Praxis 5901; subtests 5903, 5904, 5905

Question 1

Which of the following ancient civilizations used hieroglyphics as a way to communicate?

A.Greece
B.Rome
C.Egypt
D.China

Answer 1

C.Egypt

Question 2

Which of the following events of the American Revolution occurred last?

A.The passage of the Intolerable Acts
B.The dumping of tea into the Boston Harbor
C.The signing of the Declaration of Independence
D.The Battle of Yorktown

Answer 2

D.The Battle of Yorktown
(In 1781 General George Washington and the Continental Army attacked and captured the British fort at Yorktown, Virginia. This victory led to the surrender of British General Cornwallis, and peace negotiations to end the American Revolution began soon after.)

Question 3

Which of the following forms of government consists of a union of several countries with some or most power shared between them?

A.Dictatorship
B.Republic
C.Confederation
D.Monarchy

Answer 3

C.Confederation
(A confederation consists of a union of several states or countries, united for a common purpose. Confederations occasionally have a central authority, but the majority of the power lies with the states or countries.)

Question 4

Which of the following statements describes a characteristic of Turkey’s largest city?

A.It has a very high altitude.
B.It has a tropical climate.
C.It is the country’s largest manufacturing center.
D. It is considered part of Europe and Asia

Answer 4

D. It is considered part of Europe and Asia
(Turkey is geographically and politically part of Europe and Asia. Part of Turkey lies in Europe and the remainder of the landmass, including Anatolia, lies in Asia. Istanbul is the only city in the world that is considered part of two continents.)

Question 5

Which of the following actions contained a controversial fugitive slave provision?

A.The Compromise of 1850
B.The Missouri Compromise
C.The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
D.The Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 5

A.The Compromise of 1850
(Part of the Compromise of 1850 was the provision that any runaway slave found in a non-slave state had to be sent back to the South.)

Question 6

Which of the following documents was the initial attempt by the American colonists to establish an independent government?

A.The Bill of Rights
B.The Articles of Confederation
C.The Declaration of Independence
D.The Constitution of the Unite States

Answer 6

B.The Articles of Confederation
(The Articles of Confederation were the first attempt by the colonists to create a government. They were ratified in 1781 and created a confederation of states and a weak central government. The states held the majority of the governmental power.)

Question 7

Which of the following American Civil War battles immediately preceded the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation?

A.Battle of Gettysburg
B.Battle of Bull Run
C.Battle of Antietam
D.Battle of Vicksburg

Answer 7

C.Battle of Antietam
(Lincoln was advised to wait for a decisive Union victory before issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, to show that the Union could enforce the proclamation. The Battle of Antietam ended with the Confederates being driven out of Maryland. Lincoln felt comfortable enough with this to issue the proclamation five days after the battle.)

Question 8

Which of the following individuals helped end the system of apartheid in South Africa?

A.Mohandas Gandhi
B.Mother Teresa
C.Nelson Mandela
D.The Dalai Lama

Answer 8

C.Nelson Mandela
(Nelson Mandela was the first Black president of South Africa. He was elected after the system of apartheid was abolished.)

Question 9

Which of the following European nations was the first to colonize the southwestern United States?

A.Spain
B.Portugal
C.France
D.England

Answer 9

A.Spain

Question 10

Which of the following was a reaction by the American public to tensions created by the Cold War?

A.A decline in entrepreneurship
B.The mass migration of minorities to rural areas
C.The construction of private bomb shelters
D.A reduction in consumer spending

Answer 10

C.The construction of private bomb shelters
(During the 1950s and 1960s, people in the United States built private bomb shelters because of the fear of a nuclear attack during the Cold War.)

Question 11

A local clothing store offers customers fifty percent off the price of all inventory items. Which of the following economic terms best describes this example?

A.Incentive
B.Production
C.Consumption
D.Scarcity

Answer 11

A.Incentive

Question 12

Which of the following amendments to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote?

A.13th
B.15th
C.17th
D.19th

Answer 12

D.19th
(The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, giving women the right to vote in the United States.)

Question 13

Which of the following rulers was most responsible for ending the persecution of Christians in Ancient Rome?

A.Alexander the Great
B.Julia Caesar
C.Constantine
D.Nero

Answer 13

C.Constantine
(Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, and he also ended the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire through the Edict of Milan in 313.)

Question 14

The Ring of Fire region is best known for which of the following characteristics?

A.Slash-and-burn agriculture
B.High levels of seismic activity
C.Severe drought conditions
D.High number of wildfires

Answer 14

B.High levels of seismic activity
(The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.)

Question 15

Which of the following statements is correct about the Battles of Lexington and Concord?

A.The battles convinced the French to aid the Continental army
B.General Washington crossed the Potomac to engage in the battles
C.The battles marked the start of the war with Great Britain
D.General Cornwallis agreed to surrender after the battles

Answer 15

C.The battles marked the start of the war with Great Britain
(Although the Americans had not yet declared independence, the Battles of Lexington and Concord are known as the first battles of the war.)

Question 16

Which of the following are the main religions in Nepal?

A.Sikhism and Buddhism
B.Buddhism and Confucianism
C.Hinduism and Buddhism
D.Christianity and Judaism

Answer 16

C.Hinduism and Buddhism

Question 17

Which of the following events took place as a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A.Members of the Seminole tribe peacefully relocated to Florida
B.The United States Army relocated members of the Creak Nation to Georgia
C.The Sioux were the only remaining tribes in the southeastern United States
D.Members of the Cherokee Nation were forced to move to the western United States

Answer 17

D.Members of the Cherokee Nation were forced to move to the western United States
(The Cherokee refused to leave their land, even suing for their rights. However, they were eventually forced to relocate in 1838 and 1839 in a migration that is known as the Trail of Tears.)

Question 18

Which of the following is a shared power between state and federal governments?

A.Making treaties with nations
B.Appointing local judges
C.Raising taxes
D.Passing city ordinances

Answer 18

C.Raising taxes

Question 19

Which of the following statements best describes indentured servants during the American colonial period?

