pre crusades Flashcards
What was central to life in the eleventh century?
Religion (specifically Latin Christendom)
The influence of religion on society during this period was profound.
Where are the five patriarchs of Catholicism located?
Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch & Constantinople
These cities were significant centers of early Christianity.
Who was Fulk Nerra?
A crazy warlord that went on crazy pilgrimages for repentance
His actions reflected the intertwining of warfare and religion during the era.
What regions did the Islamic World spread to in the mid 630s?
China, North Africa, Spain and Southern France
This expansion was a significant event in history, influencing various cultures.
How did the Byzantines and Muslims view the Westerners?
As Barbarians - not a threat
This perspective shaped interactions between cultures.
What was a consequence of the Sunni/Shi’a splits by the time of the Crusades?
It made them a mess, and vulnerable to attacks as they were not unified
Internal divisions weakened the Islamic World.
What was the status of the leaders of the Abbasids and the Fatimids?
Mostly just figureheads, not really having any influence
Their lack of power contributed to political instability.
From where did the (Sunni) Seljuks come to the Islamic World?
Central Asia
Their arrival marked a shift in power dynamics within the region.
What did the Seljuks do around 1055?
Pushed Fatimids down
This action influenced the balance of power in the Islamic World.
What event around 1094-5 facilitated the Crusades for Latin Christians?
Deaths and power struggles across both sides of the Islamic World
This chaos created an opportunity for the Crusaders.
What does Islamic law state about permanent treaties with non-Muslims?
They weren’t allowed and temporary truces couldn’t last more than 10 years
This legal framework impacted interactions with Christians.
What happened to Arab tribesmen during this period? In relation to warfare and relations with Christians.
They began to settle into simpler lives and wars against Christians became rare
This shift affected trade and relations with the Byzantines.
What were the contrasting accounts of Christian treatment in the Middle East?
Some suggest persecution, others say harmonious living
These differing perspectives highlight the complexity of interfaith relations.
What battle triggered the Crusades?
Battle of Manzikert - 1071
This battle was pivotal in weakening Byzantine control.
What happened at the Council of Piacenza in March 1095?
Ambassadors of Byzantium came, asking for help
This plea for assistance initiated the call for the Crusades.
What did Urban recognise about the Crusades in regards to its benefits?
They could defend Eastern Christendom, improve relations with the Greek Church, reaffirm and expand Rome’s authority
These motives were crucial for the Pope’s support of the Crusades.
What was the focus of the Sermon at Clermont on 27th Nov 1095?
Helping Byzantine brothers and reclaiming Jerusalem
This sermon was a rallying call for the Crusaders.
What was necessary for the Pope to justify the Crusades?
To dehumanise, slander and villainise the Muslims
This propaganda was crucial for garnering support.
Who was Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy?
The Papal Legate of the Crusades
His role was significant in leading the Crusaders.
Name three of the Five Princes involved in the Crusades.
Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto, Godfrey of Bouillon, Tancred of Hauteville, Baldwin of Boulogne
These leaders were key figures in the Crusading efforts.
Who were the Northern French Crusaders?
Robert of Normandy, Stephen of Blois, Robert II of Flounders
Their participation was vital for the Crusades’ momentum.
What actions did many Crusaders take to participate?
Cut up their expensive clothes to make crosses, sold their properties, mortgaged properties
These sacrifices indicate the depth of their commitment.
What was the perception of Crusaders’ motivations?
They cared about salvation and their souls
This challenges the stereotype of Crusaders as merely land-hungry.
What was the nature of the journey for Crusaders?
Extremely costly and treacherous
This highlights the risks they undertook for their cause.
Who won the Battle of Manzikert?
The Seljuk Turks, led by Alp Arslan
When was the Battle of Manzikert and who was it between?
1071, between the Seljuk Turks and the Byzantine Empire
Who was captured in the Battle of Manzikert?
Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes
