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Praxis II Science > Praxis 5005 science > Flashcards

Praxis 5005 science Flashcards

1
Q

what is the earths only natural satelite?

A

the moon

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2
Q

what are earth’s months based on?

A

moons rotation around the earth

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3
Q

what do fossils give us?

A

a record of how life on earth has changed over time

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4
Q

what don’t fossils give us complete evolution?

A

because not all organisms get preserved and not all fossils are found

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5
Q

How were the Hawaiian Islands formed?

A

stationary hot spots that came from the outer core

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6
Q

how did one hot spot in hawaii form all the islands?

A

the pacific tectonic plate moved over the course of thousands of years therefore creating multiple islands

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7
Q

what are gametes?

A

sperm and egg cells

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8
Q

what are zygotes?

A

fertilized eggs

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9
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

when you have 23 chromosomes (n)

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10
Q

what are diploid cells?

A

when you have 46 chromosomes (2n)

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11
Q

What are earth’s compositional layers?

A

Crust/Lithosphere, mantle, core

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12
Q

crust (compositional layer)

A

Outermost solid layer and made

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13
Q

What material is in the Mantle (compositional layer)?

A

not liquid, composed of aluminum, silicates, & plastic

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14
Q

Lithosphere (mechanical layer)

A

outer most, rigid, earth’s crust

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15
Q

What material is in the Asthenosphere (mechanical layer)?

A

not a liquid, soft plastic

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16
Q

What material is in the Mesosphere (mechanical layer)?

A

material flows but at a slower rate, stiff plastic

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17
Q

What material is in the outer core (mechanical layer)?

A

layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer of earth that is a true liquid

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18
Q

What does the Hydrosphere contain? (Earth’s Spheres)

A

all water on earth in liquid form (lakes, rivers, oceans)

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19
Q

What does the biosphere contain? (earth’s sphere)

A

all ecosystems and living organisms

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20
Q

What does the cryosphere contain? (earth’s sphere)

A

masses of frozen water (frozen lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers)

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21
Q

What are Earth’s Spheres?

A

lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere

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22
Q

What is in the atmosphere (earth’s sphere)?

A

gasses that surround the planet

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23
Q

What gasses surround the planet?

A

nitrogen: 78%, oxygen: 21%, argon: 0.09%, helium: small traces, neon: small traces

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24
Q

What are the compositional layers?

A

crust, mantle, core

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25
Q

What are the mechanical layers?

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

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26
Q

What are Earth’s atmosphere?

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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27
Q

What occurs in the Troposphere?

A

most weather occurs here, 0-12 km

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28
Q

What occurs in the stratosphere? What does it absorb?

A

ozone layer, 12-50 km, absorbs 97-99% of suns ultraviolent light

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29
Q

How many km is the mesosphere?

A

50-80 km

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30
Q

How many km is the thermosphere?

A

80-700 km

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31
Q

How many km is the exosphere?

A

700-1000 km

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32
Q

what processes happen in the lithosphere?

A

geographic landscapes are formations made by rocks

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33
Q

What are the formations in the lithosphere?

A

mountains, volcanoes, canyons

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34
Q

how are mountains formed?

A

formed from the tectonic plates smashing together

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35
Q

How are volcanoes formed?

A

formed when magma from the earth’s upper mantle erupts through the surface

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36
Q

How are canyons formed?

A

formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements in rivers and by tectonic plate activity

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37
Q

what causes earthquakes?

A

by plates rubbing against each other in an opposite motion which causes rocks underground to break along the fault therefore this causes energy to be released causing seismic waves

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38
Q

what are the magnitude ratings?

A

3-4.9= minor or light, 5-6.9= moderate to strong, 7-7.9= major, 8 or more= great

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39
Q

what are the types of seismic waves?

A

primary (p waves), secondary (s waves), surface

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40
Q

what are primary waves (p waves)?

A

fastest waves ( 3 miles per second), can travel through solid, liquid, gases

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41
Q

what are secondary waves (s waves)?

A

travel through earth’s interior at half the speed of p waves (1.5 miles per second), can travel through rock but not liquid or gas

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42
Q

what are surface waves?

A

move along earth’s surface, slowest waves

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43
Q

what are tsunamis?

