take an opportunity, accept an invitation etc immediately I think you should grab your chance to travel while you’re young. She grabbed the opportunity to go to America. Melanie grabbed at the invitation to go. This is our chance to grab a slice of this new market. 5 GET ATTENTION to get someone’s attention The book is full of good ideas to grab your students’ attention. The plight of the refugees immediately grabbed the headlines (=was the most important story in the newspapers). 6 INFORMATION to take information on a computer, website etc

Grab

فاکتور تعیین کننده

Final determinant

استعداد ذاتی

Inherent talent a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it inherent in I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system. Every business has its own inherent risks. —inherently adverb Firefighting is an inherently dangerous occupation.

1 [transitive] to understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are SYN realize appreciate the significance/importance/value of something He did not fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract. appreciate that We appreciate that caring for children is an important job. appreciate what/how/why It is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become. 2 [transitive] used to thank someone in a polite way or to say that you are grateful for something they have done Thanks ever so much for your help, I really appreciate it. I appreciate your concern, but honestly, I’m fine. I’d appreciate it if you let me get on with my job. 3 [transitive] to understand how good or useful someone or something is Her abilities are not fully appreciated by her employer. I’m not an expert, but I appreciate fine works of art. 4 [intransitive] technical to gradually become more valuable over a period of time OPP depreciate

Appreciate

حرفم برات سند باشه

Take my word for it

وقتی لایف استایلت تغییر کنه عادت هات هم بر طبق اون تغییر می کنه

When your lifestyle change, your habits will change accordingly

To be bad at something

To be hopeless at something | To be useless at something

depict (someone or something) in a work of art or literature.

Portray

1 formal to remove an object from somewhere, especially with difficulty SYN pull out You’ll have to have that tooth extracted. extract something from something He extracted an envelope from his inside pocket. 2 to carefully remove a substance from something which contains it, using a machine, chemical process etc extract something from something Oils are extracted from the plants. 3 to get something which you want from someone, such as information, money, help etc, especially when they do not want to give it to you extract something from somebody She had extracted a promise from him. They used torture to extract information about their families. 4 to take information or a short piece of writing from a book We need to extract the relevant financial data. 5 to get an advantage or good thing from a situation extract something from something They aim to extract the maximum political benefit from the Games.

Extract

داستان | رمان

Fiction

verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to repeat exactly what someone else has said or written quote from She quoted from a newspaper article. He quoted a short passage from the Bible. A military spokesman was quoted as saying that the border area is now safe. quote somebody on something Can I quote you on that? 2 [transitive] to give a piece of information that is written down somewhere You can order by phoning our hotline and quoting your credit card number. He quoted a figure of 220 deaths each year from accidents in the home. 3 [transitive] to give something as an example to support what you are saying SYN cite Mr Jackson quoted the case of an elderly man who had been evicted from his home. quote something as something He quoted the example of France as a country with a good rail service. The nurses’ union was quoted as an example of a responsible trade union. 4 [transitive] to tell a customer the price you will charge them for a service or product They quoted a price of £15,000. quote something for something The firm originally quoted £6,000 for the whole job. 5 [transitive] to give the price of a share or currency The pound was quoted this morning at just under $1.46.

Quote

For example (less formal)

For instance

مخصوصا، علی الخصوص

Particularly | In particular

1 having the usual features or qualities of a particular group or thing typical British weather typical of This painting is typical of his work. This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy. 2 happening in the usual way On a typical day, our students go to classes from 7.30 am to 1 pm. Try calculating your budget for a typical week. 3 behaving in the way that you expect Bennett accepted the award with typical modesty. it is typical of somebody to do something It’s not typical of Gill to be so critical. Mr Stevens’ appointment was a typical case of promoting a man beyond his level of competence. 4 → typical! THESAURUS typical a typical person or thing is a good example of that type of person or thing With his camera around his neck, he looked like a typical tourist. The windows are typical of houses built during this period. classic used to describe a very typical and very good example of something It was a classic case of the cure being worse than the disease. a classic mistake The book is a classic example of great teamwork.

