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Praxis II: Social Studies > Praxis II: Social Studies > Flashcards

Praxis II: Social Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Geography

A

The study of the natural features of earth

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2
Q

Archipelago

A

Chain of islands

ex. Philippines

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3
Q

Basin

A

A geographic depression, often filled with water

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4
Q

Bay

A

Body of water partially surrounded by land

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5
Q

Delta

A

A plain at the mouth of a river, often triangular in shape

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6
Q

Flood plain

A

A plain on either side of a river

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7
Q

Frigid Zones

A

Climate zones of the Arctic and Antarctic circles

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8
Q

Hill

A

Raised area of land under 2,000 feet in height

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9
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrow strip of land connecting two larger regions

ex. Panama Canal

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10
Q

Lines of Latitude

A

Imaginary horizontal lines that run across the globe

North and South poles have a measure of 90 degrees

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11
Q

Lines of Longitude

A

Imaginary vertical lines that run across the globe.

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12
Q

International Date Line

A

Measure of 180 degrees

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13
Q

Mountain

A

Raised area of land greater than 2,000 feet in height

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14
Q

Mountain Ridge

A

The peak of a mountain that is stretched over far distances

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15
Q

Mountain Pass

A

Gap between mountains

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16
Q

Mouth

A

Point where a rivers enters a sea or lake

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17
Q

Peninsula

A

Region mostly surrounded by water but still connected to land.

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18
Q

Plateau

A

Large, flat area raised above the surrounding area. Normally, at least one side of the plateau terminates in a steep slope

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19
Q

Strait

A

Narrow body of water between two land masses

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20
Q

Temperate Zones

A

Include distinct Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall

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21
Q

Tributary

A

River or stream that flows into another river.

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22
Q

Branch

A

River or stream that leaves a river

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23
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

23 degrees south of the equator

Marks the point farthest south where the sun can be seen directly overhead.

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24
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

23 degrees north of the equator

Marks the point farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead.

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25
Q

Valley

A

A low stretch of land between raised areas of land.

Valleys are formed by the action of rivers cutting paths out of the surrounding land.

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26
Q

Population

A

Any group of individuals that shares some common characteristic

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27
Q

Infant

A

Any child less than 1 year old

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28
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Incidence of people contracting a selected illness within a population

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29
Q

Topological Maps

A

Maps that have been simplified to the point where only a few pieces of key information stand out.
Ex. Subway system.

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30
Q

Thematic Maps

A

Display social, political, or otherwise non-geographical data in conjunction with geographical information

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31
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of humanity

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32
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The study of the cultural organization of a specific group of people

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33
Q

Physical Antrhropology

A

The study of the development of the human race’s physical form

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34
Q

Structuralism

A

Humans build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions

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35
Q

Ethnography

A

Combines insights from multiple disciplines with extensive fieldwork

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36
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of human history through the examination of material artifacts

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37
Q

Sociology

A

Study of the ways in which an individual may interact with his or her culture as well as large-scale features that emerge only when people come together to form groups.

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38
Q

Conflict Theory

A

A sociological approach that studies the role of power and conflict in social organizations

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39
Q

Social Organization

A

Any group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among the various members.

Major Organizations:

  • governments
  • religions
  • education
  • economic
  • family
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40
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s own cultural group is superior to others.

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41
Q

Prejudice

A

A preconceived belief that frequently casts negative judgements toward other groups

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42
Q

Big Five Theory

A

Five major factors to a person’s personality:

  • openness
  • conscience
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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43
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A contradiction between thoughts and behaviors

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44
Q

Dual-code theory

A

Theory that holds visual and auditory data are processed in two distinctly different ways

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45
Q

Encoding

A

Process of turning data into memory

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46
Q

Figure-ground

A

The distinction made between an object being viewed and the surrounding visual data

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47
Q

Hueristics

A

Mental rules of thumb that subjects develop to help make sense of the world around them

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48
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

A theoretical mental architecture that is the source of humans’ inherent ability to learn a lanuage

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49
Q

Motivational Bias

A

A tendency to ascribe specific attributions to actions

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50
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A plan of assumptions that helps subjects interpret stimuli

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51
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of influence of other humans on the development and working of mental processes.

