Pre - Analytical Sampling and Sample Handling Flashcards

1
Q

What does pre - analytics mean?

A

All determine factors / processes which influence a specimen BEFORE it is analysed in the lab.

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2
Q

It is essential to follow SOPP guidelines. What does SOPP mean?

A
S = standard 
O = operating
P = procedures
P = protocols
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3
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Breakage of RBC’s membrane and thus, releases intracellular components into surrounding fluid.

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4
Q

What can haemolysis due to a sample being sent to the lab?

A

An inaccurate result is produced.

Specimen is rejected by the lab.

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5
Q

How can haemolysis occur?

A
Improper specimen collection 
Vigorous handling 
Prolonged tourniquet usage 
Difficult venipuncture 
Certain health conditions
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6
Q

What are the containment levels for a sample lab?

A

There are rankings from 1 - 4.
LOWEST is 1 = unlikely to cause human disease.
HIGHEST is 4 = likely to cause SEVERE human disease.

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7
Q

What is the biosafety?

A

Set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous agents.

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8
Q

What are some routes of infection?

A

Aerosols / Fume
Inoculation by sharps injuries
Fecal - Oral route = due to lack of washing hands.
Ingestion - via hand / mouth contact.

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9
Q

In terms of personal safety, what are the key points?

A

Wear PPE.
Leave personal items outside lab.
Keep workspaces clean and tidy using the 6S system.
No drinking / eating / smoking etc.

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10
Q

What is the 6S system?

A
Sort
Set in order
Shine
Standardize 
Sustain 
Safety
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11
Q

What is the ‘Human Tissues Act’?

A

It is a legislation on how to act with human tissue.

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12
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

A process by which usage of centrifugal force separates mixtures and is carried out on a centrifuge.

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13
Q

What does separation depend on?

A

Centrifuge Tine

Rotor Speed

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14
Q

What does a clotting sample consist of?

A

Serum
Gel Matrix
RBC

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15
Q

What does a non - clotting sample consist of?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets)
Erythrocytes

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16
Q

How is a centrifuge balanced?

A

All buckets must be in the rotor.
The loads must equal the weight of the opposing bucket.
Opposing samples must be arranged diametrically.

17
Q

What does the quality of a sample depend on?

A

Temperature (18 - 24 degrees)
Time ( total duration of spin)
Rotor speed (RCF / RPM)
Brake Settings

18
Q

What is a RCF?

A

This commonly known as ‘G - Force’.

19
Q

How can the sample quality be affected if the centrifuge is not set up properly?

A

Poor gel formation
Breakages
Poor sample quality = inaccurate results

20
Q

What are the two types of pipettes used in labs?

A

Transfer pipette = also known as disposable transfer pipette.
Air Displacement pipette.

21
Q

What is the MOST RECOMMENDED pipette?

A

Air displacement pipette.

It is used for smaller, MORE accurate volumes to be dispensed.

22
Q

Explain more about the disposable transfer pipette.

A

This the most common type of pipette which is used in pre - analytical research lab kits.

23
Q

Where are samples normally labelled?

A

These are usually labelled in phlebotomy.

24
Q

In terms of dry ice - what is the code which should be marked on it?

A

UN 1845 = this allows it to be declared via marking / labelling / documentation.
The weight must be mentioned in kilograms.

25
Q

What is the code for biological substances of category B?

A

UN3373.

26
Q

What is the emergency procedures required to be followed if Category A or B substance leaks or spills?

A

Mitigation Procedures.

First Aid.

27
Q

What does pre - analytics affect?

A

They influence a specimen.

28
Q

Why are blood tube expiry dates important?

A

May degrade and therefore, the sample is not analysed accurately.

29
Q

What does correct labelling and tracking ensure?

A

Participant safety.