A

giant waves cause by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea

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44
Q

what happens when tsunamis travel inland?

A

they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases

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45
Q

what does tsunamis speed depend on?

A

ocean depth

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46
Q

what is plate tectonic theory?

A

earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core

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47
Q

what does plate tectonic theory do?

A

the plates move and separate causing earth to separate and change

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48
Q

what are the types of plate tectonics?

A

divergent, convergent, and subduction

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49
Q

what does divergent mean?

A

to pull apart

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50
Q

what does convergent mean?

A

they come together

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51
Q

what does subduction mean?

A

sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate

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52
Q

what is soil?

A

mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids that support life on earth

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53
Q

what are layers of soil in order?

A

topsoil, subsoil, bedrock

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54
Q

what is the water cycle?

A

the continuous circulation of water throughout earth and earth’s atmosphere

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55
Q

what is another name for the water cycle?

A

hydrologic cycle

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56
Q

what are the main stages of the water cycle?

A

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration

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57
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface (rain & snow)

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58
Q

what is evaporation?

A

when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water vapor)

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59
Q

what is condensation?

A

gas (water vapor) turns back into a liquid, water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds

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60
Q

What is transpiration?

A

plants suck water from the roots into the small pores in leaves which releases gas (water vapor) the atmosphere

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61
Q

how old in earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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62
Q

what is an eon?

A

a very long period of time

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63
Q

When was the Hadean Eon formed?

A

4.5 billion

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64
Q

What were the temperatures and activities that formed in the Hadean Eon?

A

temperatures were extremely hot and volcanic activity

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65
Q

What kind of life was in the Hadean Eon?

A

no life

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66
Q

What was the Hadean Eon formed by?

A

formed by debris around the solar protoplanetary disk

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67
Q

what key feature formed in the Hadean Eon?

A

the moon

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68
Q

When was the Archean Eon formed?

A

2.5 billion

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69
Q

What kind of life was formed in the Archean Eon?

A

prokaryote and other first forms of life

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70
Q

What was the atmosphere composed of in the Archean Eon?

A

volcanic and greenhouse gasses

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71
Q

When was the Proterozoic Eon formed?

A

541 billion

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72
Q

What kinds of life were formed in the Proterozoic Eon?

A

eukaryote, multicellular organisms, bacteria began producing oxygen, plants, animals, early fungi formed

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73
Q

What did the Proterozoic Eon do for earth’s atmosphere?

A

shaped the third & current of earth’s atmosphere

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74
Q

What kinds of life formed in the Phanerozoic Eon?

A

complex life including vertebrates begin to dominate the ocean, familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi, animals including humans evolve at the most recent phase

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75
Q

When was the Phanerozoic Eon formed?

A

541 million- present

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76
Q

what are rocks?

A

naturally occurring solid mass or aggerate of minerals or mineraloid matter

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77
Q

how are rocks categorized?

A

by minerals they include, chemical composition, and formation (origin)

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78
Q

what are the 3 categories of rocks?

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

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79
Q

what are igneous rocks made of?

A

lava & magma

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80
Q

what do igneous rocks look like?

A

glassy, smooth, gas, bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals

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81
Q

what are examples of igneous rocks?

A

granite, pumice, obsidian

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82
Q

what are metamorphic rocks made of?

A

heat pressure

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83
Q

what do metamorphic rocks look like?

A

sparkly, crystals, ribbon like layers

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84
Q

what are examples of metamorphic rock?

A

marble, slate, gneiss

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85
Q

what do sedimentary rocks look like?

A

sand grains, visible pebbles fossils may be visible

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86
Q

what are sedimentary rocks made of?

A

deposition, cementation

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87
Q

what are examples of sedimentary rocks?

A

conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale

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88
Q

characteristics of Earth:

A

third planet from the sun, densest planet, largest of the four terrestrial, only known object to harbor life

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89
Q

What does earth’s tilt cause?

A

seasons

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90
Q

the _____ is the star at the center of the solar system and is earth’s most important source of energy for life

A

sun

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91
Q

what is the solar system?

A

planetary system that orbits the sun, which includes 8 planets and their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, & particles of smaller debris

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92
Q

what other planet is similar to earth in size, density, and mass?