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52
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Personality is influenced by internal (ideas and beliefs) and external (the observation of others) behavior.

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53
Q

Working Memory

A

Using short term and long term memories simulateously

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54
Q

Paleolithic Period

A

First use of stone tools

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55
Q

Neolithic Period

A

Use of farming

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56
Q

Copper or Bronze Age

A

Use of metal tools

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57
Q

Sumer Society

A
  • City-states organized into hierarchies
  • Cuneiform (first written language)
  • Epic of Gilgamesh
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58
Q

Code of Hamurabi

A

300 laws corresponding with punishments for each offense, depending on the social status of the criminal

59
Q

Old Kingdom (Egypt)

A

Political system of pharaohs developed

- Great Pyramids were built

60
Q

Middle Kingdom (Egypt)

A

Internal strife and hardship

61
Q

New Kingdom (Egypt)

A

Resurgence

- Valley of the Kings

62
Q

Hatshepsut

A

First female ruler in egypt

63
Q

Pericles

A

Direct democracy to Athens

64
Q

Delian League

A

Athens and it’s allies

65
Q

Peloponnesian League

A

Sparta and it’s allies

66
Q

Macadonian

A

Defeated the Greek city-states

67
Q

Hellenistic Period

A

Greek-influenced Macedonian dominance

68
Q

Stoicism

A

Stressed self-control and reason over emotion and prejudice

69
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peace, 200 years due to emperor and professional army

70
Q

Roman Empire Capitals

A

West - Rome

East - Constantinople

71
Q

Fall of Roman Empire

A

Gradual decline

Europe broke up into smaller nation states.

72
Q

Roman Catholic Church

A

Western Europe

73
Q

Eastern Orthodox Church

A

Eastern Europe

74
Q

Magna Carta

A

1215

  • Demanded limitation on royal authority
  • Helped to create parliment
75
Q

Hundred Years War

A

Between France and England

76
Q

Black Death

A

1347-1353

  • Fleas and rats infected on ships
  • 25 million people died
77
Q

Olmecs

A

Invented the use of Zero

78
Q

Renaissance

A

Series of profound intellectual and social revolutions that transformed nearly every aspect of life in Europe

79
Q

Martin Luther

A

Publicly posted a list of 95 arguments against the then common church practice of granting indulgences, essentially an exchange of blessings and grants of forgiveness for money.

80
Q

Church of England

A

Mixed catholic and protestant practices, but eliminated the catholic church’s power over England’s monarch

81
Q

Encomiendas

A

Granted conquistadors the right to demand labor and tribute from the native population

82
Q

Mercantilists

A

Believed that a nation’s wealth was measured by the gold and silver stores it possessed.

83
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

The process by which European plants and animals made their way to America and vice versa.

84
Q

Treat of Utrecht

A

Prevented France and Spain from joining forces together

85
Q

Scientific Method

A

Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

86
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhock

A

Used a microscope to identify red blood cells

87
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Used a microscope to make observations of the moon

88
Q

Nicolas Copernicus

A

Proved the Earth rotates around the sun

89
Q

Enlightenment

A

Natural and political moral truths could be discovered scientifically

90
Q

John Locke

A

Believed humans formed governments to ensure natural rights.

91
Q

Montesquieu

A

Suggested that government power should be distributed to different branches, guaranteeing no one person or group became too powerful

92
Q

Adam Smith

A

Free markets, letting the logic of economic systems operate without economic intervention

93
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Limited government

94
Q

Balkin Powder Keg

A

The decline of the Ottoman Empire that would lead to fighting in Europe and eventually WWI

95
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Conditions made to German and the Central Powers for losing the war

96
Q

Appeasement

A

Allowing current aggression in the hopes of preventing future aggression

97
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A

A military alliance designed to organize western response to potential Soviet aggression

98
Q

Welfare States

A

Market economies with extensive government intervention in the citizen’s social and economic lives.

99
Q

Shogun

A

Military leaders in Japan

100
Q

Maya

A

Mexico - calendar and mathematics

101
Q

Aztec

A

Northern Mexico - defeated by Hernando Cortez

102
Q

Incas

A

Peru

103
Q

Iroquis

A

Several tribes in the North East, helped form the Six Nations

104
Q

Jamestown

A

First colony in America - Virginia

105
Q

Plymouth

A

Second colony, Massachusetts

- Founded by Puritans in opposition to the state church of England and economically motivated opportunists

106
Q

Maryland

A

Catholic colony

107
Q

Rhode Island

A

Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom

108
Q

Massachusetts Bay Company

A

Established in 1629, company funded the colony of Plymouth, until charter expired and it became a royal colony

109
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

Signed in 1620, the compact was an agreement between the colonists that became the foundation of civil government in Plymouth

110
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

Initial basis for interstate government among the colonies

111
Q

Treaty Paris

A

Ended the Revolutionary War after British defeat at Yorktown

112
Q

Connecticut Compromise

A

Gave reps to the House based on population

Gave 2 reps per state to the Senate

113
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

Slaves would be considered 3/5 of a citizen for population count

114
Q

Bill of Rights

A

Rights to individual citizens, first 10 amendments to the constitution

115
Q

Judiciary Act

A

Established the power of judicial appeal

116
Q

Continental Congress

A

Governing body during the Revolution. Produced the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation

117
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

Laws passed by British on colonist that led to the Revolution

118
Q

Tories

A

Loyalists to the British Crown

119
Q

Navigation Acts

A

Limited imports and exports from the colonies, to bring more money to the crown

120
Q

Stamp Act

A

Tax on paper goods that led to the Revolution

121
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

America would not intervene in foreign affairs of other nations

122
Q

Fort Sumter

A

First battle of the Civil War 1861

123
Q

13th Amendment

A

Abolished Slavery

124
Q

14th Amendment

A

Gave citizenship to all, defeated Dread Scott vs. Sanford

125
Q

15th Amendment

A

Right to vote, no matter the race

126
Q

Black Codes

A

Segregation laws passed during Reconstruction to limit the lives of african americans

127
Q

Dred Scott vs Sanford

A

declared black men and women were not citizens

128
Q

Plessy vs Ferguson

A

“separate but equal”

129
Q

Robert Fulton

A

Invented the steam locomotive

130
Q

Cyrus McCormick

A

Invented the mechanical reaper

131
Q

Robber Barrons

A

Wealthy and morally questionable businesspersons, specifically those with vast banking and industrial empires

132
Q

Spanish American War

A

Gave the US the Philippines and Puerto Rico

133
Q

Grange Movement

A

Farmers believed they were the victims of price fixing by the railroad companies

134
Q

Muckrakers

A

Journalists - Upton Sinclair

135
Q

19th Amendment

A

Giving women the right to vote

136
Q

18th Amendment

A

Prohibition

137
Q

Postdam Declaration

A

Terms of surrender for Japan, but was rejected

138
Q

Interment

A

Putting Japanese in America into concentration camps

139
Q

Lend Lease Act

A

Shipping war materials to countries whose defense was considered essential to the US

140
Q

Marshall Plan

A

Money given to Europe to rebuild after WWII

141
Q

Containment

A

US would act to prevent the spread of communism

142
Q

McCarthyism

A

Making accusations of patriotic disloyalty without evidence

143
Q

Great Society

A

President Johnson

- Medicare, Medicaid, Anti-poverty

Praxis II: Social Studies (1 decks)

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