A. They obtained their freedom once their contract was completed
B.They consisted primarily of young women and children
C.The majority served in wealthy homes in the northern colonies
D.They paid higher taxes to offset the cost of their trip to the Americas

Answer 19

A. They obtained their freedom once their contract was completed
(Indentured servants in the American colonies typically served for seven years and received their freedom and a plot of land when their service was complete.)

Question 20

Which of the following countries is known as the breadbasket of Europe?

A.Ukraine
B.France
C.Ireland
D.Poland

Answer 20

A.Ukraine
(The rich, dark soil and the vast fields of wheat and other food products have earned Ukraine the nickname “breadbasket of Europe.”)

Question 21

Which of the following rights did Thomas Jefferson believe John Adams had violated when he signed the Alien and Sedition Acts into law?

A.The right to bear arms
B.Freedom of the press
C.The right to assemble peacefully
D.Unreasonable searches and seizures

Answer 21

B.Freedom of the press

Question 22

Which of the following reasons explains why Russia withdrew from the First World War?

A.Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated
B.The Bolshevik Revolution started
C.Nicolas II was crowned czar
D.Warsaw was captured by Germany

Answer 22

B.The Bolshevik Revolution started

Question 23

Which of the following statements describes an advantage the South had over the North during the American Civil War?

A.It had a larger population to provide troops for its army
B.It had greater access to railroads to move troops
C.It has more manufacturing centers to produce munitions
D.It had more experienced generals to lead the troops

Answer 23

D.It had more experienced generals to lead the troops
(The South had commanders that included Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. Its military leaders had more experience than the North’s military leaders.)

Question 24

Which of the following events had the greatest impact on the size of the United States?

A.The Gadsden Purchase
B.The Louisiana Purchase
C.The Oregon Treaty
D.The annexation of Texas

Answer 24

B.The Louisiana Purchase
(The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $15 million increased the size of the United States by adding 828,000 square miles.)

Question 25

Which of the following is a key component in determining the economic growth of a country?

A.The landmass of the country
B.The per capita national output
C.The amount of natural resources
D.The size of the country’s populations

Answer 25

B.The per capita national output
(Economic growth is directly related to percentage increase in GNP of a country.)

Question 26

Which of the following did Thomas Malthus theorize?

A.An increase in population will stimulate society to increase food production
B.If left unchecked, a population will exhaust its available resources, resulting in naturally occurring checks on the population, such as famine, disease, and war
C.Overpopulation can lead to unsuitable farming practices that may degrade the land
D.Optimum population is achieved when the number of people working with available resources produces the highest economic return, resulting in the highest standard of living

Answer 26

B.If left unchecked, a population will exhaust its available resources, resulting in naturally occurring checks on the population, such as famine, disease, and war
(According to Malthus, if allowed to grow unchecked, a population would outstrip its available resources, resulting in what came to be known as Malthusian catastrophes: naturally occurring checks on population growth such as famine, disease, and war.)

Question 27

Which of the following are the most common geological threats to Mexico?

A.Hurricanes and tsunamis
B.Tornadoes and blizzards
C.Volcanoes and earthquakes
D.Tsunamis and landslides

Answer 27

C.Volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 28

Which of the following is a responsibility of the executive branch?

A.Ratifying proposed amendments to the Constitution
B.Declaring war on countries that threaten national security
C.Signing proposed bills into law
D.Declaring laws that infringe on personal freedoms unconstitutional

Answer 28

C.Signing proposed bills into law
(It is a responsibility of the president to sign bills into law.)

Question 29

Which of the following has occurred as a result of China’s rapid economic growth?

A.China is no longer one of the world’s largest miners of natural resources.
B.China has become the world’s largest exporter of agricultural products.
C.China has become the world’s largest importer of consumer goods.
D.China has become one of the world’s largest emitters of carbon dioxide.

Answer 29

D.China has become one of the world’s largest emitters of carbon dioxide.

Question 30

The destruction of the USS Maine led to the start of which of the following events?

A.Spanish-American War
B.First World War
C.Mexican-American War
D.War of 1812

Answer 30

A.Spanish-American War
(The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana, Cuba, in February 1898 prompted the United States to declare war on Spain, beginning the Spanish-American War.)

Question 31

Which of the following demonstrates one way the government can promote competition?

A.Implementing a tariff on foreign products
B.Enacting and enforcing antitrust legislation
C.Providing tax breaks for consumers
D.Creating a national minimum wage

Answer 31

B.Enacting and enforcing antitrust legislation
(In order to promote competition, the government must ensure that one company does not have an unfair advantage over its competitors.)

Question 32

Which of the following best explains why the expansion of the American colonies was limited under British rule?

A.The Spanish held the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains.
B.Bad weather and poor soil prevented crops from growing south of the colonies.
C.Most of the American colonists were fishermen and lived along the eastern shoreline.
D.The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from migrating west.

Answer 32

D.The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from migrating west.
(The Proclamation of 1763 forbade any settlement by English colonists west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British refused to provide protection to colonists settling in this area.)

Question 33

Which of the following is accurate about the geography of Peru?

A.Its coastal region is comprised of desert.
B.The majority of the country is made up of grasslands.
C.The country has mostly rolling hills and very few mountains.
D.It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and has few water features.

Answer 33

A.Its coastal region is comprised of desert.
(The coast of Peru is comprised of close to 3,000 kilometers of desert.)

Question 34

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Which of the following amendments to the Constitution contains the preceding text?

A.Thirteenth
B.Fourteenth
C.Fifteenth
D.Nineenth

Answer 34

C.Fifteenth

Question 35

Which of the following time zones is located between California and Texas?

A.Mountain
B.Central
C.Eastern
D.Pacific

Answer 35

A.Mountain
(California is located in the Pacific time zone and Texas is in the Central time zone. The Mountain time zone is located between the Pacific and Central time zones.)

Question 36

In which of the following nations did the conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi take place?

A.Rwanda
B.South Africa
C.Ethiopia
D.Uganda

Answer 36

A.Rwanda

Question 37

Which of the following countries have territorial claims in Kashmir?

A.India, Pakistan, and China
B.Pakistan, Afghanistan, and
C.Iran, Iraq, and Russia
D.Russia, China, and India

Answer 37

A.India, Pakistan, and China
(The countries of India, Pakistan, and China are in a triangular conflict in Kashmir because all three countries make territorial claims in Kashmir.)

Question 38

Which of the following best explains how intensive agriculture, poor irrigation practices, and overgrazing have affected the environment?

A.They have contributed to the desertification of areas.
B.They have increased the potential for droughts to occur.
C.They have prevented deforestation from occurring in tropical regions.
D.They have caused carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere to decline.

Answer 38

A.They have contributed to the desertification of areas.
(Human activities that contribute to desertification include the expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation, and overgrazing. These practices place enormous pressure on the land by changing its soil chemistry and hydrology. Overexploited lands suffer from erosion, soil salinization, loss of productivity, and decreased resilience to climatic variations.)

Question 39

Which of the following individuals is most known for his contributions to aviation?

A.Henry Ford
B.Andrew Carnegie
C.Mark Twain
D.Charles Lindbergh

Answer 39

D.Charles Lindbergh
(Charles Lindbergh contributed to aviation by making the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.)

Question 40

Following the Civil War, poll taxes were primarily used in the South to deny access to which of the following?

A.Voting
B.Public education
C.Employment
D.Military service

Answer 40

A.Voting

Question 41

Which of the following is the best example of how humans impact topography?

A.Using technology to predict earthquakes
B.Mapping a local river system
C.Strip-mining an area for minerals
D.Migrating from rural to urban areas

Answer 41

C.Strip-mining an area for minerals
(Strip-mining removes large sections of land from an area. It can remove the tops from mountains, altering their elevation and the way precipitation runoff sculpts the remainder of the landscape.)

Question 42

Which of the following events most contributed to the start of the American Revolution?

A.The British taxing the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War
B.The blockade of the American colonies by the British navy
C.The drafting of the Constitution by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia
D.The commissioning of George Washington as commander of the Continental Army

Answer 42

A.The British taxing the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War
(At the conclusion of the French and Indian War, the British imposed taxes to help pay debts from the war. As a result of these taxes, American colonists began resisting British rule.)

Question 43

Which of the following helped many homesteaders to establish farms on the Great Plains during the 1800s?

A.Windmills to pump water for irrigation
B.Levees to control flooding
C.Steel to construct cities to withstand earthquakes
D.Cars to transport crops to markets

Answer 43

A.Windmills to pump water for irrigation

Question 44

Which of the following best explains the significance of the Suez Canal?

A.It is an important shipping gateway in Europe, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
B.It connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, expediting trade among North America, South America, and Asia.
C.It is an important shipping route, connecting the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico.
D.It connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, expediting trade between Europe and Asia.

Answer 44

D.It connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, expediting trade between Europe and Asia.
(The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, providing the shortest maritime route between Europe and the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.)

Question 45

The following excerpt is from Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.

“Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law…. Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Which of the following court cases did this ruling overturn?

A.Plessy v. Ferguson
B.Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
C.Dred Scott v. Sandford
D.Korematsu v. United States

Answer 45

A.Plessy v. Ferguson
(The Brown v. Board of Education ruling overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, declaring “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional.)

Question 46

In which of the following types of economies does the government have the most control of the country’s resources?

A.Traditional
B.Free market
C.Command
D.Mixed

Answer 46

C.Command
(In a command economy the means of production and resources are owned by the government.)

Question 47

Which of the following describes the compromise over slavery that the delegates agreed upon during the Constitutional Convention?

A.Delegates agreed on how enslaved people would be counted in the census.
B.People in a territory could vote on whether slavery would be permitted.
C.Once a territory became a state, slavery would not be permitted.
D.The government agreed to use federal troops to capture people who had escaped slavery.

Answer 47

A.Delegates agreed on how enslaved people would be counted in the census.
(During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the northern and southern states debated how slaves should be counted when determining a state’s total population. A state’s population determined the number of representatives per state. A compromise was reached where each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. This measure was called the Three-Fifths Compromise.)

Question 48

Which of the following regions is the vast, cold, dry region of eastern Russia?

A.Beringia
B.Siberia
C.The Ural Mountains
D.The Baltic coast

Answer 48

B.Siberia
(Siberia is the vast Russian province encompassing most of Northern Asia with extremely cold winters and low precipitation.)

Question 49

• Was founded by people who escaped religious persecution in England
• Engaged in farming, fishing, and whaling
• Was led by John Winthrop
  Which of the following American colonies does the information describe?

A.Georgia
B.Virginia
C.Massachusetts
D.Pennsylvania

Answer 49

C.Massachusetts
(Led by John Winthrop, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by colonists who were escaping religious persecution in England and whose livelihoods in the new colony primarily consisted of farming, fishing, and whaling.)

Question 50

In which of the following regions is Islam the predominant religion?

A.Northern Africa
B.Western Europe
C.Northern South America
D.Eastern Asia

Answer 50

A.Northern Africa
(A large portion of the population in the northern region of Africa is Muslim.)

Question 51

Which of the following regions has the greatest frequency of tornadoes?

A.The Middle East
B.The east coast of Australia
C.The midwestern United States
D.The Far East

Answer 51

C.The midwestern United States

Question 52

Which of the following elements is contained in the United States Constitution but not in the Articles of Confederation?

A.A process to propose and approve amendments
B.The power for Congress to declare war
C.The establishment of an executive branch
D.A unicameral legislative structure

Answer 52

C.The establishment of an executive branch
(Under the Articles of Confederation, there was no executive branch. There was a president, but he had a primarily ceremonial role in Congress.)

Question 53

Which of the following is correct based on the law of supply?

A.A decrease in the demand for a product will result in an increase in supply.
B.An increase in the demand for one product will lead to a fall in the demand for another.
C.A decrease in the value of a currency will cause the value of another currency to decline.
D.An increase in the price of a product will result in an increase in supply.

