Praxis Review Flashcards
supplies the energy for speech
Respiration or breathing
involves voicing and the structures and processes that create voice
Phonation
process by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified by various supra laryngeal cavities and structures
Resonation
process of making speech sounds
Articulation
brings oxygen to the blood
inspiration/inhalation
get rid of mixed air and gases which result from respiratory metabolism
expiration/exhalation
exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
respiration
inhalation and exhalation create the
rhythmic cycle or respiration
provides the air supply needed to set the vocal folds into vibration for speech
Respiration
The basic process of inhalation can be described as:
inhalation->chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm lowers -> air flows in through the nose and mouth -> air goes down pharynx between open vocal folds -> air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes -> air reaches final destination of lungs
The exchange of gas in respiration is accomplished in the _______
lungs
The _______ are tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea
bronchi
Tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage
trachea
How many individual vertebrae into the spinal column
32-33
muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax
diaphragm
houses structures such as the intestines, liver, and kidneys
abdomen
11 paired _____________ pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation
internal intercostals
11 paired _____________ raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation
external intercostals
elevated the sternum and indirectly the rib cage
sternocleidomastoid
controls the head and elongates the neck indirectly influencing respiration
trapezius
lies at the top of the trachea in the anterior portion of the neck; valving mechanism that opens and closes
larynx
vibrate to produce sound
vocal folds
move toward the midline
adduct
move away from the midline
abduct
drops to cover the orifice of the larynx
epiglottis
forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx
thyroid cartilage
completely surrounds the trachea; uppermost tracheal ring
cricoid cartilage
small pyramid shaped carriages connected to the cricoid; permits sliding and circular movements
arytenoid cartilage
small cone-shaped; assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing
corniculate cartilage
tine cone-shaped; serve to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds
cunieform cartilage
responsible for controlling sound production
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
muscle that vibrates and produces sound
internal thyroarytenoid muscles
lengthens and tenses the vocal folds
cricothyroid muscle
contract and pull the arytenoids closer together
oblique and transverse arrytenoid cartilages
Which nerves innervate the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of cranial nerve X
support the larynx and fix its position; all attached to the hyoid bone
extrinsic laryngeal muscles
lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck
extrinsic laryngeal muscles
primary function is to elevate the larynx
elevators or suprahyoid muscles
Suprahyoid muscles include:
digrastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus
depression of the larynx
infrahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles include:
thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid
The three layers of the vocal folds include:
1- epithelium- outer cover
2- lamina propria- middle layer
3- vocalis muscle- provides stability and mass to VF
separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway
aryepiglottic folds
vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during phonation
false vocal folds
vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and elasticity of the vocal folds
myo-elastic aerodynamic theory
caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; sucking motion of the vocal folds toward one another
bernoulli effect
Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control:
primary motor cortex, brocas area, somatosensory cortex, supplemetary motor cortex
regulates motor movement
cerebellum
innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
CN VII
includes the SLN and RLN to innervate the larynx
CN X
provides sensory info to the larynx and motor innervation soley to the cricothyroid muscle
Superior Laryngeal Nerve
supplies motor innervation to the interarytenoid posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles; all sensory information below the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal nerve
process by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced
Resonation
part of the upper airway; located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx
pharynx
elevated and retracted for production of all other sound in English
velum
vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: the oval cavity, pharynx, nasal cavity
source filter theory
energy from the vibrating vocal folds is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract
source-filter theory
movement of speech structures to produce speech sounds
articulation
when the soft palate is raised and retracted the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate
velopharyngeal closure
the way the two dental arches come together when a person bites down
occlusion
include deviations in the positions of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches
Malocclusions
four parts of the tongue:
tip- thinnest and most flexible
blade- lies inferior to the alveolar ridge
dorsum- large area of the tongue that lies in contact with bot the hard and soft palate
root- very back and bottom portion of the tongue
connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue
lingual frenulum
act as scavengers to remove dead cells and other waste
Schwann cells
central building blocks of the nervous system, are composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
Neurons
Some nerves have _______ around them. Various types of nerves transmit impulses to and from the _____________
myelin sheath
central nervous system
List the cranial nerves:
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Acoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Hypoglossal
CN that carry sensory information fro a sense organ to the brain