Typical

Be a good, typical, classic, notable, obvious, fine, outstanding, perfect, prime, notable example

adjective [only before noun] 1 most important SYN main Smoking is the prime cause of lung disease. Our prime concern is providing jobs for all young school leavers. He was named as the prime suspect in the murder investigation. Good management is of prime importance in business. ► see thesaurus at main 2 of the very best quality or kind prime rib of beef prime agricultural land The hotel is in a prime location overlooking the valley.

Prime

adjective something bad that is blatant is very clear and easy to see, but the person responsible for it does not seem embarrassed or ashamed blatant discrimination ► see thesaurus at obvious

Blatant

adjective 1 very bad and very noticeable SYN obvious The book’s most glaring omission is the lack of an index. a glaring example of political corruption 2 too bright and difficult to look at SYN dazzling the glaring light of high noon

Glaring

adjective 1 a graphic account or description of an event is very clear and gives a lot of details, especially unpleasant ones SYN vivid a graphic account of her unhappy childhood His illness is described in graphic detail.

Graphic

adjective 1 using your power in a dishonest or illegal way in order to get an advantage for yourself OPP incorruptible Corrupt judges have taken millions of dollars in bribes.

Corrupt

نمونه بارز اش a good example of something: Supermarkets often charge too much for goods. Bananas are a case in point.

Be a case in point

همیشه اول جمله میان در حالتیکه بخواهیم برای جمله قبلی یک مثال تعریف کنیم

Take & consider

as an example Formal By way of illustration, let us examine this poem

By way of illustration

به ان نشان که

Be shown by | The people who lives here are quite rich, this is shown by the size of their house.

در مورد …. هم صدق می کند

This is true of

شامل

Including

Used after examples of something when saying that there are many more that you could mention What are the problems with house? Well, to name a few, the décor is ugly, it feels very drafty, and several of the appliances don't work. We have a huge range of exotic teas—assam, pu-erh, guayusa, yerba mate, to name but a few. See also: few, na

To name but a few

به غیر از

``` Except , except for, except that (بعدش جمله میاد) Except in(اول جمله میاد) ```

به غیر از یکی دو تا موضوع کوچیک

Aside from, apart from

preposition not including – used especially when you are making a list or calculating a total OPP including Television is watched in 97 per cent of American homes (excluding Alaska and Hawaii). Examples from the Corpus excluding • The trip costs $1300, excluding airfare. From LMDict - Business Dictionary ex‧clud‧ing /ɪkˈskluːdɪŋ/ written abbreviation excl preposition used to say that something is not included in a total or a set of things Deficit, excluding invisible items such as banking and insurance, was £4.5 billion.

Excluding

به غیر از | Formal

With the exception of | With one exception

Nothing, no one, any, anyone, anything, all, everything, everyone BUT

Except مخصوصا در. جمله های منفی apart from a particular person or thing SYN except The truth was known to no one other than herself. He doesn’t eat pork, but other than that he’ll eat just about anything.جدای از ….

Other than

someone who suffers, especially from a particular illness → victim sufferer from sufferers from headaches AIDS/cancer/asthma/arthritis etc sufferers a support group for cancer sufferers

Sufferer

1 SHOW to show something that is usually covered or hidden He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest. expose something to something Potatoes turn green when exposed to light. ► see thesaurus at show 2 TO SOMETHING DANGEROUS to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant expose somebody to something The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. expose yourself to ridicule/criticism etc (=say or do something that may make people laugh at you, criticize you etc) 3 TELL THE TRUTH to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad The film exposes the utter horror of war. The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice. expose somebody as something The baron was exposed as a liar and a cheat. 4 SEE/EXPERIENCE to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways of life etc expose somebody to something Some children are never exposed to classical music. 5 → expose yourself 6 PHOTOGRAPH to allow light onto a piece of film in a camera in order to take a photograph 7 FEELINGS to show other people feelings that you usually hide, especially when this is not planned I’m afraid I might expose my real feelings for him. → See Verb table

Expose

1 (also seal up) to close an entrance or a container with something that stops air, water etc from coming in or out of it The window was sealed shut. seal a joint/crack/opening/gap A quick way to seal awkward gaps is to use a foam filler. Dried milk is kept in hermetically sealed (=very tightly closed) containers. ► see thesaurus at close 2 if a building, area, or country is sealed, no one can enter or leave it Authorities plan to seal the border. 3 to close an envelope, package etc by using something sticky to hold its edges in place He wrote the address and sealed the envelope. 4 to cover the surface of something with something that will protect it Wooden decks should be sealed to prevent cracking.

Seal

جواب دادن | جواب پس دادن

Answer | Answer to