A

Venus

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93
Q

what other planet is like earth in terms of rotation and tilt on it’s axis?

A

mars

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94
Q

What is the order of the planets from the sun?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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95
Q

how do you remember the order of the planets?

A

My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles

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96
Q

what are comets?

A

chunks of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system

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97
Q

what are asteriods?

A

chunks of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter

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98
Q

What are meteorites?

A

small asteriods

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99
Q

what is light year?

A

a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels

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100
Q

If something is 4 light years away from earth how long will it take to be visible from earth?

A

4 years

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101
Q

what is speed of light?

A

300,000 km/s

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102
Q

what does earth’s tilt cause?

A

the seasons

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103
Q

what happens when earth is tilted towards the sun?

A

it is warmer (summer)

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104
Q

what happens when earth is tilted away from the sun?

A

it is colder (winter)

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105
Q

characteristics of the fall & autumn equinox?

A

12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & september 23

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106
Q

characteristics of summer solstice

A

maximum tilt towards the sun causing the longest period of daylight & june 22

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107
Q

characteristics of the spring vernal equinox

A

12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & march 21

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108
Q

characteristics of winter solstice

A

north pole is tilted furthest away from the sun causing the shortest period of daylight & december 21

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109
Q

what marked the emergence of modern science and the heliocentric model regarding the universe?

A

scientific revolution

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110
Q

what theory was believed before the heliocentric theory?

A

geocentric theory

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111
Q

what is the geocentric theory?

A

that earth sat stationary at the center of the universe

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112
Q

what is the heliocentric theory and who introduced it?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus & the sun was at the center of the universe and earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun

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113
Q

what does the moon do?

A

affects the tides

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114
Q

what does a waxing moon look like?

A

illuminated on the right side

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115
Q

what does a waning moon look like?

A

illuminated on the left side

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116
Q

what are stars?

A

luminous balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, held together by its own gravity

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117
Q

what do star colors rely on?

A

temperature

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118
Q

what is the color of a hotter star?

A

blue

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119
Q

what is the color of a cooler star?

A

red

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120
Q

what are the types of stars?

A

O, B, A, F, G, K, M

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121
Q

what is the color and temperature of a O star?

A

blue, 25,000 kelvin

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122
Q

what is the color and temperature of a B star?

A

blue, 11,000-20,000 kelvin

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123
Q

what is the color and temperature of a A star?

A

blue, 7,500-11,000 kelvin

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124
Q

what is the color and temperature of a F star?

A

blue to white, 6,000-7,500 kelvin

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125
Q

what is the color and temperature of a G star?

A

white to yellow, 5,000-6,000 kelvin

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126
Q

what is the color and temperature of a K star?

A

orange to red, 3,500-5,000 kelvin

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127
Q

what is the color and temperature of a M star?

A

red, under 3,500 kelvin

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128
Q

What is a lunar eclipse?

A

the earth comes first created a shadow on the moon called the umbra

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129
Q

What is a solar eclipse?

A

the moon comes first

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130
Q

what is the space race?

A

when the US was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon & began in 1957 when Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite & then the US committed to getting to the moon before Russia

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131
Q

what are earth’s patterns?

A

spins on its axis & makes one full revolution on its axis every 24 hours & revolves around the sun & 365 days to make one full revolution around the sun

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132
Q

what are earth’s cycles?

A

these cause day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycle

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133
Q

what are earth’s changes?

A

some changes happen quick some happen slow & -ex: north american and european tectonic plates are separated by the mid-Atlantic ridge, the two continents are moving away from each other at about 1 inch per year

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134
Q

what are earth’s magnetic poles?

A

magnetic fields that extend from its interior to outer space

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135
Q

what is calibrated by the magnetic poles?

A

compass

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136
Q

What does the magnetic field do?

A

morph, push, and pull at one another

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137
Q

magnetic poles on earth

A

magnetic field S pole is earth’s geographic north pole & magnetic field N pole is earth’s geographic south pole

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138
Q

what is the continental drift?

A

earth’s continents were once one big land mass that separated or drifted apart over time because of tectonic plates

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139
Q

what is the big landmass in the continental drift called?

A

Pangea

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140
Q

Who proposed continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener in 1912

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141
Q

the practice of science should be outline in these skills (VERY IMPORTANT):

A

asking questions and defining problems developing and using models & analyzing and interpreting data & using math and comcuptational thinking & constructing explainations and designing solutions & obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

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142
Q

what does science is inquiry based?

A

students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying

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143
Q

what is an example of inquiry based?

A

ex: stuyding living organisms & students need to observe living organisms and have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact

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144
Q

what are living things?

A

have physical entities and biological processes such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis

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145
Q

what three components make up cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of cells & all cells come from pre-exisiting cells & cell is the smallest unit of life

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146
Q

what is the organization of life?

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

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147
Q

what are the six different kingdoms?

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

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148
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organism

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149
Q

what is a eukaryote?

A

multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane based organelles

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150
Q

what does DNA do in the prokaryote cell?

A

floats freely throughout the cell

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151
Q

what two domains are prokaryote cells divided into?

A

archaea and bacteria

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152
Q

what are organelles?

A

the structure within the cell membrane or cell wall

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153
Q

what are the main structure of the organelles?

A

cellular membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm

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154
Q

what is cellular membrane?

A

fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell, in plant cell this is a cell wall and its rigid

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155
Q

what is nucleus?

A

command center of the cell, it controls the rest of the cell

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156
Q

what does DNA do in a eukaryote cell?

A

lives in the nucleus

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157
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

powerhouse of the cell

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158
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

water like substance in the cell

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159
Q

what kind of cell are bacteria and virus?

A

prokaryote

160
Q

what kind of cell are animals and plants?

A

eukaryote

161
Q

What process do animal cells go through?

A

cellular respiration, which is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates which makes energy in the form of ATP and removing waste

162
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)

163
Q

what process do plant cells go through?

A

photosynthesis which is the process of making their own food by using carbon dioxide, sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates

164
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight —–> glucose (sugar) + oxygen

165
Q

what happens to the waste of animal cells?

A

it becomes nutrients plants use to go through photosythesis

166
Q

what happens to the waste of plant cells?

A

it becomes nutrients for animals to use to go through cellular respiration

167
Q

what kind of relationship do plants and animals have?

A

symbiotic relationship

168
Q

plants have:

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, phtosythesis

169
Q

animals have:

A

plasma membrane, no chloroplasts, cellular respiration

170
Q

what are the 2 types of reproduction?

A

sexual and asexual

171
Q

characteristics of sexual reproduction

A

2 parents, ech contribute a gamete (sex cells), male gamete: sperm, female gamete: ova (egg), occurs in both plants and animals

172
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction:

A
  • involves 1 parent
173
Q

what are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A

binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

174
Q

what is binary fission?

A

single parent cell doubles its DNA then divides into 2 cells, usually occurs in bacteria

175
Q

what is budding?

A

small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood, usually occurs in yeast & some animals

176
Q

what is fragmentation?

A

piece of the organism breaks off and those pieces develop into new organism

177
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

when an embryo develops on unfertilized cell, this occurs in invertebrates as well as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles

178
Q

what are the benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual?

A

sexual offspring’s are genetically different, genetic diversity has more advantages because it allows populations to adapt and evolve

179
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase (not an actually phases but very important) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

180
Q

what is interphase?

A

cell prepares for division, it pumps and replicates its DNA within the nucleus & DNA is uncoiled which is call chromatin & organelles double (structures within the cell membrane)

181
Q

what is prophase?

A

DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient & the nuclear membrane dissolves -the microtubes or spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

182
Q

what is metaphase?

A

chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell & the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

183
Q

what is anaphase?

A

spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes & bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting

184
Q

what is telophase?

A

with chromosomes at either side of the cell & two new cells pinch off forming two identical sister cells of the original cell

185
Q

what else happens in telophase?

A

cytokinesis: when cell separate into two new cells during the final stage of mitosis

186
Q

In sexual reproduction what happens during meiosis?

A

two step process that reduces the chromosome number by half, from 46 to 23 to form sperm and egg cells & -the sperm and egg cell each contribute 23 so the embryo will have 46

187
Q

what is another name for down syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

188
Q

What causes down syndrome?

A

during cell division when the chromosomes spilt they did not spilt evenly

189
Q

what does down syndrome mean for the cells in the body?

A

that each cell in the body has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 copies

190
Q

what is DNA?

A

hereditary material in living organisms

191
Q

what are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

192
Q

What are the pairs of nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

Adenine Thymine & Cytosine Guanine

193
Q

what are amino acids?

A

organic compounds that combine to form proteins

194
Q

what do these chains of amino acid do?

A

make protein that makes cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

195
Q

what is the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA unzips & free flowing nucleotides ( AT, GC) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA & two identical DNA strands are the result

196
Q

what acts as instructions to make molecules called proteins?

A

Genes

197
Q

how many copies of genes does each person get and where does it come from?

A

the each get two genes and 1 inherited from each parent

198
Q

what are alleles?

A

forms of the same gene with slight difference in the sequence of DNA bases

199
Q

what is dominance?

A

when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele

200
Q

what is an example of dominance?

A

brown eye color is dominat over blue eyes, for a person to have blue eyes they must have both recessive alleles

201
Q

who is the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

202
Q

What did Gregor Mendel discover and how?

A

coined the terms dominant and recessive traits through the experiment of pea plants

203
Q

Who discovered chromosome theory and what is it?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan & the idea that genes are located on chromosomes

204
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

process of transformation from immature form to be an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages

205
Q

what are the two types of metamorphosis?

A

complete and incomplete

206
Q

what is complete metamorphosis?

A

when insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago & ex: caterpillar to butterfly

207
Q

what is incomplete metamorphosis?

A

insect hatches from the egg and then goes through several nymphal stages & ex: grasshopper gradually gets bigger but doesn’t change into something else

208
Q

What is evolution?

A

types of changes that happen over thousands of years

209
Q

what is important to note about evolution?

A

organisms do not evolve, populations evolve through genetic mutations over lengthy periods of time

210
Q

What is adaptation?

A

distribution of traits in a population that is matched to and can change with environment conditions

211
Q

what is an example of adaptation?

A

frog inherited genetic variations that result in camouflage, allowing the frog to survive and reproduce

212
Q

what is natural selection?

A

traits passed down by offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species

213
Q

Who developed natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

214
Q

how do adaptation and natural selection play a role together?

A

the adaptations allow for genetic variations to give some members advantages in environment, but this genetic variation is often random which will lead to natural selection (survival of the fittest)

215
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes in DNA caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors

216
Q

what is the behavior of individual organisms influenced by?

A

internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) & external cues (changes in environment)

217
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment

218
Q

what is an example of homeostasis?

A

no matter how hot or cold it is outside the human body is able to maintain a temperature of 98.6

219
Q

what are the types of organisms?

A

cold and warm blooded

220
Q

What does cold-blooded mean?

A

body temperature varies with that of the environment

221
Q

What does warm blooded mean?

A

maintain body temperature regardless of environment

222
Q

what are some examples of cold blooded?

A

amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects

223
Q

what are some examples of warm blooded?

A

mammals, birds

224
Q

What does vertebrate mean ?

A

has a back bone

225
Q

What does invertebrate mean?

A

doesn’t have a back bone

226
Q

which kingdom do both vertebrate and invertebrate come from?

A

Animalia

227
Q

what does a open circulatory system do?

A

blood is pumped into the body cavity and not enclosed in blood vessels

228
Q

What does a closed circulatory system do?

A

blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels

229
Q

what animal types belong in open circulatory system?

A

most invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, most mollusks

230
Q

what animal types belong in closed circulatory system?

A

most vertebrates, mammals, reptiles, fish, birds

231
Q

what does the circulatory and respiratory system do?

A

is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, and other gasses, and hormones to and from cells

232
Q

what does a circulatory and respiratory system consists of?

A

heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pilmonary), arties, veins, coronary and portal vessels

233
Q

what does a digestive and excretory system do?

A

responsible for taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use to fuel and responsible for removing the waste left over after food is processed

234
Q

what does a digestive and excretory system consists of?

A

gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), bladder, colon, kidneys (filter the blood)

235
Q

what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system do?

A

master control system

236
Q

what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system consists of?

