Praxis II: Social Studies Flashcards
1
Q
Physical Geography
A
The study of the natural features of earth
2
Q
Archipelago
A
Chain of islands
ex. Philippines
3
Q
Basin
A
A geographic depression, often filled with water
4
Q
Bay
A
Body of water partially surrounded by land
5
Q
Delta
A
A plain at the mouth of a river, often triangular in shape
6
Q
Flood plain
A
A plain on either side of a river
7
Q
Frigid Zones
A
Climate zones of the Arctic and Antarctic circles
8
Q
Hill
A
Raised area of land under 2,000 feet in height
9
Q
Isthmus
A
Narrow strip of land connecting two larger regions
ex. Panama Canal
10
Q
Lines of Latitude
A
Imaginary horizontal lines that run across the globe
North and South poles have a measure of 90 degrees
11
Q
Lines of Longitude
A
Imaginary vertical lines that run across the globe.
12
Q
International Date Line
A
Measure of 180 degrees
13
Q
Mountain
A
Raised area of land greater than 2,000 feet in height
14
Q
Mountain Ridge
A
The peak of a mountain that is stretched over far distances
15
Q
Mountain Pass
A
Gap between mountains
16
Q
Mouth
A
Point where a rivers enters a sea or lake
17
Q
Peninsula
A
Region mostly surrounded by water but still connected to land.
18
Q
Plateau
A
Large, flat area raised above the surrounding area. Normally, at least one side of the plateau terminates in a steep slope
19
Q
Strait
A
Narrow body of water between two land masses
20
Q
Temperate Zones
A
Include distinct Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall
21
Q
Tributary
A
River or stream that flows into another river.
22
Q
Branch
A
River or stream that leaves a river
23
Q
Tropic of Cancer
A
23 degrees south of the equator
Marks the point farthest south where the sun can be seen directly overhead.
24
Q
Tropic of Capricorn
A
23 degrees north of the equator
Marks the point farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead.
25
Valley
A low stretch of land between raised areas of land.
| Valleys are formed by the action of rivers cutting paths out of the surrounding land.
26
Population
Any group of individuals that shares some common characteristic
27
Infant
Any child less than 1 year old
28
Morbidity Rate
Incidence of people contracting a selected illness within a population
29
Topological Maps
Maps that have been simplified to the point where only a few pieces of key information stand out.
Ex. Subway system.
30
Thematic Maps
Display social, political, or otherwise non-geographical data in conjunction with geographical information
31
Anthropology
The study of humanity
32
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the cultural organization of a specific group of people
33
Physical Antrhropology
The study of the development of the human race's physical form
34
Structuralism
Humans build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions
35
Ethnography
Combines insights from multiple disciplines with extensive fieldwork
36
Archaeology
Study of human history through the examination of material artifacts
37
Sociology
Study of the ways in which an individual may interact with his or her culture as well as large-scale features that emerge only when people come together to form groups.
38
Conflict Theory
A sociological approach that studies the role of power and conflict in social organizations
39
Social Organization
Any group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among the various members.
Major Organizations:
- governments
- religions
- education
- economic
- family
40
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's own cultural group is superior to others.
41
Prejudice
A preconceived belief that frequently casts negative judgements toward other groups
42
Big Five Theory
Five major factors to a person's personality:
- openness
- conscience
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
43
Cognitive Dissonance
A contradiction between thoughts and behaviors
44
Dual-code theory
Theory that holds visual and auditory data are processed in two distinctly different ways
45
Encoding
Process of turning data into memory
46
Figure-ground
The distinction made between an object being viewed and the surrounding visual data
47
Hueristics
Mental rules of thumb that subjects develop to help make sense of the world around them
48
Language Acquisition Device
A theoretical mental architecture that is the source of humans' inherent ability to learn a lanuage
49
Motivational Bias
A tendency to ascribe specific attributions to actions
50
Perceptual Set
A plan of assumptions that helps subjects interpret stimuli
51
Social psychology
The study of influence of other humans on the development and working of mental processes.
52
Social Cognitive Theory
Personality is influenced by internal (ideas and beliefs) and external (the observation of others) behavior.
53
Working Memory
Using short term and long term memories simulateously
54
Paleolithic Period
First use of stone tools
55
Neolithic Period
Use of farming
56
Copper or Bronze Age
Use of metal tools
57
Sumer Society
- City-states organized into hierarchies
- Cuneiform (first written language)
- Epic of Gilgamesh
58
Code of Hamurabi
300 laws corresponding with punishments for each offense, depending on the social status of the criminal
59
Old Kingdom (Egypt)
Political system of pharaohs developed
| - Great Pyramids were built
60
Middle Kingdom (Egypt)
Internal strife and hardship
61
New Kingdom (Egypt)
Resurgence
| - Valley of the Kings
62
Hatshepsut
First female ruler in egypt
63
Pericles
Direct democracy to Athens
64
Delian League
Athens and it's allies
65
Peloponnesian League
Sparta and it's allies
66
Macadonian
Defeated the Greek city-states
67
Hellenistic Period
Greek-influenced Macedonian dominance
68
Stoicism
Stressed self-control and reason over emotion and prejudice
69
Pax Romana
Roman Peace, 200 years due to emperor and professional army
70
Roman Empire Capitals
West - Rome
| East - Constantinople
71
Fall of Roman Empire
Gradual decline
| Europe broke up into smaller nation states.
72
Roman Catholic Church
Western Europe
73
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Europe
74
Magna Carta
1215
- Demanded limitation on royal authority
- Helped to create parliment
75
Hundred Years War
Between France and England
76
Black Death
1347-1353
- Fleas and rats infected on ships
- 25 million people died
77
Olmecs
Invented the use of Zero
78
Renaissance
Series of profound intellectual and social revolutions that transformed nearly every aspect of life in Europe
79
Martin Luther
Publicly posted a list of 95 arguments against the then common church practice of granting indulgences, essentially an exchange of blessings and grants of forgiveness for money.
80
Church of England
Mixed catholic and protestant practices, but eliminated the catholic church's power over England's monarch
81
Encomiendas
Granted conquistadors the right to demand labor and tribute from the native population
82
Mercantilists
Believed that a nation's wealth was measured by the gold and silver stores it possessed.
83
Columbian Exchange
The process by which European plants and animals made their way to America and vice versa.
84
Treat of Utrecht
Prevented France and Spain from joining forces together
85
Scientific Method
Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
86
Anton Van Leeuwenhock
Used a microscope to identify red blood cells
87
Galileo Galilei
Used a microscope to make observations of the moon
88
Nicolas Copernicus
Proved the Earth rotates around the sun
89
Enlightenment
Natural and political moral truths could be discovered scientifically
90
John Locke
Believed humans formed governments to ensure natural rights.
91
Montesquieu
Suggested that government power should be distributed to different branches, guaranteeing no one person or group became too powerful
92
Adam Smith
Free markets, letting the logic of economic systems operate without economic intervention
93
Utilitarianism
Limited government
94
Balkin Powder Keg
The decline of the Ottoman Empire that would lead to fighting in Europe and eventually WWI
95
Treaty of Versailles
Conditions made to German and the Central Powers for losing the war
96
Appeasement
Allowing current aggression in the hopes of preventing future aggression
97
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
A military alliance designed to organize western response to potential Soviet aggression
98
Welfare States
Market economies with extensive government intervention in the citizen's social and economic lives.
99
Shogun
Military leaders in Japan
100
Maya
Mexico - calendar and mathematics
101
Aztec
Northern Mexico - defeated by Hernando Cortez
102
Incas
Peru
103
Iroquis
Several tribes in the North East, helped form the Six Nations
104
Jamestown
First colony in America - Virginia
105
Plymouth
Second colony, Massachusetts
| - Founded by Puritans in opposition to the state church of England and economically motivated opportunists
106
Maryland
Catholic colony
107
Rhode Island
Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom
108
Massachusetts Bay Company
Established in 1629, company funded the colony of Plymouth, until charter expired and it became a royal colony
109
Mayflower Compact
Signed in 1620, the compact was an agreement between the colonists that became the foundation of civil government in Plymouth
110
Articles of Confederation
Initial basis for interstate government among the colonies
111
Treaty Paris
Ended the Revolutionary War after British defeat at Yorktown
112
Connecticut Compromise
Gave reps to the House based on population
| Gave 2 reps per state to the Senate
113
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves would be considered 3/5 of a citizen for population count
114
Bill of Rights
Rights to individual citizens, first 10 amendments to the constitution
115
Judiciary Act
Established the power of judicial appeal
116
Continental Congress
Governing body during the Revolution. Produced the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation
117
Intolerable Acts
Laws passed by British on colonist that led to the Revolution
118
Tories
Loyalists to the British Crown
119
Navigation Acts
Limited imports and exports from the colonies, to bring more money to the crown
120
Stamp Act
Tax on paper goods that led to the Revolution
121
Monroe Doctrine
America would not intervene in foreign affairs of other nations
122
Fort Sumter
First battle of the Civil War 1861
123
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery
124
14th Amendment
Gave citizenship to all, defeated Dread Scott vs. Sanford
125
15th Amendment
Right to vote, no matter the race
126
Black Codes
Segregation laws passed during Reconstruction to limit the lives of african americans
127
Dred Scott vs Sanford
declared black men and women were not citizens
128
Plessy vs Ferguson
"separate but equal"
129
Robert Fulton
Invented the steam locomotive
130
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the mechanical reaper
131
Robber Barrons
Wealthy and morally questionable businesspersons, specifically those with vast banking and industrial empires
132
Spanish American War
Gave the US the Philippines and Puerto Rico
133
Grange Movement
Farmers believed they were the victims of price fixing by the railroad companies
134
Muckrakers
Journalists - Upton Sinclair
135
19th Amendment
Giving women the right to vote
136
18th Amendment
Prohibition
137
Postdam Declaration
Terms of surrender for Japan, but was rejected
138
Interment
Putting Japanese in America into concentration camps
139
Lend Lease Act
Shipping war materials to countries whose defense was considered essential to the US
140
Marshall Plan
Money given to Europe to rebuild after WWII
141
Containment
US would act to prevent the spread of communism
142
McCarthyism
Making accusations of patriotic disloyalty without evidence
143
Great Society
President Johnson
| - Medicare, Medicaid, Anti-poverty