Sensory nerves
carry impulses from the brain to the muscles that make those muscles move
Motor nerves
Damage to CN____ may result in an inability to close the mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia
X -Vagus
Damage to CN____ results in mask like appearance with minimal or no facial expressions
VII - Facial
Damage to CN _____ results in hearing loss problems with balance or both
VIII - Acoustic (Vestibucochlear)
Damage to CN _____ results in difficulty swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from the posterior third of the tongue
IX - Glossopharyngeal
regulates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, excluding the cricothyroid which is supplied by the SLN
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
supplies the pharyngeal constrictors
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
Damage to CN ____ results in difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, and voice problems if the RLN is damages
X - Vagus
Damage to CN ____may result in neck weakness, paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, consequent inability to turn the head as well as inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above shoulder level
XI - Accessory
Damage to CN ____ result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility,swallowing problems
XII - hypoglossal
The ________ transmit motor information from the CNS to the muscles and carry sensory information from peripheral receptors to the CNS
Spinal Nerves
controls and regulates the internal environment of our bodies
ANS
Which CN are most directly related to speech:
CN V, VII, VIII, IX,X, XI, XII
the ________ of the ANS mobilizes the body for “fight or flight” situations
sympathetic branch
The ________ branch of the ANS helps bring the body back to a state of relaxation
parasympathetic branch
Acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission of messages
CNS
most important structure in the body for language,speech, and hearing
brain
Structure of the brainstem include:
midbrain
pons
medulla
control many motor and sensory functions, including postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movement and coordination of vestibular-generated eye and head movement
Midbrain
transmits information relative to movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
pons
controls vital automatic bodily function such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla
integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it
reticular activating system
primary mechanism of attention and consciousness
RAS
regulated sesnory information that flows into the brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex
thalmus
helps integrate actions of the ANS and control emotions
hypothalamus
helps regulate and modify cortically initiate motor movements including speech
extrapyramidal system
little brain; modulator of neuronal activity through it efferent and afferent circuits
cerebellum
abnormal gait, disturbed balanch, and ataxic dysarthria
ataxia
biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing
cerebrum
shall valley
sulcus
deep valleys
fissures
cricitical to deliberate information of plans and intentions that dictate a persons conscious behavior
frontal lobe
The frontal lobe contains areas that are especially important to speech production these include:
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and Brocas area
controls voluntar y movements of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body
primary motor cortex
involved in motor planning of speech and regulating muscle movements
supplementary motor cortex
motor speech area that controls motor movements involved in speech production
Brocas area
integrated contralateral somesthetic sensations such as pressure , pain, temperature, and touch
Parietal Lobe
The two areas of the parietal lobe important to speech production are:
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
damage to the supra marginal gyrus can cause:
conduction aphasia and agraphia
damage to the angular gyrus can cause:
writing, reading, and naming difficulties and sometimes transcortical sensory aphasia
The areas in the temporal lobe involved in speech:
primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area
critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language
wernickes area
patient produces fluent but meaningless speech and experience significant language comprehension problems
Wernickes aphasia
direct motor activation pathway that is primary responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement
pyramidal system
voluntary movements needed to produce speech and initiated in the ________
primary motor cortex
motor neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves; part of the peripheral nervous system
lower motor neurons
motor fibers within the central nervous system
upper motor nerouns
allow areas within each hemisphere to communicate with each other; composed of myelinated axonal fibers or white matter
interhemisphereic fibers
interhemispheric fibers inclue:
projection
association
commissural
create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord
projection fibers
________ relay sensory information from the peripheral sense organs to the brain. _______ come together in the internal capsule and pass through the thalamus and basal ganglia
Afferent
Efferent
maintain communication between the structures in a hemisphere
association fibers
thick broad band of myelinated fibers that connects the two hemispheres at their base
corpus collosum
The brain is protected by three structures:
layer of skill
skull bones
layers of tissues (meninges)
Three layers of meninges membranes:
dura mater - thick tough outermost membrane
arachnoid: thin delicate weblink middle membrane
pia mater: delicate thin transparanet membrane that adheres to brain surface
The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses which are:
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
putamen
composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx; separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway
aryepiglottic folds
muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are:
palatoglossus
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
which muscles are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds?