Answer 53

D.An increase in the price of a product will result in an increase in supply.
(Based on the law of supply, if the price of a product increases, then it is advantageous for the providers of that product to increase production.)

Question 54

Which of the following countries received its independence from Great Britain in 1947?

A.India
B.Argentina
C.The Philippines
D.Peru

Answer 54

A.India

Question 55

• Boston Tea Party
• Boston Massacre
• Intolerable Acts
  The actions listed contributed to which of the following events?

A.The French and Indian War
B.The American Revolution
C.The Proclamation of 1763
D.The War of 1812

Answer 55

B.The American Revolution

Question 56

Which of the following best describes one result of the introduction of robotics into manufacturing centers?

A.Workers will need to be retrained to perform different jobs.
B.Additional assembly-line workers will be needed to work in automated factories.
C.The price of goods created through automation will increase.
D.Additional management personnel will be needed to make decisions about production levels.

Answer 56

A.Workers will need to be retrained to perform different jobs.
(The introduction of robotics in factories has reduced the need for human laborers, which has resulted in the need to retrain workers to perform different jobs.)

Question 57

An agricultural area experiences a drought and sees a decline in crop production. As a result, the farmers are unable to provide food distributors the amount of products they had promised. Which of the following economic situations does the scenario create?

A.Competition
B.Scarcity
C.Opportunity cost
D.Absolute advantage

Answer 57

B.Scarcity
(Scarcity is a situation in which resources are limited. In this example, the crops are limited because of the drought.)

Question 58

Which of the following accurately compares two ancient civilizations?

A.The Egyptians and Aztecs both practiced monotheistic religions.
B.The Sumerian civilization used cuneiform, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphics.
C.The Phoenicians traded mostly by land routes, and the Chinese traded mostly by sea routes.
D.The Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations lacked reliable sources of water.

Answer 58

B.The Sumerian civilization used cuneiform, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphics.

Question 59

Which of the following actions would be taken by the Federal Reserve?

A.Printing money to introduce into circulation
B.Restricting the buying and selling of stocks on Wall Street
C.Creating a national budget to present to Congress
D.Adjusting interest rates to prevent inflation

Answer 59

D.Adjusting interest rates to prevent inflation
(Adjusting interest rates to limit inflation is a responsibility of the Federal Reserve Bank.)

Question 60

• Held the first Olympics
• Polytheistic
• Practiced direct democracy
  Which of the following ancient civilizations is described in the preceding list?

A.Greece
B.Egypt
C.Rome
D.Chine

Answer 60

A.Greece
(The Greeks developed the Olympics. They also believed in many gods. In addition, they had a form of direct democracy.)

Question 61

The process by which a gas becomes a liquid is called

A.condensation
B.freezing
C.melting
D.reduction

Answer 61

A.condensation

Question 62

Which of the following human organs is responsible for the formation of sperm cells?

A.Pancreas
B.Thyroid
C.Ovary
D.Testis

Answer 62

D.Testis

Question 63

Which of the following best describes the approximate length of time it takes Earth to rotate once about its axis?

A.One hour
B.One day
C.One month
D.One year

Answer 63

B.One day
(On average, it takes 24 hours, or one day, for Earth to rotate once about its axis. The rotation of Earth about its axis leads to the cycle of day and night.)

Question 64

Which THREE of the following are generally acceptable rules for laboratory activities?

A.Students should wash their hands after mixing chemicals in the laboratory.
B.Students should inform the teacher immediately of any accidents or spills in the laboratory.
C.Students should use cracked glassware only when the teacher is in the laboratory.
D.Students should read instructions thoroughly before performing laboratory procedures.

Answer 64

A.Students should wash their hands after mixing chemicals in the laboratory.
B.Students should inform the teacher immediately of any accidents or spills in the laboratory.
D.Students should read instructions thoroughly before performing laboratory procedures.
(To prevent accidental ingestion or absorption of potentially harmful substances, students should wash their hands after working with chemicals. To help maintain a safe environment, accidents and spills in the laboratory should be reported to the teacher immediately so that a correct response can be implemented. To safely and effectively complete laboratory procedures, students should read instructions thoroughly before starting the procedures. Cracked glassware is a safety hazard and should never be used.)

Question 65

Which of the following processes most directly involves the movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface?

A.Infiltration
B.Precipitation
C.Transpiration
D.Sublimination

Answer 65

B.Precipitation
(Precipitation is the process by which atmospheric water falls to Earth’s surface in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Because atmospheric water returns to Earth’s surface primarily through the process of precipitation, it is an important part of the water cycle. Infiltration is the process by which water on Earth’s surface enters the subsurface soil and rock. Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from plant leaves and enters the atmosphere. Sublimation is the process by which a substance transitions directly from the solid phase to the gas phase without going through the liquid phase.)

Question 66

Which of the following is an important function of the digestive system?

A.Absorbing nutrients into the body
B.Transporting signals to and from different parts of the body
C.Providing structural support for the body
D.Protecting the body from ultraviolet radiation

Answer 66

A.Absorbing nutrients into the body
(The digestive system includes organs that break down food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body. The primary location of absorption is the small intestine.)

Question 67

As a rock begins tumbling down a hillside, most of its gravitational potential energy is converted into

A.kinetic energy
B.thermal energy
C.chemical energy
D.nuclear energy

Answer 67

A.kinetic energy
(Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. As the rock begins moving down the hillside under the influence of gravity, most of the rock’s gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.)

Question 68

Which of the following is the best example of an interaction between different biotic factors in an ecosystem?

A.A catepillar undergoing metamorphosis
B.A plant absorbing sunlight
C.A grazing animal eating plants
D.An icicle melting on a warm day

Answer 68

C.A grazing animal eating plants
(A grazing animal eating plants is an example of an interaction between two different biotic factors (an animal and the plants it eats) in an ecosystem. The metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly is an example of a type of insect life cycle. A plant absorbing sunlight is an example of an interaction between a biotic factor (a plant) and an abiotic factor (sunlight). An icicle melting on a warm day is an example of an interaction between two abiotic factors (water and temperature).)