A

brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, spinal cord, neurons, hormones

237
Q

Who created the first classification of living things and what is it called?

A

Carl Linnaeus & Systema Naturae

238
Q

what is the order of the classification of living things?

A

domains: archaea, eubacteria, eukaryote kingdom: plantae, Animalia, fungi, protists, eubacteria (monera), archaebacteria phylum class order family genus species

239
Q

what are the functional level of species?

A

species, populations, communities, ecosystems

240
Q

what is species?

A

group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups & ex: polar bear is a hypercarnivores bear whose native range lies largely within the artic circle

241
Q

what is populations?

A

compromises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time which can evolve over time because of genetic variation & ex: population includes all the polar bears in artic circle, polar bear species can reflect genetic variance

242
Q

what is communities?

A

all populations in a specific area or region at a certain time, there are many interactions among species in a community (food webs)

243
Q

what are ecosystems?

A

dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment & ex: artic ecosystem is made up of water/ice, the animals, and the atmosphere in that area

244
Q

what are producers?

A

produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water

245
Q

what are consumers?

A

eat their food

246
Q

what are the four consumer groups?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

247
Q

what are primary?

A

herbivores who eat plants such as bunnies

248
Q

what are secondary?

A

eat primary consumers such as snakes

249
Q

what are tertiary?

A

eat secondary consumers such as birds

250
Q

what are quaternary?

A

eat tertiary consumers, usually carnivores such as hawks, this is where the food chain ends

251
Q

what are decomposers?

A

turn dead material such as animal carcass or dead tree into soil by recycling nutrients as food such as earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria

252
Q

what are the interactions among organisms?

A

competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

253
Q

what is competition?

A

two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resources & ex: lions and cheetahs eat the same so they compete within their ecosystems

254
Q

what is predation?

A

behavior of one animal feeding on another & ex: lion is predatory, and zebra is prey

255
Q

what is mutualism?

A

symbolic relationship where both organisms benefit & ex: bacteria in digestive track keeps humans healthy, bacteria feds off what humans eat

256
Q

what is commensalism?

A

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one doesn’t but is unharmed & ex: cattle egret sits on tip of the cattle and eats bugs that land on the cattle

257
Q

what is parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed & ex: tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed

258
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects

259
Q

what is a solid?

A

particles are very close together

260
Q

what is a liquid?

A

particles are closer together than gas but farther apart than solid

261
Q

what is gas?

A

particles are very far apart

262
Q

what are physical results of change in size and shape?

A

tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, cutting

263
Q

what are the chemical results of any change that forms a new substance?

A

rotting, burning, cooking, rusting

264
Q

how do changes in matter happen?

A

by removing or adding energy in the form of boiling, condensation, and evaporation

265
Q

what is boiling?

A

rapid vaporation of a liquid (liquid to gas)

266
Q

what is condensation?

A

water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is on contact with it (gas to liquid)

267
Q

what is evaporation?

A

vaporation of liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)

268
Q

what is temperature moderation?

A

when water evaporates, it leaves behind cooler air & ex: when you walk into a grocery store after you workout and you get chilly

269
Q

what is a mixture?

A

a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but not chemically combined

270
Q

what are the two types of mixtures?

A

homogeneous and heterogeneous

271
Q

What is a Homogenous mixture?

A

can’t see the different parts of the mixture

272
Q

homo=

A

can’t

273
Q

what are examples of a homogenous mixture?

A

creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid

274
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

you can see the different parts of the mixture

275
Q

hetero=

A

can

276
Q

what are examples of heterogeneous mixture?

A

chicken noodle soup

277
Q

what is colloid mixture?

A

one substances of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance & particles do not settle and cant be separated out by ordinary filtering

278
Q

what kind of mixture is colloid mixture?

A

homogenous mixture

279
Q

what is solution?

A

disolving agent is the solvent

280
Q

what are some examples of solution?

A

salt water, sugar water

281
Q

what is Suspension mixture?

A

contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation

282
Q

what kind of mixture is solution?

A

homogenous mixture

283
Q

what are examples of suspension mixture?

A

orange juice, salad dressing

284
Q

what kind of mixture is suspension?

