pre-final anaphy reviewer (endo) Flashcards
“endo”
“krine”
within
to secrete
allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body acts
chemical messenger
produced by a specific collection of cells or by glands
chemical messenger
secreted by cells in the local area
autocrine
it acts locally in nearby cells. secreted by one cell type in the extracellular fluid and affects the surrounding cells.
paracrine
secreted by neuron to activate an adjacent cell. travels short distances.
neurotransmitter
secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells.
endocrine
4 classes of chemical messenger
autocrine
paracrine
neurotransmitter
endocrine
10 functions of endocrine system
metabolism
control of food intake ad digestion
tissue development
ion regulation
water balance
heart rate and blood pressure changes
control of blood glucose and other nutrients
control reproductive functions
uterine contractions and milk release
immune system function
secretes endocrine cells called “hormones” into the bloodstream.
endocrine glands
differences of ES and NS (6)
- NS uses electrical impulses -ES uses chemical signals
- NS is rapid - ES is slow
- electrical impulses travels - ES chemical messenger travels
- NS consists of spinal cord n brain - ES consists of glands
- NS control both voluntary n involuntary - ES involuntary
- NS activates its target quickly - ES longer-lasting effects
similarities of NS n ES (2)
both reacts to a stimuli
both helps maintain homeostasis
both sends n receives messages
hypothalamus is linked
difference of endocrine nd exocrine
endo-within exo-going out
endo-xducts exo-with ducts
“hormon”
set into motion
hormones must remain active in the circulation long enough to arrive at their target cells
stability
lifespan of a given hormone
half-life-TRH=water soluble
long-life-cortisol=lipid soluble
can reach target cells within 2 mins
half life
can reach target cells more than an hour
long life
hormones must be able to interact to the target cells
communication
hormones require chaperone to arrive safely to the target
distribution
protects smaller hormones
bounding hormones\binding proteins/chaperone
3 characteristics of hormone
stability
communication
distribution
chemical nature of hormones
water soluble
lipid soluble
can dissolve easily in the blood and circulates as free hormones.
water-soluble
can transport to the blood with the help of binding proteins
lipid soluble
refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes. ex. release of insulin
humoral stimuli
“bodily fluid”
humor
hormone secretion in response to action potentials in neuron. occuring during stress activity
neural stimuli
release of a hormone in response to other hormone
hormonal stimuli
Allows secretion of other hormones
tropic hormones
inhibits secretion of other hormones
inhibiting hormones
inhibits secretion of other hormones
inhibiting hormones
self-limiting. prevents further hormone secretion once the set point is achieved.
negative feedback
self-promoting system whereby hormone increases overtime.
positive feedback
portion where a hormone binds
receptor site
llows only a specific hormone to bind
specificity
consists of ductless glands that secretes hormones into the interstitial fluid.
endocrine glands and hormones
richest blood supply
endocrine glands(adrenal n thyroid glands)
small gland about a size of pea
pituitary gland
2 division of pituitary gland
anterior n posterior pituitary gland
2 division of pituitary gland
anterior n posterior pituitary gland
made up of epithelial cells.
APG
extension of the brain and is composed of nerve cells.
PPG
known as body’s “master gland”
pituitary gland
part of the brain that controls autonomic nervous system.
controls apg n ppg
hypothalamus
transported through veins to a second capillary bed
neuropeptides
releasing hormone -
inhibiting hormone -
secretion
inhibition
target tissue: most tissues that stimulates growth of bones and muscles.
growth hormone
too littles gh causes?
too much gh causes?
- pituitary dwarfism
+ gigantism/acromegaly
target tissue: thyroid gland and binds to membrane bound receptors on cells of the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
too little tsh causes?
too many tsh ?
-thyroid gland decreases
-thyroid gland enlarges
target tissue: adrenal cortex and binds to membrane receptor on adrenal cortex cells
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prevents degenerating adrenal cortex
cortisol?/hydrocortisone
increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker in color
melanocytes-stimulating hormone
bind to receptor of the cells in gonads
gonadotropins
primary reproductive organs
gonads
target tissue: ovary n testes
luteinizing hormone
target tissue: follicle and seminiferous tubules
follicle stimulating hormones
target tissue: ovary and mammary glands and testis
prolactin
target tissue: kidney
antidiuretic hormone
reduced adh release causes?
increased adh release?
- large amount of dilute urine
+ diabetes insipidus (produce large amnt of urine)
= excessive loss of water from the blood
=loss of important electrocytes
target tissue: uterus and mammary gland. causes contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus and milk let down from breasts.
ocytoxin
given under certain conditions to assist childbirth and constrict uterine blood vessels after childbirth.
pitocin
made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called isthmus.
lobes are located just inferior to the larynxx. largest endo gland
thyroid gland
target tissue: most cells of the body and regulates the metabolism in the body
thyroid hormone
target tissue; bone. secreted when the blood concentration of ca2+ becomes too high
calcitonin
excessive thyroid hormone causes?
lack of th?
+ hyperthyroidism/ graves’s disease
- hypothyroidism/ decrease metabolic rate
the posterior wall of thyroid gland
parathyroid glsnd
pth effects
increase vitamin d production
increases blodd calcium level
small glands located superior to each kidneys
adrenal glands
inner part of adrenal gland?
outer?
- adrenal medulla
- adrenal cortex
target tissue; blood vessel, heart, liver, adipocytes.
fight or flight hormone
epinephrine
target tissue: kidney (lesser), intestine, and sweat glands. regulates blood volume,level of potassium n sodium. major hormone= aldosterone
mineralocorticoids
target tissues: most tissues. major hormone= cortisol
glucocoticoids
secreted by the inner layer of adrenal cortex
adrenal androgens
consists of pancreatic islets
pancreas
3 types of islets
alpha
beta
delta
alpha secretes what
beta
delta
-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
the inability of tissues to respond to insulin
diabetes mellitus
an unintentional autoimmune reaction which the body fights itself that stops the body from making insulin. needs insulin to survive.
insulin-dependent
type 1 diabetes
body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t maintain normal blood sugar level.
noninsulin-dependent
type 2 diabetes