``` adjective saying things that are the opposite of what you mean, in order to make an unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed Was she being sarcastic? sarcastic remark/comment/question He can’t help making sarcastic comments. sarcastic manner/smile/laugh etc ‘I thought so, ’ she said with a sarcastic smile. —sarcastically /-kli/ ```

Sarcastic adj | Sarcastically adv

عدم تاییدم رو ابراز میکنم

I express my disapproval of his decisions

It is necessary/ critical/ recommended/ important/ pivotal that clause with A SIMPLE VERB FOR ALL SUBJECTS

it’s necessary that we be more attentive to our culture

adjective more important than anything else in a situation, system etc SYN key The Bank of England has a pivotal role in the London money market. pivotal to The talks are pivotal to the success of the country.

Pivotal ˈpɪvətəl

djective 1 listening to or watching someone carefully because you are interested OPP inattentive an attentive audience 2 making sure someone has everything they need attentive to Customers want companies that are attentive to their needs. —attentively adverb —attentiveness noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus attentive • Atmosphere is easy going, service is attentive. • It is an excellent place for families as the staff are friendly, relaxed and attentive. • The waiters were attentive and friendly. • As a husband, he fulfilled the model role of an attentive and loving spouse. • He, too, looks attentive, as if awaiting an order. • The egoist might now appeal to the difference between awareness and attentive attentiveness. • an attentive father • The younger men were cynically attentive, petting their carefully trimmed beards inspired by Edison Banks. • Frank was attentive to me, even courtly. • The crew were extremely attentive to the passengers' safety. • Hecke's new work has something of interest for both the casual and attentive viewer. attentive to • Teachers are more attentive to good students. • They've built a business that is attentive to its

Attentive

Different means of trips

Road trip, hiking, hitchhiking, sight seeing, camping, backpacking,

Different means of accommodation

Bed & breakfast, hotel, hostel, campsite, motel, self catering

To be famous for

برای چیزی معروف بودن

برای چیزی محدودیت گذاشتن

Set limitations/ restrictions on something

Responsible for & responsible about

For واسه وقتی که مسئولیت اش با توئه About وقتی که تو احساس مسئولیت میکنی

قابل مشاهده است | همانطور که قابل مشاهده است

This can be seen in the following examples | As can be seen in Table 1, …..

مدرک بودن

Be evidence of….

حاکی از آن است که | برای چیز های منفی

These difficulties are symptomatic of a fundamental problem. Be Symptomatic of Symptom علامت بیماری، علائم

فاش کردن | آشکار کردن

Reveal

پشتیبانی کردن

Support/ back up | They produce no evidence to back up their claims.

صحه گذاری کردن یه اطلاعات جدیدی بیاری که اطلاعات قبلی رو تایید کنه و صحه گذاری کنه تایید کردن

Corroborate Validate

اثبات ادعا

substantiate Substantiate claim, allegations • Discipline yourself to dig deep and get at facts which can be substantiated. • The third party must be able to claim that its assent is invalid if any of these grounds can be substantiated. • This is not substantiated by analysis of the high strictures according to the method of diagnosis. • Allegations made by prisoners are usually only considered when substantiated by the evidence of a prison officer. • The claim that higher minimum wages are inflationary and will create a loss of jobs is not substantiated either. • This is not invariable, but its occurrence can provide substantiating evidence of epilepsy. • No evidence has been found to substantiate the story. • The authorities claimed they were conspiring to overthrow the government, but offered no evidence to substantiate these claims. • The fact substantiates what reason points out. • Graph the two equations to substantiate your answers. substantiate ... claims • This is important as video evidence of illegal activities etc., can later be used in court to substantiate the groups claims.

این حس رو به من میده یا این اثر رو روی آدم میذاره چه درست چه غلط

Give the impression of/that

To make you decide that something is likely to be true after examining all the facts

Lead to the conclusion that | All the arguments lead to conclusion that there should be greater control on gun ownership

رد کردن

Disprove | Refute

نقض کردن

Contradict

تلاش و کوشش کردن | برای یه کار سخت

Attempt (n, v)

To be busy

Be tide up with something

A way that definitely will have a certain outcome or result

A surefire way to do something | A surefire for something

To do better than you normally do | To do your best

To outdo someone’s self

An unusual difficult request

A tall order

To be out of the question

To be impossible to accomplish

Pull out | Extract out

Yank out informal

1 a building, statue, or other large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famous person → memorial He erected a monument on the spot where his daughter was killed. monument to a fitting monument to the men who died in the battle 2 a very old building or place that is important historically Ancient monuments are protected by law

Monument

something that is easy to recognize, such as a tall tree or building, and that helps you know where you are One of Belfast’s most famous landmarks, the Grosvenor Hall, has been demolished. 2 one of the most important events, changes, or discoveries that influences someone or something The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the history of medicine. landmark decision/case/ruling The Supreme Court issued a landmark decision in January 2001.

Landmark

حیله گر حیله گری با حیله گری

Cunning Cunning Cunningly

تداعی کننده

Symbolize | Symbol نماد

adjective something that is abundant exists or is available in large quantities so that there is more than enough OPP scarce an abundant supply of fresh water abundant opportunities for well-qualified staff Examples from the Corpus abundant • During the 18th century land was cheap, grain was plentiful, and meat was abundant. • an abundant and cheap supply of oil • The food was abundant and delicious. • It must time the laying of its eggs so that its chicks hatch when caterpillars are most abundant, and most palatable. • His yellow teeth gleamed in the abundant black of his full beard. • We now live in a world where labor is abundant compared to capital. • Plant fossils are abundant in some types of rock. • Latin America has an abundant labor force and natural resources. • What a spiritual affirmation to an abundant life! • E-mail applications are abundant on Linux and choosing one can be the most difficult part in getting started! • His entertainment featured abundant wine and cigars, though he himself was a non-smoking teetotaller. • Sam Waterston reads from the abundant writings of the tall, soft-spoken Jefferson.

Abundant

بهداشت

Hygiene

to pull something heavy with a continuous steady movement

Haul

کشاورزی کردن | کاشتن محصولات کشاورزی

Cultivate crops

1 FAR AWAY far from towns or other places where people live SYN isolated a remote border town a fire in a remote mountain area ► see thesaurus at far 2 NOT LIKELY if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen SYN slight remote chance/possibility There’s a remote chance that you can catch him before he leaves. The prospect of peace seems remote. 3 TIME far away in time SYN distant the remote time when dinosaurs walked the earth a remote ancestor (=someone related to you, who lived a long time ago) 4 DIFFERENT very different from something remote from The Heights was quiet and clean and remote from the busy daily life of the city. 5 PERSON unfriendly, and not interested in people SYN distant His father was a remote, quiet man

Remote

verb 1 [transitive] to try to deal with a difficult problem There is more than one way to tackle the problem. It took twelve fire engines to tackle the blaze. ► see thesaurus at deal 2 [intransitive, transitive] a) to try to take the ball away from an opponent in a game such as football or hockey b) to force someone to the ground so that they stop running, in a game such as American football or rugby

Tackle

1 a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people’s houses 2 a large amount of something that is available and has not yet been used reservoir of She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength. مخزن

Reservoir

خندق | گودال سطحی و طولانی

Trench

Usage=application | مصرف

Consumption

به نظرم میاد که

It seems to me that….

ار زاویه دید کسی

From somebody’s point of view

somebody/something has yet to do something formal used to say that someone has not done something, or that something has not happened when you think it should already have been done or have happened I have yet to hear Ray’s version of what happened. The bank has yet to respond to our letter

Has yet to do something

فعل برای بیان کردن نظر

Express Voice Give

این به این معناست که …

. This means that…. . اول جمله میگیم | ٫ Which means that…. اول کلاز میگیم.

به بیان دیگر

in other words

adverb 1 relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only advertising that specifically targets children 2 in a detailed or exact way I specifically asked you not to do that! 3 [sentence adverb] used when you are adding more exact information Specifically, the department wanted answers to the following questions.

Specifically

to give more details or new information about something SYN enlarge He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further. elaborate on McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.

