Pre-IB Flashcards
Pre-history
Time before recorded history
Neanderthal people
Advanced species of humans that lived 40,000 years ago
Ice age
Alternation between very cold and very hot periods
Effects of ice age (3)
Migration to warmer areas, animals and plants disappeared completely, surface of the earth changed
When was the first species of humans?
7 million years ago (sahelantrophus tchadensis)
What led humans away from hunter-gathering? (3)
After ice age arable land increased while population growth caused extinction of large game
What was the neolithic revolution about?
Change from hunter-gathering to fixed settlements, leading to surplus of food, governments, hierarchy, literacy and trade
How did the neolithic revolution change the lives of people?
Living in cities, hierarchial society, women at home, specialised professions, excess food, population growth, diseases
First civilisations
Nile River valley (Egypt), Mesopotamia, Indus valley, Huang He valley
When did farming begin?
10,000-9,000 years ago in Syrian mountains (rye, grass, lentil)
Hierarchy of first civilisations
- Priests 2. Officials 3. Middle class 4. Farmers 5. Slaves
Why did ancient civilisations collapse? (4)
- Change in climate 2. Famine 3. War 4. Overpopulation
When did the Roman Empire exist?
509 BCE - 395 CE
How did the Roman Empire expand? (8)
- Invincible army 2. Excellent leaders 3. Advanced economy 4. Just conquerors 5. No strong opponents 6. Efficient control of areas 7. Developed infrastructure 8. United and strong state (peace)
What was the Roman economy like? (4)
Conquered areas supplied Rome, Meditarranean sea in the middle helped trade, single currency, no customs
Roman inventions
Roads, sanitation and sewage, baths, concrete, fast food etc.
Why did the Roman empire fall? (5)
- Too large to defend and maintain 2. Economy collapsed after expansion ended 3. Imbalance between poor West and rich East 4. Plague, West conquered by Germanic tribes 5. Decline in population (no army)
When were the Middle Ages?
400-1500
What happened after the Roman Empire collapsed? (4)
Constant warfare and invasions, cities abandoned, population decreased, feudalism develops
Feudalism
Economical and political system based on the division of land in exchange for payment. Between lords who offer land and protection and vassals who offer services
Hierarchy in Feudalism
- King 2. Powerful Nobles 3. Lesser Nobles 4. Serfs and freemen
Reasons for crusades
Securing holy sites, stopping muslim expansion, a mean of redemption
When did the crusades start?
1096 Jerusalem
How many crusades were there?
8 or 9
Consequences of Crusades? (6)
- Power for Catholic Church 2. Trade 3. Knowledge to Europe 4. Banking system led to cities 5. Feudalism declined 6. Mistrust
Church in early Middle Ages
Only remaining institution, unifying glue, attempted to control people, cathedrals were centres of cities
Medieval town features
Narrow streets and a surrounding wall, smelly, dirty, lots of crime
Biggest towns in Medieval times
London, Florence, Paris, Prague, Granada
When was the Black Death?
1347-1350
Consequences of the Black Death (6)
- 1/3 population died 2. Wars and trade halted 3. Labourers died, better rights and pay for alive ones 4. Labour rebellions 5. Church loses some power 6. Anti-semitism
When did prosperity and growth halt in medieval Europe and why?
1300, reduced population due to famines and plagues, political and social unrest
When were the late middle ages and what happened?
1300-1500, Italian Reneissance began, printing invented, humanism, age of discovery began
Reasons for explorations?
God, Glory, Gold
Enablers of explorations?
Technological advancements, rulers who desire wealth
Mercantilism
There’s a limited amount of wealth in the world, minimal import and maximal export, colonies and markets needed
The Colombian Exchange
Plants, animals and diseases between America and Europe which began with Columbus
The Atlantic Triangle trade
- To Europe: raw materials 2. To Africa: manifactured goods 3. To America: slaves
Triange trade consequences on non-European areas
- Colonialism, 2. Native peoples and cultures destroyed, 3. Slavery, 4. Environmental changes (deforestation, erosion)
Triangular trade consequences on Europe
- Colonialism, 2. Trade moved to Atlantic, 3. Gold (inflation, rich courts), 4. Importance of merchants, 5. New goods, 6. More power to kings, no need for feudalism
When was the industrial revolution and where?
In 18th and 19th century England
Why did population grow quickly in 18th century?
Decrease in number of deaths, vaccinations, improved agriculture led to varied diet, global warming
What is needed for industrialisation? (9)
Technology, knowledge, money, raw materials, energy, labour, markets, good laws, transportation
Why was England the birthplace of industrialisation?
Long traditions in clothmaking, raw materials, big population, markets (colonies and cities), strong navy, government policy encouraged working, inventions
Effects of the industrial revolution (9)
Urbanisation, railroads, bad conditions in cities, new class system, unsupervised children, no laws or social security, child labour, whole family worked, dangerous machinery
Pushing reasons for immigration (5)
Population growth, cheap imported grain from colonies, unemployment, potato blight in Ireland, anti-semitism
Pulling reasons for immigration (3)
Dream of getting rich, work and good wages, promised free land for farming
Other reasons for immigration
Improved communications, development of media and press, adventure