Question 69

A neutral atom becomes a positive ion when it loses one or more

A.electrons
B.neutrons
C.protons
D.nuclei

Answer 69

A.electrons
(Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged. A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons. A neutral atom becomes a positive ion when it loses one or more electrons, resulting in the ion having more positive charges than negative charges.)

Question 70

Which of the following best describes a galaxy?

A.A small celestial body composed of ice
B.A giant planet orbited by ten or more moons
C.A collection of planets revolving around a star
D.A large cluster of stars, dust, and gas

Answer 70

D.A large cluster of stars, dust, and gas
(A galaxy is a system composed of dust, gas, and many stars that is held together by gravitational attraction.)

Question 71

An object is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. What will happen if a constant force is then applied to the object in the same direction in which the object is moving?

A.The object will stop moving.
B.The object will continue moving in the same direction but will slow down.
C.The object will continue moving in the same direction but will speed up.
D.The object will move in the opposite direction but at the same speed as before.

Answer 71

C.The object will continue moving in the same direction but will speed up.

Question 72

Which of the following molecules is a product of cellular respiration and is used for energy transfer in cells?

A.ATP
B.Carbon dioxide
C.Oxygen
D.Water

Answer 72

A.ATP
(ATP is a small molecule that stores and transports chemical energy in cells. Cellular respiration is a multistep process in cells that uses chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP.)

Question 73

Researchers found fossils of marine organisms in rock layers that are located high above sea level. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the researchers’ observations?

A.The fossils were transported to the research site by wind currents.
B.The rock layer in which the fossils were found is igneous rock.
C.The organisms from which the fossils were formed lived less than a hundred years ago.
D.The area containing the rock layers was previously covered by water.

Answer 73

D.The area containing the rock layers was previously covered by water.
(Marine fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in shallow seas or other marine environments. The fossils were formed after the marine organisms died and became buried in sediment on the seafloor. The sediment containing the fossils hardened into rock over many millions of years and became exposed above sea level as a result of geological processes, such as the uplifting of land due to plate tectonic activity.)

Question 74

During a total solar eclipse, the Moon is in which of the following phases?

A.New Moon
B.First-quarter Moon
C.Full Moon
D.Third-quarter Moon

Answer 74

A.New Moon
(A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun. The new Moon phase of the lunar cycle is when 0% of the sunlit portion of the Moon is visible from Earth, which also occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun.)

Question 75

Which of the following is a primary function of plant roots?

A.Transporting seeds away from a plant
B.Anchoring the plant body to the ground
C.Transferring pollen between flowers
D.Absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis

Answer 75

B.Anchoring the plant body to the ground
(Anchoring the plant to the ground is an important function of plant roots. Other important functions of plant roots include absorbing water, storing nutrients, and forming new plants via vegetative reproduction.)

Question 76

Which of the following best describes the type of chemical reaction that occurs when the acid HCl is mixed with the base NaOH in a solution?

A.Combustion
B.Decomposition
C.Neutralization
D.Dehydration

Answer 76

C.Neutralization
(Mixing the acid HCl with the base NaOH results in a neutralization reaction that produces water and the salt NaCl.)

Question 77

Which of the following systems is responsible for the production of hormones?

A.Immune
B.Endocrine
C.Digestive
D.Skeletal

Answer 77

B.Endocrine
(The endocrine system includes glands that produce, store, and secrete hormones, which are carried by the circulatory system to their target tissues.)

Question 78

Which of the following is a method of heat transfer?

A.Nuclear decay
B.Insulation
C.Transpiration
D.Convection

Answer 78

D.Convection
(Convection is the transfer of heat from one area to another by the bulk movement of a liquid or gas. An example of convection is the upward movement of air that has been warmed over a hot surface. Warm air expands, becoming less dense than cold air. As a result, the warm air above a hot surface rises and is replaced by colder air. The upward movement of the warm air transfers heat away from the hot surface.)

Question 79

Which of the following best describes where most earthquakes occur?

A.In the middle of continents
B.Where streams merge with rivers
C.In Earth’s inner core
D.At tectonic plate boundaries

Answer 79

D.At tectonic plate boundaries
(Most earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth’s solid outer layer (the lithosphere). The tectonic plates are resting atop a layer of hot, partially molten rock (the asthenosphere), which allows the plates to move over Earth’s surface over geologic time. The movement of the plates causes the plates to collide with or slide past one another. The sudden release of energy near the edges of two tectonic plates results in an earthquake.)

Question 80

CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g)

The preceding balanced chemical equation represents a reaction between methane (CH4) and oxygen (O2) that produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Based on the balanced chemical equation, how many molecules of oxygen react with each molecule of methane?

A.One
B.Two
C.Three
D.Four

Answer 80

B.Two
(In a chemical reaction between two substances, the atoms of the substances are rearranged to form other substances. In the chemical reaction represented by the equation, atoms in molecules of methane and oxygen are rearranged to form molecules of carbon dioxide and water. Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, the equation has been balanced so that the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms appear on both sides of the reaction arrow. Based on the balanced chemical equation, one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen to produce one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water.)

Question 81

Which of the following biomes has the greatest diversity of species?

A.Cold dessert
B.Temperate grassland
C.Alpine tundra
D.Tropical rain forest

Answer 81

D.Tropical rain forest

Question 82

Which THREE of the following types of household waste are most likely to be accepted by a curbside recycling program?

A.Dry newspaper
B.Clean aluminum cans
C.Rinsed glass jars
D.Food-soiled waxed paper

Answer 82

A.Dry newspaper
B.Clean aluminum cans
C.Rinsed glass jars

Question 83

Which of the following processes in a plant’s life cycle involves the emergence of leaves and roots from a seed?

