Practise SAC revision Flashcards
Hypothesis outline
It is predicted that (participants/population) who/when (IV experimental condition), will have/show (direction) (DV) compared to those who/when (IV control condition)
Within subjects design
- Participants complete every experimental condition
Advantages:
- Results of the experiment are most likely due to manipulation of the independent variable than any differences between participants
Disadvantages:
- Can produce order effects
Between subjects design
- An experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and allocated only one experimental condition.
Advantages:
- Does not create order effects
Disadvanatges:
- May required more participants than a within subjects design
Mixed design
Combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects design
Advantages:
- Allows experimenters to note differences that occur within each experimental group over time, and also compare differences across experimental groups
Disadvantages:
- Can be more costly or time-consuming
Case study
In-depth investigation of an individual, group or particular phenomenon
Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured
Precision
How closely a set of measurement values agree with each other but gives no indication of how close the measurements are to the true value.
Uncertainty in data
Refers to the lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge.
Repeatability
The extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time.
The extent to which the same study or measure used under the same conditions will produce the same results
Reproducibility
The extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions
Validity
Refers to the extent to which psychological tools and investigation truly support their findings or conclusions. A valid measure is one that measured what it intends to measure.
Internal validity
The extent to which an investigation measured or investigates what it claims to measure.
External validity
The extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.
Informed consent procedures
Rights, risks, true nature.
Processes that ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks, before agreeing to participate in a study.
Use of deception
Action of misleading
Must always debreif
Debriefing
At the end of the experiment the experimenter must debrief the participants on the aim, research and conclusions of the study are.
Evidence based conclusions
Evidence based conclusion requires that you use data or evidence from the study to support the main findings/conclusions. I’d explain the key trend in the data (ie X increased Y for example) and how this was supported by data of…
How does the somatic nervous system work:
- Sensory receptors
- Sensory neuron-> afferent pathways
- Towards the spinal cord, afferent neurons move, through ascemnding tracts towards the brain
- Brain, review, interpret and initiates a motor repsonse
- Motor message travles down descending spinal cord to PNS
- Motor neurons carry message -> efferent pathways
- Skeletal muscle moves
Role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of neural information across a neural synpase
- The presynaptic neuron is the neuron that releases neurochemicals into the neural synapse. Axon terminals are the ends of a neuron that release neurochemicals into the neural synapse.
- The synaptic gap is the space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
- The postsynaptic neuron receives neurochemicals from the neural synapse. Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron on which receptor sites are located.
Neurochemicals in neurotransmission
- Neurochemicals are produced in that axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron
- Neurochemicals are released from the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic gap
- Neurochemicals bind to receptor sites on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron.
- Neurochemicals, affect the postsynaptic neuron, either triggering or inhabiting a response.
Glutamate role:
Learning and memory, enables synaptic plasticity
GABA role:
Reduces anxiety, role in preventing seizures
Dopamine role:
coordinating voluntary motor movement. Reward based learning, motivation.
Seretonin role:
Mood regulation and stabiisation, sleep-wake cycle
LTP structual changes
- Increased number of receptor sites of the postsynaptic neuron
- Bushier dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron due to sprouts, reffered to as dendrite branching
LTD structural changes:
- Decreased number of receptor sites on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
- Decreased number of dendrites on the postsynaptic neuron due to pruning
Chronic stress response:
Considered prolonged and often the result of a persistent stressor.
- Cortisol and prepares and initiates body to respond
Strengths of GAS model
The GAS recognises the relationship between chronic stress and illness
weaknesses of GAS model
The gas is based on research that was conducted on rats, reducing the generalisability of the model to the human population.
Lazurus and folkmans strengths
Allows one to track the subjective stress response of an individual
Lazurus and folkmans limitations
Does not include biological processes of stress, when is practise a combination of both biological and psychological factors.
Coping- context specific effectivness (high or low)
Refers to when the coping stratergy or mechanism used is appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor. In other words, the effectivness of a particular stratergy depends upon where and when it is used.
coping flexibility
Refers to the ability to adjust or change ones coping strategies depending on th eunique and changing demands of the stressor
Coping stratergies- approach
Generally deal with stress in a confrontational, practical way
Coping stratergies- Avoidance
Involve evading or distancing oneself from the source of stress