Elaborate

به سلیقه یا علاقه مندی های کسی اومدن

To fit someone’s tastes or interest

Clean water

Potable water

a situation in which there is not enough of something SYN lack scarcity of the scarcity of employment opportunities Examples from the Corpus scarcity • The debate about the depletion of the ozone layer has been so far hampered by a scarcity of data. • Moreover, they suffer from a scarcity of books, and from pedagogical methods that rely on the memorization of class lectures. • An independence based upon an abundance of goodwill may be found even where there are scarcities in power resources. • Further, the justification that channel scarcity requires the government to regulate the content of broadcasting no longer exists. • The world is entering a period of protein scarcity, the report says. • The scarcity of medical supplies was becoming critical.

Scarcity

بیش از حد مصرف کردن

Over-consumption

verb [transitive] 1 to use time, energy, goods etc → consumption Only 27% of the paper we consume is recycled. A smaller vehicle will consume less fuel. 2 formal to eat or drink something → consumer, consumption Alcohol may not be consumed on the premises. ► see thesaurus at eat 3 literary if a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly, so that you cannot think about anything else She was scared by the depression which threatened to consume her. be consumed with something He was consumed with guilt after the accident. 4 formal if fire consumes something, it destroys it completely

Consume

1 to think of an idea, answer etc Is that the best excuse you can come up with? We’ve been asked to come up with some new ideas. 2 informal to produce an amount of money We wanted to buy the house but we couldn’t come up with the cash. How am I supposed to come up with $10,000?

Come up with

Civil service | Civil duty

if two or more things balance out, the final result is that they are equal in amount, importance, or effect Sometimes I look after the kids and sometimes John does – it all balances out. → balancing act → balance→ See Verb table Examples from the Corpus balance out • Sometimes we have a slight loss and sometimes a slight surplus, but over time they balance out.

Balance out

Languages are my cup of tea | Languages are my thing!

خیلی گرونه

Cost a fortune | Cost an arm and a leg

حباب کسی رو شکوندن | ضد حال زدن

Burst someone’s bubble

یه چیزی به یه چیزی میاد یه چیزی رو با یه چیز دیگه ست میکنم

To go something with something To match something with something

سیستم آبیاری

Irrigation system | Irrigate (v)

adjective 1 an inhospitable place is difficult to live or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter an inhospitable climate He trekked across some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world. 2 an inhospitable person does not welcome visitors in a friendly way inhospitable to Some governments are inhospitable to aid workers.

Inhospitable

to make something happen SYN cause How can we bring about a change in attitudes? A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests. → bring→ See Verb table

Bring something about

من دو برابر تو سن دارم | دوستم ده برابر من پول دارن

I’m twice as old as you | My friend has 10 times more money than i do

adjective [only before noun] 1 relating to the sea and the creatures that live there the enormous variety of marine life the effects of oil pollution on marine mammals marine biology 2 relating to ships or the navy SYN maritime Examples from the Corpus marine • All of them were marine and all of them are extinct. • Probably the seabirds found extra food among the small fish and marine animals which clustered near the larger items of rubbish. • Let's continue this look at the marine aquarium scene by looking at the latest thinking regarding the nutritional requirements of marine fish. • Coasts shaped by marine erosion. 2. • During the 1950s further work on marine guidance was adapted for use in ballistic missiles. • Pearls Of the two main sources of pearls those from marine molluscs have always been preferred to those from freshwater. • A marine regiment was equipped with plasma cannon, and the marine battle armour was proof against most weapons. • In shallow marine sediments from anywhere on the present Earth one might expect to find the skeletal remains and teeth of sharks.