A.Germination
B.Fertilization
C.Pollination
D.Flowering

Answer 83

A.Germination
(Germination is the development of the first roots and shoots from a seed after a period of dormancy. The process of germination results in a seedling.)

Question 84

On the periodic table, the elements lithium, sodium, and potassium are grouped together in the first column. Based on their locations on the periodic table, which of the following is most likely true about the elements lithium, sodium, and potassium?

A.They have the same atomic number.
B.They have the same atomic mass.
C.They have similar chemical properties.
D.They have similar melting points.

Answer 84

C.They have similar chemical properties.
(Atoms of lithium, sodium, and potassium have one valence electron. As a result of the similarity in their electron configurations, which is reflected in their locations on the periodic table, the three different elements have similar chemical properties. In contrast, they have different atomic numbers, different atomic masses, and different melting points.)

Question 85

An animal is found to have the following characteristics: It has a backbone and soft, moist skin that is covered by a slippery layer of mucus. It goes through complete metamorphosis in its life cycle, and it lives part of its life in water and part of its life on land. To which of the following groups does the animal most likely belong?

A.Amphibians
B.Insects
C.Mammals
D.Reptiles

Answer 85

A.Amphibians

Question 86

In an activity, students filled two identical containers with equal volumes of either freshwater or salt water. The students then placed different objects, one at a time, in the containers and observed whether the objects sank or floated. Which of the following statements best accounts for an observation that the same object sank in the freshwater but floated in the salt water?

A.The freshwater was colder than the salt water.
B.The freshwater weighted more than the salt water.
C.The salt water was denser than the freshwater.
D.The salt water was more transparent than freshwater.

Answer 86

C.The salt water was denser than the freshwater.
(An object will sink in a liquid if its density is greater than that of the liquid, and it will float if its density is less than or equal to that of the liquid. The observation that the same object sank in the freshwater but floated in the salt water is best accounted for by concluding that the salt water is denser than both the object and the freshwater.)

Question 87

Which of the following elements are most abundant in the Sun?

A.Hydrogen and helium
B.Oxygen and carbon
C.Nitrogen and phosphorus
D.Uranium and plutonium

Answer 87

A.Hydrogen and helium
(The composition of the Sun is approximately 99.9% hydrogen and helium.)

Question 88

In plants, the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis is contained in which of the following cell structures?

A.The cell wall
B.The nucleus
C.The mitochondria
D.The chloroplasts

Answer 88

D.The chloroplasts
(Plants are eukaryotes that have membrane-bound organelles. The chloroplast is the organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is the site where photosynthesis occurs.)

Question 89

Which of the following is true about the formation of a covalent bond?

A.A covalent bond forms when electrons are shared between two atoms.
B.A covalent bond forms when one atom donates protons to another atom.
C.A covalent bond forms when two negatively charged atoms become attached to each other.
D.A covalent bond forms when the neutrons of one atom fuse with the neutrons of another atom.

Answer 89

A.A covalent bond forms when electrons are shared between two atoms.

Question 90

Which of the following demonstrations provides the best opportunity for students to gain an understanding of why the Sun appears larger than other stars, even though many stars are actually larger than the Sun?

A.Positioning two lit bulbs of the same size on opposite sides of an observer but at the same distance from the observer
B.Positioning two lit bulbs of the same size at different distances from an observer
C.Positioning a large lit bulb and a small lit bulb at the same distance from an observer
D.Positioning a large lit bulb close to an observer and a small lit bulb far from the same observer

Answer 90

B.Positioning two lit bulbs of the same size at different distances from an observer
(The bulb positioned closer to the observer will appear larger than the bulb positioned farther away, even though the two bulbs are the same size. Similarly, of two stars that are approximately the same size and temperature, the star that is closer to Earth will appear to be the larger star.)

Question 91

Bread molds belong to which of the following groups of organisms?

A.Bacteria
B.Animalia
C.Plantae
D.Fungi

Answer 91

D.Fungi

Question 92

A teacher rubs an inflated balloon with a wool cloth and then holds the balloon over bits of paper that are lying on a table. The students in the class watch as the bits of paper rise from the table toward the balloon. Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the observed interaction between the balloon and the bits of paper?

A.The balloon contains helium.
B.The balloon is unaffected by gravity.
C.The balloon has an electrostatic charge.
D.The balloon weighs more than the bits of paper do.

Answer 92

C.The balloon has an electrostatic charge.
(The attraction of the bits of paper to the balloon is best explained by the hypothesis that the balloon has an electrostatic charge. Rubbing the balloon with a wool cloth transferred electrons from the wool to the balloon, resulting in an electrostatic charge on the balloon’s surface. Holding the charged balloon over the bits of paper induced a rearrangement of charges within the paper, resulting in positively charged areas in the bits of paper that caused them to be attracted to the negatively charged balloon.)

Question 93

Two black mice have a litter that contains some black offspring and some brown offspring. In mice, black fur is dominant to brown fur. Which of the following best explains the presence of the brown offspring?

A.One parent was homozygous for black fur (BB), and one was heterozygous for black fur (Bb).
B.Both parents were heterozygous for black fur (Bb).
C.Both parents were homozygous for brown fur Both parents were homozygous for brown fur (bb).
D.Both parents were homozygous for black fur (BB).

Answer 93

B.Both parents were heterozygous for black fur (Bb).
(Both parents must have been heterozygous for black fur (Bb) because the brown offspring (bb) must have inherited a recessive allele (b) from each parent.)

Question 94

Which of the following factors best accounts for the seasonal changes in weather conditions that occur at a particular location on Earth?

A.The Moon’s gravitational pull
B.Tilt of Earth’s rotational axis
C.Proximity to large bodies of water
D.Distortion of Earth’s magnetic field

Answer 94

B.Tilt of Earth’s rotational axis
(Seasonal changes in weather conditions are largely due to the tilt of Earth’s rotational axis. As Earth revolves around the Sun, the tilt of Earth’s axis results in the Northern Hemisphere being tilted toward the Sun for one part of the year and away from the Sun for another part of the year. When tilted toward the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere receives more direct sunlight, leading to generally warmer weather conditions. When tilted away from the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere receives less direct sunlight, leading to generally cooler weather conditions. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere experiences generally cooler weather during the same part of the year that the Northern Hemisphere experiences generally warmer weather.)

