Praxis II: Social Studies Flashcards
Physical Geography
The study of the natural features of earth
Archipelago
Chain of islands
ex. Philippines
Basin
A geographic depression, often filled with water
Bay
Body of water partially surrounded by land
Delta
A plain at the mouth of a river, often triangular in shape
Flood plain
A plain on either side of a river
Frigid Zones
Climate zones of the Arctic and Antarctic circles
Hill
Raised area of land under 2,000 feet in height
Isthmus
Narrow strip of land connecting two larger regions
ex. Panama Canal
Lines of Latitude
Imaginary horizontal lines that run across the globe
North and South poles have a measure of 90 degrees
Lines of Longitude
Imaginary vertical lines that run across the globe.
International Date Line
Measure of 180 degrees
Mountain
Raised area of land greater than 2,000 feet in height
Mountain Ridge
The peak of a mountain that is stretched over far distances
Mountain Pass
Gap between mountains
Mouth
Point where a rivers enters a sea or lake
Peninsula
Region mostly surrounded by water but still connected to land.
Plateau
Large, flat area raised above the surrounding area. Normally, at least one side of the plateau terminates in a steep slope
Strait
Narrow body of water between two land masses
Temperate Zones
Include distinct Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall
Tributary
River or stream that flows into another river.
Branch
River or stream that leaves a river
Tropic of Cancer
23 degrees south of the equator
Marks the point farthest south where the sun can be seen directly overhead.
Tropic of Capricorn
23 degrees north of the equator
Marks the point farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead.
Valley
A low stretch of land between raised areas of land.
Valleys are formed by the action of rivers cutting paths out of the surrounding land.
Population
Any group of individuals that shares some common characteristic
Infant
Any child less than 1 year old
Morbidity Rate
Incidence of people contracting a selected illness within a population
Topological Maps
Maps that have been simplified to the point where only a few pieces of key information stand out.
Ex. Subway system.
Thematic Maps
Display social, political, or otherwise non-geographical data in conjunction with geographical information
Anthropology
The study of humanity
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the cultural organization of a specific group of people
Physical Antrhropology
The study of the development of the human race’s physical form
Structuralism
Humans build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions
Ethnography
Combines insights from multiple disciplines with extensive fieldwork
Archaeology
Study of human history through the examination of material artifacts
Sociology
Study of the ways in which an individual may interact with his or her culture as well as large-scale features that emerge only when people come together to form groups.
Conflict Theory
A sociological approach that studies the role of power and conflict in social organizations
Social Organization
Any group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among the various members.
Major Organizations:
- governments
- religions
- education
- economic
- family
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s own cultural group is superior to others.
Prejudice
A preconceived belief that frequently casts negative judgements toward other groups
Big Five Theory
Five major factors to a person’s personality:
- openness
- conscience
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
Cognitive Dissonance
A contradiction between thoughts and behaviors
Dual-code theory
Theory that holds visual and auditory data are processed in two distinctly different ways
Encoding
Process of turning data into memory
Figure-ground
The distinction made between an object being viewed and the surrounding visual data
Hueristics
Mental rules of thumb that subjects develop to help make sense of the world around them
Language Acquisition Device
A theoretical mental architecture that is the source of humans’ inherent ability to learn a lanuage
Motivational Bias
A tendency to ascribe specific attributions to actions
Perceptual Set
A plan of assumptions that helps subjects interpret stimuli
Social psychology
The study of influence of other humans on the development and working of mental processes.
Social Cognitive Theory
Personality is influenced by internal (ideas and beliefs) and external (the observation of others) behavior.
Working Memory
Using short term and long term memories simulateously
Paleolithic Period
First use of stone tools
Neolithic Period
Use of farming
Copper or Bronze Age
Use of metal tools
Sumer Society
- City-states organized into hierarchies
- Cuneiform (first written language)
- Epic of Gilgamesh
Code of Hamurabi
300 laws corresponding with punishments for each offense, depending on the social status of the criminal
Old Kingdom (Egypt)
Political system of pharaohs developed
- Great Pyramids were built
Middle Kingdom (Egypt)
Internal strife and hardship
New Kingdom (Egypt)
Resurgence
- Valley of the Kings
Hatshepsut
First female ruler in egypt
Pericles
Direct democracy to Athens
Delian League
Athens and it’s allies
Peloponnesian League
Sparta and it’s allies
Macadonian
Defeated the Greek city-states
Hellenistic Period
Greek-influenced Macedonian dominance
Stoicism
Stressed self-control and reason over emotion and prejudice
Pax Romana
Roman Peace, 200 years due to emperor and professional army
Roman Empire Capitals
West - Rome
East - Constantinople
Fall of Roman Empire
Gradual decline
Europe broke up into smaller nation states.