Marine

1 someone who is frail is weak and thin because they are old or ill frail elderly people her frail health frail body/physique mentally/physically frail ► see thesaurus at weak 2 something that is frail is easily damaged or broken SYN fragile It seemed impossible that these frail boats could survive in such a storm. the country’s frail economy

Frail= fragile= vulnerable

to become worse Ethel’s health has deteriorated. America’s deteriorating economy Register In everyday English, people usually say get worse rather than deteriorate: Her health got worse. The situation is getting worse. 2 → deteriorate into something —deterioration /dɪˌtɪərɪˈreɪʃən $ -ˌtɪr-/ noun [uncountable] THESAURUS deteriorate to become worse Air quality is rapidly deteriorating in our cities. Living conditions here have deteriorated in the past few years. get worse to become worse. Get worse is less formal and more common than deteriorate in everyday English My eyesight seems to be getting worse. He’s never been well-behaved, but he’s getting even worse. go down to become gradually worse – used especially about the standard of something The hotel’s gone down since its management changed. Nick’s teachers say that his work has gone down recently. go downhill to become much worse and be in a very bad condition, especially after a particular time or event During the recession the business began to go downhill. Her health went downhill rapidly after Christmas.

Deteriorate

noun [countable] someone who is in a position of authority in an organization a government official senior administration officials Examples from the Corpus official • Committee members have expressed concerns about possible contacts between donors and officials of the National Security Council. • City officials were hoping the name change would help curb the prostitution which festered in the area during the 1970s. • Health officials in Houston said Thursday that California strawberries are almost certainly the source of the illnesses. • In any case, the police did not offer a high enough salary for any but the most inexperienced official. • But instead of levying fines, prosecuting plant officials or revoking their licenses, the agency only wrote threatening letters to trustees. • By last week, government and state officials had doubled their estimates of contaminated sites to about 100. • One of the strengths of organisations is the expertise that officials have accumulated over time. • a union official Related topics: Officials official2 ●●● S3 W2 adjective 1 approved of or done by someone in authority, especially the government an official investigation into the causes of the explosion the official policy on education official statistics about illegal drug use You will have to get official permission first. Finally the letter of appointment came, making it all official. 2 relating to or done as part of an important job or position an official visit/engagement etc The president was leaving for a four-day official tour of Mexico. the Queen’s performance of official duties They dined in an official capacity with other European leaders. the Lord Mayor’s official residence 3 an official explanation, account etc is one that is given formally and publicly, but may not be true Many doubted the official version of events. The official line (=what is said publicly by people in authority) was that the troops were there to protect the King. 4 chosen to represent someone or an organization, or do something for them the company’s official logo the official representative from the American administration 5 an official event is a formal public event The official opening of the institute was in May.

Official (c) | Noun and adj

``` 1 relating to or happening in one particular country and not involving any other countries → foreign domestic market/economy/demand etc the booming domestic economy US foreign and domestic policy our nation’s domestic affairs Domestic flights (=flights that stay inside a particular country) go from Terminal 1. 2 [only before noun] relating to family relationships and life at home Unfortunately his domestic life wasn’t very happy. domestic tasks/chores/responsibilities etc Nowadays there is more sharing of domestic chores. families that can afford domestic help (=help with cleaning, washing etc) an organization that supports women facing domestic violence (=violence in a family, especially from a husband to his wife) 3 used in people’s homes a new tax on domestic fuel domestic appliances such as washing machines 4 someone who is domestic enjoys spending time at home and is good at cooking, cleaning etc No, I’m not very domestic. 5 [only before noun] a domestic animal lives on a farm or in someone’s home OPP wild domestic pets ```

Domestic

vacation2 verb [intransitive] American English to go somewhere for a holiday vacation in/at The Bernsteins are vacationing in Europe 1 [countable, uncountable] especially American English a holiday, or time spent not working We’re planning a vacation in Europe. on vacation He’s on vacation this week. We’re planning to go on vacation soon. 2 [uncountable] especially American English the number of days, weeks etc that you are allowed as paid holiday by your employer How much vacation do you get at your new job? I think I have four vacation days left. Employees are entitled to four weeks’ paid vacation annually. 3 a) [countable] British English one of the periods of time when a university is closed the Christmas/Easter/summer/long vacation b) [countable, uncountable] American English one of the periods of time when a school or university is closed

Vacation

to go to a particular place often | The bar was frequented by actors from the nearby theatre.

Frequent

Tourist haven

``` the arrival of large numbers of people or large amounts of money, goods etc, especially suddenly influx of a sudden influx of cash massive/great/huge etc influx a large influx of tourists in the summer ```

Influx of

if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there flock to/into/down etc People have been flocking to the exhibition. flock to do something Tourists flock to see the town’s medieval churches and buildings.

Flock

1 [countable] a place where a lot of people go for holidays seaside/beach/ski etc resort Aspen, a ski resort in Colorado Lagoon Reef is one of the best resort hotels. 2 → last/final resort

Resort

ترغیب کردن

Entice bring in draw in persuade

شهرهای ساحلی خیلی بین توریست ها معروف هستند

Coastal cities are very popular with domestic tourists

kɑːzməˈpɑː-/ adjective 1 a cosmopolitan place has people from many different parts of the world – use this to show approval a vibrant cosmopolitan city a lively hotel with a cosmopolitan atmosphere 2 a cosmopolitan person, belief, opinion etc shows a wide experience of different people and places Brigitta has such a cosmopolitan outlook o

Cosmopolitan

adjective formal a populous area has a large population in relation to its size Hong Kong is one of the most populous areas in the world.

Populous

``` adjective formal rich and successful a prosperous landowner ► see thesaurus at rich Register In everyday English, people usually say rich or well-off rather than prosperous: well-off neighborhoods such as Lakeview Examples from the Corpus prosperous • I am proud to report that the condition of the country as a whole is prosperous. • a prosperous American businessman • Merry Christmas and a prosperous and healthy New Year to you all. ```

Prosperous

1 [intransitive] to develop well and be successful SYN thrive The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing. 2 [intransitive] to grow well and be very healthy → thrive Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here. 3 [transitive] to wave something in your hand in order to make people notice it She walked quickly to the desk, flourishing her cheque book. if a business or industry flourishes, it is very successful and makes a profit The economy is booming and many small businesses are flourishing

Flourish

بحث برانگیز

Controversial causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed the controversial issue of welfare reform a highly controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam He is a controversial figure (=person who does controversial things) in the art world.

Purification

Desalination

They are me

They fit my personality

این مدلی به نظر بیاد که …

To come off as… | I like to come off as a person who cares about the way she looks.

تاثیر خوبی گذاشتن

To make a nice impression

ضد حال

Wet blanket

the mixture of waste from the human body and used water, that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground Chlorine is used in sewage treatment. The factory secretly dumped millions of gallons of raw sewage (=sewage that had not been treated) into the Ohio river.

Sewage

جا دادن

Seat

verb [transitive] formal 1 to keep something or continue to have something You have the right to retain possession of the goods. The state wants to retain control of food imports. Register In everyday English, people usually say keep rather than retain: Keep all your receipts. 2 to store or keep something inside something else A lot of information can be retained in your computer. Limestone is known to retain moisture. 3 to remember information I find it very difficult to retain facts. 4 if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay them to work for you now and in the future He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court’s decision. We had to pay a retaining fee (=an amount of money to keep someone working for you). 5 if a company retains workers, it continues to employ them for a long time It’s increasingly difficult to recruit and retain good staff.

Retain

شاهکار ادبی | نقد ادبی

Literary masterpiece

از برخواندن شعر یا یک متن ادبی | نقل قول از کتاب یا حرف کسی یا چیزی که نوشته شده

Recite | Quote

``` adjective informal 1 false or not real, and intended to deceive someone SYN fake a phoney American accent ► see thesaurus at false 2 someone who is phoney is insincere and pretends to be something they are not —phoney noun [countable] He’s a complete phoney! —phoniness noun [uncountable] ```

Phony

1 [usually before noun] having very serious or worrying results OPP minor There is a major problem with parking in London. The loss of their goalkeeper through injury was a major setback for the team. He underwent major heart surgery recently. It could have sparked a major confrontation. ► see thesaurus at important, main 2 [usually before noun] very large or important, when compared to other things or people of a similar kind OPP minor major role/part/factor etc Britain played a major role in the negotiations. There are two major political parties in the US. The government’s major concern is with preventing road accidents. Smoking is one of the major causes of cancer. the major developments in computer technology a major road ► see thesaurus at big 3 [not before noun] American English spoken very important This is major? You got me out of bed for this? 4 a major key is based on a musical scale in which there are semitones between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth notes → minor a symphony in D major

Major

curl up with a (good) book (redirected from curled up with a book) curl up with a (good) book To make oneself cozy and comfortable while reading a book. A cold, rainy night like this just makes me want to stay home and curl up with a good book.

Read a book cover-to-cover