Question 95

In an investigation of the rusting process, students soaked a sample of steel wool in vinegar for approximately one minute. After removing the steel wool from the vinegar, the students squeezed it and blotted it with a paper towel. The students then wrapped the steel wool around the bulb of a thermometer and placed the steel wool and thermometer together in a covered beaker to allow the rusting process to occur. The students observed that the temperature reading of the thermometer gradually increased. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the students’ observation?

A.A reaction occurred in which energy was created.
B.A reaction occurred in which energy was destroyed.
C.A reaction occurred in which energy was released.
D.No reaction occurred.

Answer 95

C.A reaction occurred in which energy was released.
(The observed temperature increase best supports the conclusion that energy was released into the surroundings. Soaking the steel wool in vinegar removed a protective coating on the steel wool, resulting in the exposure of iron in the steel wool to oxygen in the air. The reaction of iron with oxygen in the presence of water produces rust, which is a process that releases energy in the form of heat.)

Question 96

In which of the following ways can a tree-fall gap result in increased species diversity in a mature forest community?

A.By reducing the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere
B.By increasing competition between birds for limited resources
C.By creating a barrier to the dispersal of seeds produced by mature trees
D.By providing a habitat in which shade-intolerant plants can grow

Answer 96

D.By providing a habitat in which shade-intolerant plants can grow
(When a tree falls in a forest, a gap in the forest canopy is created, allowing more sunlight to reach the forest floor. Plant species that prefer sunny spots can colonize the area until trees regrow and create a full canopy.)

Question 97

Which of the following statements best describes how the individual molecules in water vapor are different from those in liquid water?

A.They weight less.
B.They are farther apart.
C.They are composed of different elements.
D.They interact more strongly with one another.

Answer 97

B.They are farther apart.
(Water vapor is the gaseous phase of water. The average distance between water molecules is greater when water is in the gaseous phase than when it is in the liquid phase. Because water molecules are always composed of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom, the average mass of a water molecule does not change as a result of a phase change. The attractive forces between water molecules are weaker in the gaseous phase than they are in the liquid phase.)

Question 98

Researchers are measuring surface salinity in different areas of an ocean. In which of the following areas will the researchers most likely find the highest surface salinity?

A.An area in which cooler temperatures are causing heavy rainfall
B.An area in which warmer temperatures are causing icebergs to melt
C.An area in which river flow is causing a mixing of freshwater with seawater
D.An area in which warm, dry winds are causing a high rate of evaporation

Answer 98

D.An area in which warm, dry winds are causing a high rate of evaporation
(Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in water. Processes that increase the concentration of dissolved salts in water lead to increased salinity. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas. Water evaporating from an ocean surface enters the atmosphere but leaves behind dissolved salts, resulting in an increase in the surface salinity in that area of the ocean. Heavy rainfall, the melting of icebergs, and inflow from a river are processes that add freshwater to the ocean, causing the surface salinity in those areas of the ocean to decrease.)

Question 99

The scientific name for a domestic cat is Felis catus. Which of the following classification levels is indicated by the first part of the scientific name?

A.Order
B.Genus
C.Family
D.Kingdom

Answer 99

B.Genus
(In binomial nomenclature, the first term refers to the genus, and the genus and specific epithet together define the species. Felis is the name of the genus that includes some small and medium cat species, including the domestic cat, Felis catus.)

Question 100

Which of the following most likely accounts for structural and functional differences between the skin cells, smooth muscle cells, and liver cells of the same person?

A.Differences in the genetic code
B.Differences in chromosome number
C.Differences in gene expression
D.Differentces in mutation rates

Answer 100

C.Differences in gene expression
(Structural and functional differences between the body cells of a person are best accounted for by differences in gene expression. Because they originated from a single fertilized egg, the body cells of a person contain the same genetic information. However, some genes are expressed only in certain types of cells, such as skin cells, but not in other types of cells, such as smooth muscle cells or liver cells. The expression of different sets of genes results in the production of different sets of proteins in different cells, leading to structural and functional differences between the cells.)

Question 101

In a demonstration of the Doppler effect, an observer who is standing still will most likely hear a sound’s pitch increase when the source of the sound does which of the following?

A.Remains motionless
B.Moves toward the observer
C.Moves away from the observer
D.Revolves in a circle around the observer

Answer 101

B.Moves toward the observer
(An observer who is standing still will most likely hear a sound’s pitch increase when the source of the sound moves toward the observer. As the source of the sound moves toward the observer, each successive sound wave starts at a point closer to the observer, resulting in the sound waves reaching the observer with increasing frequency. Because the frequency of the sound waves increases, the observer perceives an increase in the sound’s pitch.)

Question 102

In which of the following types of power plants would the normal generation of electricity most likely produce the least amount of carbon dioxide gas?

A.Nuclear-fueled
B.Coal-fueled
C.Natural gas-fueled
D.Oil-fueled

Answer 102

A.Nuclear-fueled
(Under normal operation, nuclear power plants release only water vapor from cooling towers. In contrast, the other types of power plants rely on the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, which results in the release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide gas.)

Question 103

Which of the following typically increases with increasing depth in the open ocean?

A.Biomass
B.Sunlight
C.Temperature
D.Pressure

Answer 103

D.Pressure
(Pressure increases with ocean depth. As ocean depth increases, the weight of water above that is pushing down on the water below increases. Biomass, sunlight, and temperature typically decrease as ocean depth increases.)

Question 104

Which of the following phenomena best accounts for an observation that an object underwater appears to be closer to the water’s surface than it really is?

