Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 221 > Pre Final Exam > Flashcards

Pre Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What was responsible for the ability of e coli to metabolize citrate?

A

Change in gene regulation and gene duplication(allowed for aerobic metabolism)

In general, complex traits are controlled by genes and regulatory seq.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the origin of snake venom?

A

Duplication, and change in regulation(expressed in mouth instead of just pancreas)

In general, complex traits are controlled by genes and regulatory seq.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean?

A

Phylogenesis: Evolutionary diversification
Ontogenesis: Development from early life to maturity
This phrase means developmental steps reflect evolutionary history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Outline Muller’s Ratchet

A

Asexually reproducing species cannot remove deleterious mutations

Hence one of the many reasons why sex is beneficial, are there others?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are prezygotic rims?

A

Prezyogtic reproduction isolation mechanisms
e.g courtship displays, genticalic morphology, sperm egg recognition
Post zyogtic rims:
inviability of embryos (zyogte is earliest state, just egg and sperm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the weaknesses of BSC concept

A

Not applicable to asexual, or hermaphrodites, or to fossils

Bsc is difficult if species ranges don’t overlap, but they don’t inter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is a species defined in PSC?

A

Smallest cluster with shared features, each lineage should have unique synapomorphy -> PSC
Weaknesses: Can lead to false speciation events

Could be chemical, genetic, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outline semelparity:

A

Maximum reproductive effort,
occurs when future repro success is uncertain
High trade off between reproduction and survival

What about iteroparity?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The pied flycatcher serves as an example of what?

A

Divergence in mating preferences in geographic overlap which is evidence of reinforcement,
ie the hybrid is less fit, this results in selection against hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is anagenesis vs cladogenesis?

ana meaning backwards, so backwards forming

A

anagenesis: evolution in species w/o speciation
cladogenesis: speciation with rapid change, followed by extinction of old forms

These are interpretations for fossil gap, newer layer only new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does recriprocally monophyletic mean?

A

Presence of a unique synapomorphy, defines PSC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is human head lice and public lice not considered parapatric speciation?

A

Recall:
They diverged 12mya (rather than range expansion after loss of body hair), public lice are actually from gorilla head lice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define micro vs macro evolution, give the examples

A

Micro: Occurs at or below species level
- include drift, nat sel
Macro: Occurs above species level
- larger time scales from hundreds of thousands up
- includes adaptive radiatio, origin/diversification of taxa, origin of novel characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define vicariance

A

Formation of new geograpgic barrier, results in separation of once continuously distributed species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define:
Rate of appearance of new genera inversely proportional to number currently existing

A

Hierarchical model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the currently accepted model of speciation?

A

Punctuated equilibrium,
involves cladogenesis, rapid change then stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When more than two species adapt to changes in each other, this is known as?

A

Diffuse coadapation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When the host doesn‘t diverge but the symbiont does, what does this represent?

A

Duplication event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When might a symbiont host switch?

A

If there is strong selection for host to diversify
e.g (if the host is undergoing evolutionary change, that could result in an nonideal environment for the symbiont)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Wallaces’ line?

A

Deep underwater channel that acted as barrier to dispersal of terrestrial animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False:
Mass extinctions can be local

A

False, by premise they are global

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When did amnioids appear?

A

After the permian, there was less water, more volcanic rock so development of amniot sac was useful

Increased to well over 200 genera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline the virus that afflicted rabbits in Australia

A

Myxomatosis: horizontally transferred
Rabbits evolved immunity, virus evolved less virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The guppies were transferred from where to where, and what did this experiment demonstrate?