A

heterogeneous mixture

285
Q

what does the PH scale do?

A

measures of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances

286
Q

what are the ph values?

A

acidic: 0-6, neutral: 7, alkaline: 8-14

287
Q

what are the acidic?

A

battery acid, stomach acid, vinegar, grape fruit, tomato juice, coffee, urine

288
Q

what are the neutrals?

A

water

289
Q

what are the alkaline?

A

salt water, baking soda, hand soap, ammonia, soapy water, bleach, drain cleaner

290
Q

what are atoms?

A

Smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties

291
Q

what are electrons?

A

they are negatively charged particles that circle around the nucleus

292
Q

what are neutrons?

A

they are neutrally charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus

293
Q

what are protons?

A

Positively charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus

294
Q

what does the atomic number do on the periodic table?

A

how the elements are identified and the number of protons in the nuclei

295
Q

what groups are the periodic table broken down into?

A

groups: vertical/columns, periods: horizontal/rows, metals: shiny, good conductors of electricity, nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of electricity, metalloids: dull or shiny, good semiconductors, noble gases: last column on the right of the table

296
Q

what is the reactivity of metals and examples ?

A

reactivity increases down and to the left of the periodic table & ex: potassium (K) is more reactive than magnesium (Mg)

297
Q

what is the reactivity of non metals and examples?

A

reactivity increases up and to the right of the periodic table & ex: fluorine (f) is more reactive than iodine (I)

298
Q

Order of most reactive to least reactive:

A

potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Aluminum (Al), carbon ©, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), hydrogen (H), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt)

299
Q

what are molecules?

A

smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has chemical properties of that element or compound

300
Q

characteristics of water:

A

polar molecule & has 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element

301
Q

what properties does water have?

A

cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of evaporation, lower density of ice, and high polarity

302
Q

what is cohension?

A

water is attracted to other molecules, two drops of water close together quickly combine

303
Q

what is adhesion?

A

water is attracted to other molecules, allows water to stick to roots

304
Q

what is high specific heat?

A

allows water to moderate temperature

305
Q

What is high heat of evaporization?

A

gives off cooling effects, like sweat, it allows he evaporation of water to cool off the body

306
Q

what is low density of ice?

A

water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water

307
Q

____ is less dense than ____, which allows the ice cube to float

A

ice is less dense than water, which allows the ice cube to float

308
Q

what is high polarity?

A

makes water a powerful solvent

309
Q

what are compounds?

A

two or more elements bonded together

310
Q

what is important to understand about compounds?

A

all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

311
Q

what are compounds made up of?

A

the are made up of two different molecules (CO2) and single elements like O2

312
Q

what are ions?

A

changed elements or molecules that has lost or gained one or more electrons

313
Q

what are isotopes?

A

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

314
Q

what is a force?

A

any interaction that when unopposed will change the motion of an object

315
Q

what is fiction?

A

force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other

316
Q

what are the 3 types of force?

A

push, pull, friction

317
Q

What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?

A

an object either remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, force is equal to the change in motion per change in time

318
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

319
Q

What is magnetism?

A

force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other

320
Q

Opposite poles attract

A

N & S

321
Q

same poles repel:

A

S & S, N & N

322
Q

common units of measure in physics (unit, symbol, measure)

A

hertz- Hz- frequency, newton- N- force, weight, density- P- density, Joule- J- energy, work, watt- W- power, volt- V- electrical voltage, degree celsius- C- temperature, gram/kilogram- g/kg- mass

323
Q

what is density?

A

the amount of matter an object has to its volume

324
Q

density equation

A

D=m/v

325
Q

what is energy?

A

property that can be transformed in between and among objects

326
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

object in motion, the actual movement of an object

327
Q

what is an example of kinetic energy?

A

rock rolling down a hill

328
Q

Where is the highest kinetic energy?

A

at the bottom

329
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy possessed by an object or an individual by virtue of its position relative to others

330
Q

Where is the highest potential energy?

A

rock at the top of the hill has potential to roll down therefore it has potential energy OR a swing bring pulled to the top before it is released has potential energy

331
Q

what are the types of energy?

A

mechanical, electrical, thermal

332
Q

what is mechanical energy?