A.The bouncing of light off a smooth, shiny surface
B.The warming of water by the absorption of energy from light
C.The casting of a shadow by an object through which light cannot pass
D.The bending of light as it passes from one substance to another

Answer 104

D.The bending of light as it passes from one substance to another
(Light waves travel through different substances at different speeds. When light waves pass from one substance to another, their path changes (or bends) as a result of a change in speed. When light waves that have bounced off an object underwater pass from water to air, the change in the path of the light waves makes the object appear closer to the water’s surface than it really is.)

Question 105

In an activity, students create models of landscapes by cutting two-liter plastic bottles in half lengthwise and filling them with different combinations of soil, sand, pebbles, and small plants. After positioning the models at an angle, the students pour equal amounts of water onto each model’s raised end and collect the runoff in beakers placed under each model’s lower end. The students then determine the dry mass of the sediment contained in the runoff from each model. Which of the following scientific questions can the students investigate most directly in the activity described?

A.How can growing plants break apart rocks?
B.Do earthworms improve soil fertility?
C.What are some factors that affect erosion?
D.Does temperature affect weathering rates?

Answer 105

C.What are some factors that affect erosion?
(In the activity, the students are simulating the flow of water down a hillside. Erosion is the movement of soil and rock particles by water, wind, or other natural agents. The sediment contained in the runoff from each model is the result of erosion. By determining the dry mass of the sediment collected in the runoff from each model and then comparing their results, the students can investigate how the different combinations of soil, sand, pebbles, and small plants affect erosion by water.)

Question 106

Which of the following identifies the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population of organisms?

A.Nonfatal injuries to some members of the population
B.Predators that catch and eat some members of the population
C.Changes in the DNA of some members of the population
D.Seasonal weather changes in the area where the population is found

Answer 106

C.Changes in the DNA of some members of the population
(Genetic variation results from random changes in genetic information. The genetic information of an organism is encoded in its DNA, and heritable changes in the base pair sequences of DNA are called mutations. Organisms in a population pass some mutations on to their offspring, and over multiple generations the accumulation of different mutations leads to greater genetic variation in the population.)

Question 107

Which of the following scientists did pioneering research on the properties of radioactive elements?

A.Issac Newton
B.Marie Curie
C.Nicolaus Copernicus
D.Charles Darwin

Answer 107

B.Marie Curie
(Marie and Pierre Curie are credited with the discovery of the radioactive elements polonium and radium. Marie Curie also investigated the properties of radioactive elements and their compounds.)

Question 108

Which of the following conditions is required for the rapid replenishment of an aquifer?

A.Permeable soil
B.Steeply sloped land
C.Direct sunlight
D.High atmospheric pressure

Answer 108

A.Permeable soil
(Aquifers are underground layers of porous rock that hold groundwater. Water removed from an aquifer can be replenished naturally by the infiltration of precipitation into the ground, a process that occurs rapidly when the subsurface soil is permeable.)

Question 109

Which THREE of the following statements about DNA are true?

A.DNA is a major source of cellular energy.
B.DNA stores and transmits genetic information.
C.DNA molecules have a double helix structure.
D.DNA is found in animal cells but not bacterial cells.
E.DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes.

Answer 109

B.DNA stores and transmits genetic information.
C.DNA molecules have a double helix structure.
E.DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes.
(Genetic information is stored in DNA in the form of different base pair sequences, and transmission of genetic information occurs when DNA is replicated and transferred from one cell or organism to another. DNA molecules have two complementary strands of nucleotides that form a double helix. In eukaryotic cells, long DNA molecules are coiled around histone proteins into structures called chromosomes, which at certain times during the cell cycle become condensed into more compact structures that in some cases can be observed under a light microscope. DNA is not typically used by cells as a source of energy. All organisms, including animals and bacteria, store genetic information as DNA inside their cells.)

Question 110

In which of the following layers of Earth’s atmosphere does most weather occur?

A.The troposphere, the layer closest to Earth’s surface
B.The stratosphere, the layer just above the troposphere
C.The mesosphere, the layer just above the stratosphere
D.The exosphere, the layer farthest from Earth’s surface

Answer 110

A.The troposphere, the layer closest to Earth’s surface
(Most weather in Earth’s atmosphere occurs in the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and contains approximately 75% of the mass of the atmosphere.)

Question 111

Which TWO of the following examples illustrate the application of genetic engineering in agriculture?

A.Scientists compared the cadmium concentrations of the grain produced by durum wheat grown in one of two different types of soil.
B.Scientists found that expression of a certain basil-plant gene in ripening tomatoes changes the flavor and aroma of the tomatoes.
C.Scientists investigated the amount of provitamin A that is produced and stored by certain naturally occurring strains of sweet potatoes.
D.Scientists developed a strain of corn with increased resistance to certain insects by inserting a bacterial gene into the corn’s genome.

Answer 111

B.Scientists found that expression of a certain basil-plant gene in ripening tomatoes changes the flavor and aroma of the tomatoes.
D.Scientists developed a strain of corn with increased resistance to certain insects by inserting a bacterial gene into the corn’s genome.
(Genetic engineering is the targeted modification of an organism’s genetic information. Modifying the genetic information of tomato plants by inserting a basil-plant gene and modifying the genetic information of corn by inserting a bacterial gene are examples of genetic engineering.)

Question 112

As part of a unit on plate tectonics, students use various materials to construct physical models of Earth’s layered structure. The students will use the models to explore how the separate plates of the lithosphere, Earth’s solid outer layer, move over the asthenosphere, the partially molten upper portion of Earth’s mantle, over geologic time. Based on the description provided, which of the following materials would best represent the asthenosphere?

A.Paper that is thin, delicate, and easily punctured
B.A solid wood block that has a rough and uneven surface
C.Soft wax that can bend or stretch without breaking
D.A piece of stainless steel that is rigid and impermeable

Answer 112

C.Soft wax that can bend or stretch without breaking
(The asthenosphere is a hot, malleable layer of rock immediately beneath the lithosphere. Compared with the lithosphere, the asthenosphere has a weaker mechanical strength that allows the rigid crustal plates above it to move across Earth’s surface over long periods of time. Of the materials described, the soft wax would best represent the asthenosphere because of its malleability.)