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Embryo > Pre Fertlization > Flashcards

Pre Fertlization Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The science dealing with the development of an organism from the zygote stage to the establishment of definitive organs and systems in prenatal life.

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2
Q

What are the three periods of prenatal life?

A

Pre-embryonic period (first two weeks), embryonic period (3rd to 8th week), and fetal period (3rd month to delivery).

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3
Q

Define gametogenesis.

A

The production of mature gametes (sperms or ova) from primordial germ cells.

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4
Q

Where do primordial germ cells originate and migrate to?

A

Originate in the yolk sac and migrate to the gonads (ovaries or testes).

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5
Q

What are the two types of gametogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis (in males) and oogenesis (in females).

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6
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the testis.

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7
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

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8
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

Approximately 64 days.

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9
Q

What are the parts of a sperm?

A

Head, neck, middle piece, and tail.

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10
Q

What are abnormal sperm shapes?

A

Giant sperm, dwarf sperm, sperm with two heads, or two tails.

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11
Q

What is the viability of sperm?

A

Sperm can fertilize an ovum for 1-2 days.

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12
Q

Define oogenesis.

A

The production of mature ova from primordial germ cells.

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13
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

In the ovary.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of oogenesis?

A

To reduce the chromosome number from 46 to 23 and to increase the ovum’s size.

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15
Q

When does oogenesis begin and end?

A

Begins during intrauterine life and ends at menopause.

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16
Q

How many primordial follicles are present at birth?

A

About 1 million.

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17
Q

What changes occur during the maturation of primordial follicles?

A

Follicular cells become cuboidal, increase in number, and secrete the zona pellucida.

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18
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

A follicle containing a primary oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, and a fluid-filled antrum.

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19
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

20
Q

What happens to the primary oocyte just before ovulation?

A

It completes the first meiotic division, forming a secondary oocyte and the first polar body.

21
Q

What is the viability of an ovum?

A

The ovum remains viable for fertilization for about 24 hours after ovulation.

22
Q

What is luteinization?

A

The process of yellow pigment deposition in the ruptured Graafian follicle, forming the corpus luteum.

23
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

It enlarges and continues to secrete progesterone until the placenta is fully formed.

24
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

It degenerates into the corpus albicans, leading to a decrease in progesterone and menstruation.

25
Q

What is the result of oogenesis?

A

One primary oocyte produces one mature ovum and three polar bodies.

26
Q

What forms the acrosomal cap of sperm?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

27
Q

What is the function of the acrosomal cap?

A

It contains enzymes necessary for penetrating the ovum during fertilization.

28
Q

What is the composition of seminal fluid?

A

Sperm and secretions from the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands.

29
Q

What is the volume of a normal ejaculate?

A

3-4 ml.

30
Q

What are the components of a primary follicle?

A

A primary oocyte, granulosa cells, and the zona pellucida.

31
Q

What is the function of theca interna cells?

A

They secrete estrogen.

32
Q

What is the function of the middle piece of sperm?

A

It contains mitochondria for energy production.

33
Q

What are the characteristics of seminal fluid?

A

It is alkaline and contains vitamin C and fructose.

34
Q

When does the first meiotic division of oocytes begin?

A

During prenatal life, but it is arrested in prophase until ovulation.

35
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in ovulation?

A

They guide the ovum into the uterine tube.

36
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

A mature ovarian follicle ready for ovulation.

37
Q

What is the significance of the zona pellucida?

A

It surrounds the oocyte and plays a role in fertilization.

38
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

Small cells produced during oogenesis that typically degenerate.

39
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids undergo metamorphic changes to become sperm.

40
Q

What is the lifespan of sperm in the female reproductive tract?

A

1-2 days.

41
Q

What triggers the completion of the second meiotic division in oocytes?

A

Fertilization.

42
Q

What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

It supports endometrial growth and maintains pregnancy.

43
Q

What is necrospermia?

A

A condition where sperm are dead.

44
Q

What forms the sperm tail?

A

The distal part of the axial filament.

45
Q

How many chromosomes does a secondary oocyte have?

A

23 chromosomes.

Embryo (3 decks)

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