A

Guppies were transferred from high predation to a low predation environment,
experiment showed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define ecological speciation
In ecological speciation, selection for different ecological traits creates reproductive barriers. I
26
When there is higher adult survival, then is there higher reproductive investment in that moment?
No, there will actually be lower
27
Characterize **semelparity**
**Low** survivorship in offspring **Higher** **risk** with waiting to reproduce Maximize offspring produced/ lost (same as iteroparity obvs) 100 % Reproductive effort
28
Why are hawthorn and apple laying Rhagolettis different species?
Because apple layers have been selected for slower maturation to time pupation right, hawthorn layers develop faster, so if a hawthorn layer layed on apple, it pupates to early, and vice versa, if an apple layer lays on hawthorn, it takes to long, and doesn't prepare for diapause
29
Why is determining diversity in the fossil record difficult?
The fossil record only includes a small portion of the assumed diversity
30
Marsupials are an example of solely dispersal?
No, dispersal and vicariance
30
Define *symplesiomorphy*, vs *synapomorphy*, vs *autopamorphy*
**Symplesiomorphy**: **Ancestral** trait shared among at least 2 taxa, **not** **shared** by most recent **common** **ancestor** of the taxa **Synapomorphy**: Shared derived trait of taxa, **shared** by last common ancestor **Autapomorphy**: **UNIQUE** TRAIT to clade (only found in that clade
31
What is an evolutionary stable strategy?
A strategy where if the entire population is practicing it, no mutant can invade ESS is essentially dependent on relative cost and benfit, and frequency of player role
32
Gondwana was a continent consisting of?
SA, Africa, Aus/NZ, Antarctica, and India
33
Which extinction event was likley caused by volcanic activity?
Permian anout 200mya Led to acid rain, less water
34
Outline the results of the red flour beetle experiment, and its importance for group selection
The experiment demonstrated that group selection is possible in a lab setting
35
Outline Wynne Edwards vs Williams theory
WE: Group selection for altruism Williams: In altruistic groups, a mutant would have high fitness, and so selection for mutation individuals, ie altruism bad | How to remember: WE "like WE ARE IN THIS TOGETHER"
36
When will an **altruistic** trait spread?
When benefit to recipient multipled by relatedness is greater than cost to donor
37
Why does eusociality appear frequently in insects?
Due to the haplodiploid system, it is especially the case if a single female is singly mated, that siblings would be more related to one another than to their offspring
38
Vampire bats was an example of recriprocal altruism, what does this mean.
Regardless of relatedness, bats with prior relations donated food to others
39
In Side blotched lizards, what did the color morphs correlate with?
Mating behavior, Orange: Aggressive mate thiefs Yellow: sneak mates, not agressive Blue: Smaller, not agressive, many females | The important thing is to understand: frequency dependent selection
40
Where does most gene regulation occur?
At gene **transcription** (recall transcription before translation) @ the **promoter**, another form is alternative splicing
41
True or False: Most mutations are inherited
False! Most mutations occur in somatic cells (see notes)
42
True Or FAlse: Some mutations are more likely in organism
True! All mutations are equally likely, and completely random
43
What is the term for when the **entire** genome is **duplicated**?
***Polyploidy*** | Autopolyploid: Duplication within species, allo: due to hybridization
44
What is the term for when an organism has an uneven(**unbalanced**) number of chromosomes?
***Aneuploidy***
45
True or False: Most eukaryotes carry more than 2 alleles of a genotype
False: most eukaryotes are diploids, and although traits may be controlled by many alleles (example epistasis, additive effects), each individual only carries 2 (and more can exist in a pop)
46
When more than one discrete phenotype can arise from a single genotype>?
This is an example of **polyphenism** | Poly means many, rather than a continous distribution
47
Give an example of epistatic genes
Example: Red hair in humans occurs when one gene overrides another to allow expression
48
What is a QTL?
A quantitative trait locus, which is a genetic locus (region) associated with a quantitative trait
49
How do you determine if a trait is genetic or environmental?
possible example: Common garden experiment (ie take the specimen to a new environment and see what happens)
50
Define paraphyla vs polyphyla
Paraphylogeny: Group missing some descendants Polyphyla: Group does not share most recent common ancestor **Monophyla**: Clade, shares **ALL** descendants of common ancestor
51
Which **basepairs** are **purines**, and **pyramidines**, and what are ***transitions*** vs ***transversions***?
Purines: AG Pyramidines: CTU **Transition**: **Purine** with **purine**, or **pyramidine** with **pyramidine** **Transversion**: **Purine** with **pyramidine** or vice versa
52
An indel is an insertion or deletion of one basepair?
True, but can actually be insertion of more than one bp at a time
53
Why might extra pair copulation be selected for?
To **increase** genetic diversity
54
What causes an OSR?
An ***operational sex ratio*** may be caused by male investment into parental care, could result in **sex role reversal**: females are flamboyant/agressive, males are choosy,could also include gestation | e.g Rhamphomya beetles females cheat at fatness
55
Outline semelparity vs iteroparity
**Semelparity**: 100% RE in moment **Low** offspring survivorship Uncertain **future** success High trade off between survival and reproduction **Iteroparity**: Less than 100% RE in moment **High** survivorship in offspring Low survival chance at yonu age and higher survival at adulthood
56
True or False: Aphids and aphic lice were used as example of weak coadaptation
False, they show strong codiversifcation (stronger when interaction is obligatory (dont have other host))
57
Define kin selection, and Hamilton's rule
A trait is selected for due to the benefits it gives to relatives who also carry this allele
58
When did amnoid diversity explode?
After Permian extinction, approx 200 mya, from essential zero genera, to over 200
59
Characterize life before the Cambrian explosion, approx 500mya
Life before: **Edicaran** -radial symmetry, simple morphlogy Cambrian: Bilateral, locomotion, armour, motility, etc
60
True or False: Mammals are diapsids
False: Mammals are **synapsids** e.g reptiles are diapsids
61
What are isoforms?
Similar proteins, resulting from alternative splicing of preMRna
62
What are the pros and cons of molecular phylogenies?
Pros: Unambigious character states Millions of character States available Cons: Hard to distinguish homoplasy vs homology Restricted to extant taxa (DNA only lasts about 100k years)
63
What is the importance of neutral theory?
Neutral theory acts as a null-hypothesis for natural selection
64
What is neutral theory?
The theory that most mutation in genome is due to drift rather than natural selection. Predicts: Rate of mutations accumulating is relatively constant Mutations should accrue more rapdily in areas of genome that don't influence phenotype (silen tmutations accumulate more rapidly than non silent mutations

Biol 221 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions