Praxis Flashcards
Ms. Hudson and Mrs. Emerson recently attended a math training workshop in which new methods and materials were explained and provided for teaching equations to students. Both teachers believe these new practices and materials would benefit the students in their classrooms. The two teachers agree to implement the strategies, collect student data daily during the use of the new strategies, and to meet twice a week to discuss student data, student learning results, and the effectiveness of the new strategies. Which of the following best describes the research methodology being used by these two teachers?
action research. the teachers in this scenario are reflecting often throughout the implementation of new strategies and materials. They are evaluating student learning and the effectiveness of the new strategies and materials in an effort to improve classroom instruction
Action research is
a study conducted by a teacher or group of teachers to improve instruction by working through a series of reflective stages.
descriptive research
research study aimed at identifying and gathering detailed information about a topic of interest.
correlational study
research into the relationships between variables as they naturally occur
wait time shows:
-deepens student understanding of the topic -increased wait time generates more student questions -Increased wait time results in longer more detailed student responses
Mr. Trujillo’s third grade class structure involves peer interactions designed to promote social skills and learning opportunities. He feels his students see greater academic growth as they utilize their social skills. Trujillo’s structure best aligns with the philosophies of which educational theorist?
Vygotsky. He believed that increased social interaction promotes cognitive learning.
Jalissa is a gifted student that requires enrichment beyond the regularly assigned classroom tasks. Which of the following best provides enrichment for Jalissa within the regular classroom setting?
Jalissa is invited to participate in an extra activity that allows her to explore math concepts covered in class in more depth when she finishes the regularly assigned problems.
On the annual statewide assessment, Miss Wohl’s students receive a scaled score in mathematics. Miss Wohl is thinking through how to explain this score to students’ parents. Which of the following best uses parent-friendly language to describe why a scaled score is used?
a scaled score is designed to be able to compare scores across tests with slight variations in the test content.
The Law of Effect states that positive consequences will result in an increase of the behavior and negative consequences will serve to stop unwanted behavior. This is credited to which behavioral theorist?
Thorndike. He is well known for laying the foundation of the effects of consequences to behavior.
what learning objective would focus on Blooms Taxonomy?
an experiment where students must organize, integrate, and combine ideas into a product, plan, or proposal that is new to him/her. ex: students will be able to design an experiment to further explore a concept learned in class.
formative assessment is used
as a part of the learning process and allows teachers to adjust instruction accordingly. Ex: ms. Kyla uses student performance on morning math work to form her small groups for the afternoon.
Mr. Johnson has been working on classroom management skills with his 6th grade class. He has been trying to model cause and effect relationships for his students to help them increase their positive choices. This is attributed to which foundational motivational theory?
attrubution
attribution theory is based on
the observer’s ability to use information to arrive at conclusions, or cause and effect relationships.
intrinsic incentive
an aspect of an activity that people enjoy, and therefore, find motivating.
the primary goal of a professional learning community (PLC) is for
teachers to collaborate in order to improve classroom practice and increase student acievement.
Mr. Collins is interested in having his honors social studies class research a significant figure in history and then create a multimedia presentation about the chosen historical figure. Which of the following school personnel can best support Mr. Collins and his social studies students with this project?
library media specialist. they have been trained to serve as a resource for teachers who are incorporating information technology into the curriculum.
Dr. Price wants to evaluate her students’ writing throughout the unit. She also wants students to be able to select which pieces of writing best reflect their mastery of the unit content. Which of the following assessment types best supports her objectives?
portfolio
Teachers at Leestown Middle School are required to complete two 15 minute walk-through observations during their planning time each school year. Teachers choose a partner and they complete the walk-through process with this partner. The two teachers are required to pre-conference, complete a 15 minute observation, and post conference. An observation template is completed and discussed for each observation. Observation results remain confidential between the two teachers. The results are not used as a formal evaluation. Which of the following best describes the process described above?
peer coaching
Students will use a Punnett Square to calculate genotype and phenotype ratios and to make predictions about the offspring formed in a genetic cross.
what would this learning objective be?
observable and measurable because if focuses directly on what the student should know and be able to do by the end of the lesson.
Mr. Carmen brought in a variety of models and other visual aids for the science lesson today. What is the primary purpose of the materials Mr. Carmen brought for his lesson today?
to help clarify the information being taught during the lesson. Helps students understand the information better.
peer coaching is
a confidental process through which two or more professional colleagues work together to reflect on current practices, shar ideas, and observe new teaching skills/strategies
modeling is
a process by which people learn by observing others. ex: role play or demonstrating the use of a math strategy.
Cooperative learning exercises are designed to pair up lower performing students with higher performing students. The idea is that the peer assistance will help with skills acquisition. This concept is also referred to as:
zone of proximal development
zone of proximal development is
having students help guide their peers. The basis of this is that the higher performing peers will serve as guide and help to scaffold the information in ways that they lower level students will be able to understand and aquire the skills.
what are some characteristics of gifted students?
easily identify cause-effect relationships and high amounts of energy.
Ms. Seacat provides her students with a list of vocabulary words for their upcoming unit on fractions. She asks each student to collaborate with a partner to create a concept map using the words she provided. Which of the following is Ms. Seacat’s primary purpose for this activity?
determining students’ prior knowledge of fractions.
hydrogen bonds in a water molecule make water a good
surface for small particles and living organisms to move across. Hydrogen bonds give water a high surface tension.
disaccharide
any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues
monosaccharide
any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydroloyzed to give a simpler sugar.
the breakdown of a disaccharide releases energy which is stored as ATP. This is an example of
exothermic reaction
an exothermic reaction does what?
releaseses energy
endothermic reaction
requires energy. Ex: an ice pack
the breakdown of a chemical compound is an example of
decomposition reaction.
replacement/displacement reaction
is one where compound breaks apart and forms a new compound plus a free ractant.
which metabolic compound is composed of only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
Glucose is a carbohydrate, and all carbohydrates are composed of only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Most other metabolic compounds contain other atoms, particularly nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.
glycogen is
a polysaccharide, a molecule composed of many bonded blycose molecules.
polysaccharide is
a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
which molecyles is thought to have acted as the first enzyme in early life on earth.
RNA molecule
which organelle is formed when the plasma membrane surrounds a particle outside of the cell?
endocytosis vesicles
endocytosis is a process
by which cells absorbs larger molecule or even tiny organisms, such as bacteria, than would be able to pass through the plasma membrane. Endocytic cesicles containing molecules from the extracellular environment often undergo further processing once they enter the cell.
what plant organelle contains pigment that give leave their color?
chloroplast
which processes (4) are ways of moving solutes across a plasma membrane?
passive transport, endocutosis, active transport, and faciliated diffusion
passive transport
passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.
active transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration. assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
facilitated diffusion
spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane inegral proteins.
endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invaginaion of its membrane to form a vacuole
Osmosis
the movement of water molecules (not solutes) across a semi-permeable membrane. Water moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis occurs when the concentrations of a solute differ on either side of a semi-permeable membrane. ex: a cell containing a higher concentration of water in a salty solution containing a lower concentration of water will lose water as water leaves the cell. This continues until the solution outsid the cell has the same salt concentration as the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells are similar how?
both interact with the extracellular environment and use membrane-bound or membrane-associated proteins to achieve this. They both use diffusion and active transport to move materials in and out of their cells.
both have flagella, although with different structural characteristics in the two groups.
prokaryotes have very few proteins associated with their DNA, whereas eukaryotes DNA is
richly studded with proteins
the most important difference between prokaryote and eukarytes are
the lack of a nucleus and mmebrane-boundorganelles in prokaryotes.
which cell types has peptidoglycan cell walls?
bacteria
show an object that has constant acceleraiton on a graph
Mrs. Hayes is interested in purchasing and implementing a new manipulative kit with her math students. She has never interacted with the materials and wants to make sure she is making the best purchase for her classroom. Which of the following would be the best source of information for Mrs. Hayes to consult before purchasing the new materials?
education review- a review is a form of evaluation in which an item is rated based on content and quality. A review would provide product specifications, user comments and experiences, and recommendations from other education professionals.
Formal operational stage (Piaget)
age 11 to adulthood. Comes the ability to deal with potential or hypothetical situations. Preadolescents begin to think abstractly and to see possibilities beyond the here and now
Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
birth to 2 years old. Formation of concept of “object permanence” and gradual progression from reflexive behavior to goal-directed behavior.
Preoperational stage (Piaget)
2-7 years old. Development of the ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world. Thinking remains egocentric and centered.
concrete operational stage (Piaget)
7-11 years old. Improvements in ability to think logically. New abilities include the use of operations that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, and problem solving is less restrictive by egocentrism. Abtract thinking is not possible.
executive function refers to
a level of maturity where students can analyze and predict the next steps or possible outcomes of a problem. it requires a higher level of processing because it may mean changing the original line of thinking to accommodate for an unexpected outcome.
ex: having students predict the next plot twist in a story
Ms. Hidenrite gives her math class a pre-assessment prior to the start of a new unit. Students are asked to reflect on the knowledge they already have regarding the upcoming unit. At the end of the unit, students are given a post test. Students are asked to reflect on post test data to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and misconceptions about the concepts covered in the unit. Ms. Hidenrite is developing student ability in which of the following complex cognitive processes?
metacognition
metacognition is
the intellectual process that enables an individual to think about/ reflect on his or her own learning/thinking
Transfer of learning
the capacity to apply acquired knowledge and skills to new situations
Problem solving
the application of knowledge and skills to achieve certain goals
ciritcal thinking
the ability to make rational decisions about what to do or what to believe
self assessment in the classroom could most powerfully be used
as a point of reflection and adjustment midway through a project with clear criteria.
when students have clear goals and are asked to complete a self-evaluation they are better able to improve their product or adjust their learning habits accordingly. However, students need to be taught how to evaluate their work and can benefit from strategies like teacher modeling. Therefore, using student self-assessment is most powerful as a strategy when students are able to use their self-assessments to make improvements.
what term is used to describe whether an assessment can be expected to produce the same results if repeated
reliability
reliability is
a measure of how consisten an evaluation is
validity
describes the degree to which a test is an accurate demonstration of what it is seeking to measure
criterion-referenced interpretations
assessments that rate how thoroughly students have mastered specific skills or areas of knowledge
Norms
standards that are derived from the test scores of a sample of people who are similar to those who will take the test and that can be used to interpret score of future test takers.
constructivists apprach to learning
Jean Piaget stated that students must be able to incorporate information into their schema. Experiences, discussions, and writing help students to assimilate the learning.
the idea that an evironmental stimulus leads to a mediational process before there is an output of behavior is credited to which educational theorists?
Bandura. Bandura added to behaviorist learning theories a belief that there is a cognitive link from an environmental stimulus that leads to the behavioral out put. He called this a mediational process.
trust vs. mistruct is a developmental stage from which behavioral theorists?
Erikson
Which of the following is a limitation of using selected response as a method to assess student understanding of a mathematical concept?
selected response (multiple choice) is useful in that it is generally efficient to grade and record infomration.
vignette
a small illustration or theatrical script in order to protray something or someone.
Heterogeneous
Diverse in character or content (varied)
Homogeneous
the same kind;alike
reluctant
unwilling and hesitant; disinclined
rigor
rigorous learning experiences help students understand knowledge and concepts that are complex, ambiguous, or contentious, and they help students acquire skills that can be applied in a variety of educational, career, and civic contexts through their lives.
Joaquin, a student in Ms. Babbage’s language arts class, has been diagnosed with ADHD. When Ms. Babbage gives her students timed reading and writing assignments, Joaquin rarely finishes his work, sometimes leaving more than half of it unfinished. Joaquin also has a habit of tapping his pencil on his desk while others are working, which can create a distraction. When Ms. Babbage met with Joaquin to talk about his troubles completing in-class assignments, Joaquin said that the noises of the other students “make it hard [for him] to think.”
Which of the following adaptations or strategies would be appropriate and effective for Ms. Babbage to use in helping Joaquin and other students remain focused throughout the class period?
- Letting Joaquin keep a noicelss “squishy ball” at his desk to squeezer when he feels restless
- Keeping a set of noice-cancelling headphones in the classroom that are available for all students to use if they wish to minimize distractions during indepenent work.
- Ecouraging Joaquin to use a silent timer to keep track of the passing minutes during times assignment.
goal-setting, self-monitoring, and self evaluation are exampels of:
- executive functions
- Habits beneficial to independent learnng
- Metacognitive regulatory processes
executive functions
help to plan and focus through the completion of tasks. Also habits that are beneficial to independent learning. executive functions lets people plan, organize, and complete tasks
a person that is able to set, monitor, and evaluate goals is more likely to have success in
independent learning, where tasks are often less structured.
metacognitive regulatory porcesses involve
controlling cognitive (learning) processes
A second-grade creative writing student with dyslexia is engaged in writing a poem that highlights his favorite color. Which of the following accommodations is most likely to be effective in helping the student write with a sense of confidence?
allow the student to dictate (say or read aloud) certain words or lines
Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty reading and understanding the written word, though those with this reading disorder tend to be of
typical ability and intelligence.