A

objects in motion

333
Q

what is an example of mechanical energy?

A

swing

334
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

moving through the wire

335
Q

what is an example of electrical energy?

A

light bulb

336
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

rearrangement of molecular structure

337
Q

what is an example of a chemical energy?

A

lighting a match, photosynthesis

338
Q

what is heat transfer?

A

exchange of thermal energy between physical systems

339
Q

what is convection?

A

transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter

340
Q

what is conduction?

A

transfer of heat from particle to particle

341
Q

what happens when you place a cold spoon in hot soup?

A

the spoon will get hotter until the soup and spoon are the same temperature

342
Q

what is radiation?

A

transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space

343
Q

what do electrical circuits allow?

A

electricity to flow in a loop and power different things

344
Q

what are the two types of circuits?

A

series and parallel

345
Q

what is a series circuit?

A

components are arranged end to end, the electric current flows through the first component then through the next component and so on until it reaches the battery again

346
Q

What is a parallel circuit?

A

circuit with branches that allow multiple applications to happen at once

347
Q

what are conductors?

A

good for electricity

348
Q

what are examples of conductors?

A

wire, metal, water

349
Q

what insulators?

A

bad for electricity

350
Q

what are examples of insulators?

A

rubber, clay, polystyrene (styrofoam)

351
Q

what is lighting?

A

a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between the clouds, air, and ground

352
Q

what does air do for lighting?

A

acts as the insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud

353
Q

when does cloud to ground lighting occur?

A

between opposite charges, therefore there needs to be negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge on the ground or vis verses

354
Q

what are scientific theories?

A

based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests

355
Q

what are scientific explanations?

A

describe the mechanisms for natural events

356
Q

what are scientific laws?

A

regulations or math descriptions or natural phenomena

357
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

an idea that many contribute important new knowledge for explanation of scientific theory (if/then statement)

358
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

make observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment

359
Q

what are the 5 things students do in science?

A

observe, classify, predict, hypothesize, and investigate

360
Q

what does observe mean?

A

employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings

361
Q

what does classify mean?

A

arrange living and nonliving things based on attirbutes

362
Q

what does predict mean?

A

make assumptions based evidence

363
Q

what is hypothesize mean?

A

state a prediction based on evidence

364
Q

what does investigate mean?

A

conduct experiments

365
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

366
Q

what is a experiment?

A

procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis

367
Q

an experiment helps student understand what kind of relationship and by doing what?

A

cause and effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated

368
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

element changed in the experiment

369
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

what is being measured during the experiment

370
Q

what is the control variable?

A

elements that they want to stay the same

371
Q

what does a line graph show?

A

illustrates trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation

372
Q

what does a bar graph show?

A

used to compare variables and compare data

373
Q

what does a pie graph show?

A

used to show percentages or proportional data

374
Q

where are aquifers located? (which layer of earth)

A

earth’s crust

375
Q

what is the doppler effect?

A

A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

376
Q

what is a period (sound wave)?

A

time between wave crests

377
Q

what is frequency?

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

378
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Height of a wave

379
Q

what is wavelength?

A

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

380
Q

What are mechanical waves?

A

waves that require a medium to travel through

381
Q

What are traverse waves?

A

waves that vibrate up and down

382
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

waves that travel through compression

383
Q

what are the properties of energy waves?

A

Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase

384
Q

what is phase (sound wave)?

A

Position on a wave cycle at any given time

385
Q

in a sound wave, loudness depends on what?

A

amplitude

386
Q

what is pitch (sound wave)?

A

How high or low a sound is, frequency of the vibration

387
Q

what does a first-quarter moon look like?

A
388
Q

what does a waxing crescent look like?

A
389
Q

what does a new moon look like?

A
390
Q

what does a waning crescent look like?

A
391
Q

what does the last quarter moon look like?

A
392
Q

what does a waning gibbous look like?

A
393
Q

what does a full moon look like?

A
394
Q

what does a waxing gibbous look like?

A
395
Q

what does a lunar eclipse look like?

A

the earth is in the middle

396
Q

what does a solar eclipse look like?

A

the moon is in the middle

397
Q

longitudinal vs traverse wave

A

Praxis II Science (1 decks)

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