lateral circoarytenoids and transverse aryetnoids
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by:
commisural fibers
The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe is located on the:
precentral gyrus
code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and expierience
language
production of language
speech
scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language
phonology
smallest units of sound that can affect meaning
phonemees
variations of phonemes
allophones
abstract system of sounds
phonemic
concrete productions of specific sounds
phonetic
study of speech sounds
Phonetics
respiratory system consists of the :
lungs diaphragm rib cage airway and related strcutures
vocal fold vibrations create _____ necessary for voiced sounds
phonation
modification of sound by structure or cavities through which the sound passes
resonance
production of speech sounds
articulation
slash marks =
brackets =
phonemic transcription
phonetic transctiption
record more detail about how a speaker produces sounds; includes diacritical markers
narrow phonetic transctiption
smalles phonetic unit
syllable
initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable
onset
vowel or diphthong in the midd of the syllable
nucleus
consonant at the end of the syllable
coda
_____ may be termed syllabics because they carry syllables
vowels
open syllables end in ______
closed syllables end in _______
vowels
consonants
unique characteristic of a phoneme that distinguishes one phoneme from another
distinctive feature
refers to the location of the sounds production indicating the primary articulators that shape the sounds
place of articulation
refers to vocal fold vibration during production of sounds
voicing
refers to the degree or type of constriction on the vocal tract during consonant production
manner of articulation
speech sounds produced by movements of articulatory muscles; an be voiced or voiceless
consonants
produced when the dorm of the tongue contracts the velum
linguavelars
g,j,ing
produced when the tongue blade is pressed against the hard palate to form the point of constriction just posterior to the alveolar ridge
linguapalatals
j,r,dj,ch,j,sh
produced by contact of the tip of the tongue with the alveolar ridge
lingua-alveolars
s,z,n,l,t,d
produced by protruding the tongue tip slighting between the cutting edge of the lower and upper front teeth, forming narrow constriction
lingua dental
th sounds
produced by mutual contact of the upper and lower lips
bilabials
w,m,b,,p
produced by placing the lower edge of the upper teeth on the upper portion of the low lip
labiodentals
f,v
produced at the level of the glottis, vocal folds are open
glottals
h
sounds that are identical in every way except voicing
cognate pairs
Vowels are produced with a ______ because all vowels are ________
open vocal tract
voiced
produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel to the adjacent vowel
diphthong
compromise two types of variations according to preceding and following sounds; variations in the way the articulators move; extent to which vocal tract configurations change shape
adaptations
speech sounds are modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds
assimilation
influence of one phoneme upon another phoneme in production or perception
coarticulation
two different articulators move simulataneously to produce to different speech sounds; creating both adaptation and assimilation
coarticulation
features of prosody, add meaning, variety, and color to running speech
suprasegmentals
Most commonly described suprasegmental that affect speech production:
length stress rate pitch volume and juncture
refers to the speech with which a person speaks
rate
auditory sensation of the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate
pitch
sound pressure; loudness
intensity
vocal punctuation, combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing
juncture
study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated
acoustics
study of how humans respond to sound as a physical phemonmenon
psychoacoustics
movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules
sound waves
phase of sound in which the vibratory movement of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed or condensed
compression
thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium
rarefaction
sound waves that don’t repeat themselves
aperiodic waves
sound waves that repeat themselves at regular interval and are predictable
periodic waves
strength or magnitude of a sound signal
amplitude
quality of sound that creates a sensation of loudness
intensity
measure of sound that equals one tenth of a bel
DB
referes to the back and forth movement of the air molecules because of a vibrating object
oscillation
vector quantity that tends to produce an acceleration of a body in the direction of its application
force
unit of measure for frequency; cycle per second
Hertz
lowest frequency of a periodic wave
fundamental frequency
interval between two frequencies
octave
sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in the speed of propagation
reflection
bending of the sound wave due to a change in its speed propagation
refraction
modification of sound by other sources
resonance
the two main properties of a medium that affect transmission of sound are:
mass (density) and elasticity
number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself
frequency
when a tone contains a single frequency
pure tone
two or more single frequency tones of differing frequencies are combined
complex tone
measure of the number of cycles per second or Hz
frequency
normal ear of young adults can respond to :
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
study of word structure
morphology
smalles meaningful unit of sound
morpheme
words that have meaning and cannot be broken down into small segments
free morphemes
cannot convey meaning by themselves and must be joined to have meaning
bound morphemes
study of sentence structure
syntax
study of meaning in language; vocabulary or lexicon
semantics
all round items are balls is an example of
overextension
only an oreo is a cookie is an example of
underextension
study of rules that govern the use language is social situations
pragmatics
how utterances are related to one another
discourse
form of discourse in which the speaker tells a story
narrative
analyzes language according to five components; morphology, syntax,semantics, pragmatics, and phonology
linguistic approach
speech that includes several characters that help babies attend and respond; higher pitch and greater pitch inflections
motherese
Stages of pragmatics include:
perlocutionary
illocutionary
locutionary
joint reference
one-word sentences
holophrasic
Presupposition emerge when?
between 1 & 2 yo
Hallidays 7 functions of communication between 9 & 18 months include:
imaginative, heuristic, regulatory, personal, informative, instrumental, interactional
Dore’s 12-24 month communication functions:
practicing, protesting, greeting, calling/addressing, requesting action, requesting an answer, labeling, repeating/imitating, answering
childs specific ability to detect and manipulate sounds and syllables in words
phonological awareness
children emergent knowledge about functions and forms of written language
print knowledge
Phonological awareness and print knowledge are:
foundational to reading and writing skills
When a typically developing child enters kindergarten they should have _____________ skills.