Roman Catholic Church
Western Europe
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Europe
Magna Carta
1215
- Demanded limitation on royal authority
- Helped to create parliment
Hundred Years War
Between France and England
Black Death
1347-1353
- Fleas and rats infected on ships
- 25 million people died
Olmecs
Invented the use of Zero
Renaissance
Series of profound intellectual and social revolutions that transformed nearly every aspect of life in Europe
Martin Luther
Publicly posted a list of 95 arguments against the then common church practice of granting indulgences, essentially an exchange of blessings and grants of forgiveness for money.
Church of England
Mixed catholic and protestant practices, but eliminated the catholic church’s power over England’s monarch
Encomiendas
Granted conquistadors the right to demand labor and tribute from the native population
Mercantilists
Believed that a nation’s wealth was measured by the gold and silver stores it possessed.
Columbian Exchange
The process by which European plants and animals made their way to America and vice versa.
Treat of Utrecht
Prevented France and Spain from joining forces together
Scientific Method
Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
Used a microscope to identify red blood cells
Galileo Galilei
Used a microscope to make observations of the moon
Nicolas Copernicus
Proved the Earth rotates around the sun
Enlightenment
Natural and political moral truths could be discovered scientifically
John Locke
Believed humans formed governments to ensure natural rights.
Montesquieu
Suggested that government power should be distributed to different branches, guaranteeing no one person or group became too powerful
Adam Smith
Free markets, letting the logic of economic systems operate without economic intervention
Utilitarianism
Limited government
Balkin Powder Keg
The decline of the Ottoman Empire that would lead to fighting in Europe and eventually WWI
Treaty of Versailles
Conditions made to German and the Central Powers for losing the war
Appeasement
Allowing current aggression in the hopes of preventing future aggression
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
A military alliance designed to organize western response to potential Soviet aggression
Welfare States
Market economies with extensive government intervention in the citizen’s social and economic lives.
Shogun
Military leaders in Japan
Maya
Mexico - calendar and mathematics
Aztec
Northern Mexico - defeated by Hernando Cortez
Incas
Peru
Iroquis
Several tribes in the North East, helped form the Six Nations
Jamestown
First colony in America - Virginia
Plymouth
Second colony, Massachusetts
- Founded by Puritans in opposition to the state church of England and economically motivated opportunists
Maryland
Catholic colony
Rhode Island
Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom
Massachusetts Bay Company
Established in 1629, company funded the colony of Plymouth, until charter expired and it became a royal colony
Mayflower Compact
Signed in 1620, the compact was an agreement between the colonists that became the foundation of civil government in Plymouth
Articles of Confederation
Initial basis for interstate government among the colonies
Treaty Paris
Ended the Revolutionary War after British defeat at Yorktown
Connecticut Compromise
Gave reps to the House based on population
Gave 2 reps per state to the Senate
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves would be considered 3/5 of a citizen for population count
Bill of Rights
Rights to individual citizens, first 10 amendments to the constitution
Judiciary Act
Established the power of judicial appeal
Continental Congress
Governing body during the Revolution. Produced the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation
Intolerable Acts
Laws passed by British on colonist that led to the Revolution
Tories
Loyalists to the British Crown
Navigation Acts
Limited imports and exports from the colonies, to bring more money to the crown
Stamp Act
Tax on paper goods that led to the Revolution
Monroe Doctrine
America would not intervene in foreign affairs of other nations
Fort Sumter
First battle of the Civil War 1861
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment
Gave citizenship to all, defeated Dread Scott vs. Sanford
15th Amendment
Right to vote, no matter the race
Black Codes
Segregation laws passed during Reconstruction to limit the lives of african americans
Dred Scott vs Sanford
declared black men and women were not citizens
Plessy vs Ferguson
“separate but equal”
Robert Fulton
Invented the steam locomotive
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the mechanical reaper
Robber Barrons
Wealthy and morally questionable businesspersons, specifically those with vast banking and industrial empires
Spanish American War
Gave the US the Philippines and Puerto Rico
Grange Movement
Farmers believed they were the victims of price fixing by the railroad companies
Muckrakers
Journalists - Upton Sinclair
19th Amendment
Giving women the right to vote
18th Amendment
Prohibition
Postdam Declaration
Terms of surrender for Japan, but was rejected
Interment
Putting Japanese in America into concentration camps
Lend Lease Act
Shipping war materials to countries whose defense was considered essential to the US
Marshall Plan
Money given to Europe to rebuild after WWII
Containment
US would act to prevent the spread of communism
McCarthyism
Making accusations of patriotic disloyalty without evidence
Great Society
President Johnson
- Medicare, Medicaid, Anti-poverty