As her third-grade class undertakes its unit on states of matter, Ms. Zehner guides students to create a KWL chart on the topic. As students review the “L” column, Ms. Zehner encourages students to compare their previous knowledge and their predictions to what they learned. This process is most likely to encourage which of the following?
metacognition (thinking about how one thinks, or reflecting on previous knowledge and predictions)
metacognition is
the act of thinking about how one thinks, or reflecting on previous knowledge and predictions.
inductive (logical) reasoning is
moving from specific facts or instances to general principles (truths).
deductive reasoning is
moving from general priniciple to specific facts or instances.
Automaticity
is the ability to perform a task or skill, such as walking or reciting time tables, without conscious thought.
KWL chart
what I know, what I wonder, What I learned
Mr. Rohmann is incorporating critical thinking skills in a science unit to his fourth-grade class. Toni, a student in the class, is hearing impaired. She is having trouble grasping cause and effect as it relates to the unit, even though she has a signing aide to help her. Mr. Rohmann soon realizes that Toni probably does not have the background experiences needed to readily understand some of the examples he has been sharing with the class (for example, the relationship between thunder and lightning). After doing some research, Mr. Rohmann decides he can best help Toni by
including varied example types, particularly when discussing difficult concepts.
Its always important to provice a variety of examples when teaching a new concept, but especially when a student may not have access to certain shared experience due to a learning difference or life circumstance.
Which of these problems, if experienced by a student of middle school age, would offer the clearest indicator of an atypical (unusual) variance (difference) in cognitive (learning) development?
The student often confuses letter sequences, reading “expect” as “except” and “felt” as “left”.
Which of the following describes a strategy that would be appropriate for Ms. Ruiz, a fifth-grade teacher, to use in the course of mathematics instruction in a classroom that includes several English language learners (ELLs)?
Because decimal points are used differently across cultures, guide the class through a quick review of the place value system before introducing more complex decimal concepts.
Seperating ELLs from their classmates when a reasonable accommodation could be
employed and lowering expectations for these students does not serve their needs in mastering content.
avoiding assitance based on students’ unique backgrounds allows for
no differentiation, which is a key component of all classroom instruction.
Kohlberg’s “conventional” level of moral development, in which the individual desires to live up to societal conventions, and will adhere to social norms even in the absence of immediate approval from others, is most strongly associated with which of the following stages of physical development?
adolescence
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development progresses with a person’s age, beginning with
pre-conventional (before being concerned with that is generally help to be acceptable) and ending with post-conventional (after being concerned about what is acceptible). The conventional stage, when individuals most value the opinions of peers and authorities as representatives of society at large, is typically experienced during adolescence and adulthood.
Children younger than adolescents are typically in the pre-conventional stage of moral development, focused on
obedience and punishment as young children and moving into self-interested decision-making in later childhood.
After evaluating the special needs of a student who is entering a public high school for the first time, a team of educators develops and Individualized Eduxation Plan (IEP) for her. Which of the following is a legally-required component of this student’s IEP?
listing instructional goals and objectives in the IEP and updating and revising them as needed
Sharing the plan with each of the student’s teachers; clarifying that teachers must provice stipulated accomodations
Reviewing the IEP at least once per year in order to update its content and notify parents of meeting dates well in advance
Mr. Piere is helping Ms. Nicole identigy intellectually-gifted students in her classroom. Which of the following characteristics would be a good cognitive indicator for her to watch for?
Students thinking at abtract levels earlier than their peers and generating atypical ways of approaching problems. They can often generate unique, creative ideas.
Mrs. Halls regulary works with her students on generating and tracking SMART goals in her class. Which of the following is Mrs. Hall likely working to develop in her students?
Self-efficacy. Mrs. Hall is working on devloping her students’ ability to set and reach goals, which will help them believe in their own ability to accomplish tasks, or self-efficacy.
efficacy
the ability to produce a desired or intended result
what are SMART goals?
Specific
Measurable
Achieveable
Relevant
Time-bound
Kevins Bday?
Jan 26th
Korts Bday?
February 15th
Dad’s Bday?
February 9th
Aarons bday?
March 30th
Work annv.
March 26th 2018
Which of the folowign describes Piaget’s cognitive stage at which students thoughts are largely egocentric and they are not yet able to understand concrete logic?
Preoperational stage. Jena Piagets theory of cognitive development states it is at the preoperational stage that students begin to talk and develop language skills. They often cannot understand anothers perspective (egocentrism) and do not understand concrete logic.
a concept map or conceptual diagram is
a diagram that depicts (portrays) suggested relationships between concepts.
Standards alignment
associated of content with particular state or local education standards.
Brown recluse spider
Poisonous
Black widow spider
Poisonous
Brown Widow
Poisonous
banana spider or golden orb weavers
midly venemous
Zipper spider
Nephilia clavipes or golden silk spider
American dog tick
Blacklegged tick
Brown dog tick
Gulf coast tick
Lone Star tick
Canebrake Rattlesnake
poisonous
Copperhead
Poisonous
Cotton Mouth
poisonous
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
Harlequin Coral Snake
Poisonous
Pygmy Rattlesnake
Poisonous
Texas Coral Snake
garter snake
Parallax error
this error can occur whenever there is some distance between the measuring scale and the indivator used to obtain a measurement. If the observers eye is not squarely alignmed with the pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low.
kg
kilogram, for mass
The Vulva is
the external femal glands. Large lips, small lips, mons pubis, clitoris, opening of the urethra (meatus), vaginal vestibule, vestibular bulbs, vestibular glans.
mons veneris
the soft mound at the front of the vulva (fatty tissue convering the pubic bone)
Labia Majora
are the outer lips of the vulva.
Labia Minora
the inner lips of the vulva. protects the vagina, uretha, and clitoris
Clitoris
small body of spongy tissue that functions solely for sexual pleasure. Its is about 4 inches long on average
Urethra
the opening of the urethra is just below the clitoris. The uretha is used for the passage of urine. The urethra is connected to the bladder. about 1.5 inches long.
Hymen
a thin fold of mucous membrane that seperates the lumen of the vagina from the urethral sinus. The hymen is not a good indication of whether someone is a virgin or not. Trauma like masturabtion or tampon insertion could have widened it.
Perineum
short stretch of skin starting at the bottom of the vulva and extending to the anus.
redemption definition
the action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil. Saving; absolution
Cervix
is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. During mensturation, the cervix stretched open slightly to allow the endometrium to be shed. This stretching is believed to be part of the cramping pain that many women experience. Evidence for this is given by the fact that some women’s cramps subside or disappear after their first vaginal birth because the cervical opening has widened.
The uterus
is shaped like an upside-down pear, with a thick lining and muscular walls. Located near the floor of the pelvic cavity, it is hollow to allow a blastocycle, or fertilized egg, to implant and grow. It also allows for the inner linig of the uterus to build up until a fertilized egg is implanted, or it is sloughed off during menses. the uterus contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body. These muscles are able to expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor. these muscles also contract rhythmically during an orgasm in a wave like action. It is thought that this is to help push or guide the perm up the uterus to the fallopian tubes where fertilization may be possible.
fallopian tubes
each fallopian tube attaches to a side of the uterus and connects to an ovary. The fallopian tubes are about 4 inches long and about as wide as a piece of spaghetti.
describe how an egg gets fertilized
Once an egg is in the fallopian tube, tiny hairs in the tube’s lining help push it down the narroe passageway toward the uterus. the egg cell takes about 4-5 days to travel down the length of the fallopian tube. after fertilization occurs, the zygote, or fertilized egg, will continue down the uterus and implant itself in the uterine wall where it will grow and develop. If a zygote doesnt move down the uterus and implants intself in the fallopian tube, it is called ectopic or tubal prgnancy. If this occurs, the pregnancy will need to be terminated to prevent permanent damage to the fallopian tube, possible hemorrage and possible death of the mother.
most bacteria have a cell wall made of
peptidoglycan: a hybrid sugar-protein molecule
what are the different eukaryot kingdoms?
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
animals are organisms that begin life as a cell called a
zygote.
A zygote results from the fusion of a sperm and an egg.
once an animal’s egg is fertlized, the egg then divides to form
a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
Protista
A protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus.