solid listening and speaking (auditory and oral )
during preschool years children should have had good exposure to _______ and ________ skills and activities
pre reading and pre writing
In ___________ teachers work on strengthening the children oral skills as well as addressing basic reading and writing
kindergarten
In ___________ teachers concentrate on reading and writing
1st grade
________ emphasize increased skills in reading, writing and independent reading is encourages as well as spelling
second grade
_______ children are expected to read longer and more complex stories and write longer more complex paragraphs
3rd grade
_________ transition from learning to read and write to reading and writing to learn
4th-6th
by 6th grade a child should understand _____ words
By high school ________ words
50,000
80,000
a form of social behavior maintained by the action of a verbal community; acquired under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement
Verbal behaviors
________ suggest that learning plays a major role in the acquisition of verbal behaviors
behavioral scientists
Behavioral scientists believe that the events in the childs ___________ and ________ are important
environment and social interactions
Mands:
demand/requests
Tacts:
group of verbal responses that describe and comment on the things around us
echoics:
imitative verbal responses
autoclitics:
explain why something is being said
intraverbals:
what one says may be stimulus for more to be said; continuous fluent speech
children are born with a language acquisition device; which contains the universal rules of language
nativist theory
children are born with an innate capacity to learn language and language is not learned through environmental stimulation, reinforcement or teaching
Nativist theory
emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes such as memory, attention, and visual and auditory perception
cognitive theory
according to this theory language acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual processes
cognitive theory
view the human info-processing system as a mechanism which encodes stimuli from the environment, operates on interpretations of those stimuli, store the results in memory, and permits retrieval of previous stored information
information processing theory
deals with the processes involved in the ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language such as word rhyming, word segmentation, syllabication and others
phonological processing
deals with the ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that comprise speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of other people
temporal auditory processing
believe that language develops because people are motivated to interact socially with other around them
social interactionists
impairment specific to language with no known etiology,
specific language impairment
The language of children with intellectual disabilities is _______ rather than_______
delayed deviant
______ diagnosed before age 3; impaired social interaction; disturbed communication; stereotypic patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Autism
SCERTS model
SC - social communication
ER - emotional regulation
TS- by by implementing transactional supports
______ in children refers to cerebral damage due to external physical force
TBI
disorder of early childhood in which the immature nervous system is affected
CP
CP is not a progressive disease; generally occurs because:
prenatal brain injury
perinatal brain injury
postnatal brain injury
Children with CP manifest various body parts:
hemiplegia: one side of the body is paralyzed
paraplegia: only the legs and lower trunk are paralyze
monoplegia: only one limb
diplegia: two legs or two arms
quadriplegia: all 4 limbs
Three major types of CP:
ataxic CP: disturbed balance, awkward gait and uncoordinated movement
Athetoid CP: slow, writhing involuntary movements
Spastic CP: increased spasticity, stiff, abrupt, jerky, slow movements
______ is more critical to language than ________
socieoeconomic status and ethnic backgrounds
pattern of mental physical and behavrioal defects that develop infants born to some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS
a process of quickly obtaining a general overview of a childs language skills
screening
provide clinicians with a quantitative means of comparing the childs performance to the performance of large groups d children in a similar age category
standardized tests
recording a students language under relatively typical and appropriate for the client conditions which usually involve conversations
language sampling
MLU Calculation
Mean Length Utterance
number of morphemes divided by number of utterances
clinician expands a childs telegraphic or incomplete utterance into a more grammatically correct utterance
expansion
clinician comments on the childs utterance and adds new relevant information
extension
clinician repeatedly models a target structure to stimulate the child to use it
focused stimulation
teaches functional communication skills through the use of typical, everyday verbal interactions that arise naturally
milieu teaching
technique utilized in milieu teaching
incidental teaching, mane-model, time delay
adult who waits for the child to initiate a verbal response
incidental teaching
teaches language through the use of typical adult-child interactions in a play-oriented setting
mand-model
clinician waits for the child to initiate verbal responses in relation to stimuli that are separated by predetermined waiting period
time-delay
the clinician plays wit the child and describes and comments upon what the child is doing and the objects the child is interested in
parallel talk
clinician repeat what the child says during language stimulation activities
reauditorization
clinician describes her own activity as she plays with the child.
self-talk
learning written language should be like learning oral language
whole-language approach
provides alternative means of communication for children with extremely limited oral communication skills
AAC Augmentative and alternative communication
look like the object or picture they represent
iconic symbols
arbitrary, abstract, and geometric
noniconic symbols
