Practice Test Qs

Question 1

The principle of Informed Consent aims to

a) To present to potential recruits with all available information about the study
b) To withhold certain pieces of information, such as the length of time an interview will take or the risks associated with the study
c) To make the potential recruits more likely to actually participate in the study
d) To present potential recruits the possible risks and anticipated gains from the study

Answer 1

To present potential recruits the possible risk and anticipated gains from the study

Question 2

Under what conditions it is not required to apply for IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval in your research

a) When you are evaluating data already obtained
b) If you are not planning to use an interventional method
c) If you do not anticipate potential risks during the research
d) IRB Approval is always required

Answer 2

IRB is always required

Question 3

Qualitative research develops theory, while quantitative research …

a) Validates theory
b) Repeats theory from literature
c) Disproves an existing theory
d) There is no theory in quantitative research

Answer 3

Validates theory

Question 4

Qualitative research …

a) Uses statistical analysis of data generated
b) Uses inductive approach
c) Tests theories deductively
d) There is no theory in quantitative research

Answer 4

Uses inductive approach

Question 5

Research design includes (select two) …

a) plan or proposal to conduct research
b) literature review
c) description of strategy of inquiry
d) the researcher’s philosophical world view

Answer 5

Plan or proposal to conduct research

Description of strategy of injury

Question 6

A characteristic of proper research questions is that…

a) They remain unaffected by the literature research
b) They provide the conclusions in the research
c) They broaden the scope of the research
d) They can be refined by a careful literature search

Answer 6

They can be refined by a careful literature research

Question 7

One should select qualitative approach when …

a) Testing of casual relationships is desired
b) There is uncertainty about which are the important variables to be examined
c) Seeking the establishment of factors that best predict an outcome
d) The dominant explanations apply to a given population

Answer 7

There is uncertainty about which are the important variables to be examined

Question 8

The need to review the literature is to …

a) To make sure you have a long list of references
b) It is necessary to reach the required word-count
c) To identify what is already known about your area of interest
d) To help in your general studying

Answer 8

To identify what is already known about your area of interest

Question 9

The literature review does which of the following? (Select two)

a) Offers a framework for establishing the importance of the study
b) Offers useful sections to be used in the study discussion
c) Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
d) Provides the conclusions that the researcher is seeking

Answer 9

Offers a framework for establishing the importance of the study

Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings

Question 10

Which of the following web resources can be considered reliable for a good literature search in Optometry?

a) A major corporation’s portal
b) PubMed
c) Your favorite professor’s personal blog
d) Major news outlet
e) Wikipedia

Answer 10

Pudmed

Question 11

When selecting literature material, the most reliable source of information are…

a) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals
b) Reports provided by blogs
c) Corporation-sponsored news releases
d) Non-reviewed journals

Answer 11

Articles published in peer reviewed journals

Question 12

To read critically includes:

a) Taking a positive point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed
b) Reading every detail in the material because every line matters
c) Being agreeable with the methods and conclusions of the manuscript
d) Identifying weaknesses and strengths in terms of your current research

Answer 12

Identifying weaknesses and strengths in terms of your current research

Question 13

Qualitative studies …

a) Test theories explanations
b) Use the studies to generate theory
c) Do not have theories at all
d) Always use dependent and independent variables

Answer 13

Use the studies to generate theory

Question 14

The statistical property which describes the degree and direction of the relationship between two characteristics or variables is called…

a) Probability
b) Correlation
c) Mean value
d) Sample size

Answer 14

Correlation

Question 15

When one dependent variable is halved when an independent variable is halved, this suggests

a) Strong causation
b) Strong correlation
c) Weak causation
d) Weak correlation

Answer 15

Strong correlation

Question 16

There is evidence of a strong causation between ocular hypertension and risk of developing glaucoma. This means that

a) If the intraocular pressure increases by 50% (from 20 to 30%), the risk of glaucoma increases by 50%
b) There is a well-established theoretical link between intraocular pressure and glaucoma
c) Even if anti-glaucomatic drops are prescribed, glaucoma condition will not be improved
d) There is a well-proven mathematical model between intraocular pressure and glaucoma

Answer 16

There is a well established theoretical link between IOP and glaucoma

Question 17

The concept of correlation describes… (select two)

a) The magnitude of the dependent variable de can be determined (predicted) from the magnitude of the independent variable
b) There is often a simple mathematical relationship between a dependent and an independent variable
c) There is a theoretical link between a dependent and an independent variable
d) There is a set of variables that must be measured concurrently

Answer 17

The mag of the dependent variable can be determined (predicted) from the mag of the independent variable

There is often a simple mathematical relationship between a dependent and an independent variable

Question 18

In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d) A concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

Answer 18

The one that is not manipulates and in which any changes are observed

Question 19

In quantitative research, theory is …

a) The aggregate of the conclusions that can be identified in literature research
b) An open-ended question about relationships between a set of interrelated variables
c) A model or explanation of what a researcher expects to find about a set of interrelated variables.
d) A concept whose meaning is strongly dependent on its definition and the personal experiences of the researcher

Answer 19

A model or explanation of what a researcher expects to find ability a set of interrelated variables

Question 20

In quantitative research, the researcher… (identify the proper order)

a) Formulates hypothesis, constructs questions from the theory, defines variables, and measures or observes variables
b) Defines variables, constructs questions from the theory, measures or observes variables, and formulates hypothesis
c) Defines variables, measures or observes variables, formulates hypothesis, and constructs questions from the theory
d) Formulates hypothesis, defines variables, measures or observes variables, and constructs questions from the theory

Answer 20

Formulates hypothesis, constructs questions from the theory, defines variables, and measures or ob

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a proper section for the placement of theory?

a) The introduction
b) A separate section
c) Literature review
d) After hypothesis or research questions
e) At the conclusions

Answer 21

At the conclusions

Question 22

When the theory is placed in a separate section, advantages include…

a) There is familiarity to readers and conveys a deductive approach
b) That it is a logical extension or part of the literature
c) That it helps explain how and why variables have been chosen and rationalize their relationship
d) That it clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process

Answer 22

That it clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process

Question 23

Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement?

a) Discover
b) Explore
c) Influence
d) Comparison

Answer 23

Comparison

Question 24

The purpose section contains the following ….

a) A statement about the objectives and the intent of the research
b) A short theoretical background
c) A summary of findings from the literature research
d) The introduction of the variables to be used

Answer 24

A statement about the objectives and the intent of the research

Question 25

The purpose statement ….

a) Provides the questions to be answered by collecting data
b) Describes the experimental sequence to be followed
c) Introduces the variables in the study
d) Introduces the objectives and the intent of the study

Answer 25

Introduces the objectives and the intent of the study

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an ethical guideline for conducting research with human subjects?
A. Obtaining a signed informed consent of the participant
B. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed
C. Keeping participants identity anonymous
D. Letting participants know that they are free to withdraw at any time

Answer 26

B

You always have to get informed consent from your study participants. You a;so need to make sure that the patients information and identity are anonymous to outside people. The patient is never required to complete a study and they can quit whenever

Question 27

Which of the following is NOGT part of documentation to submit for approval to the IRB?
A. Informed consent statement
B. A description of the research protocal
C. A statement of the anticipated risks of the study
D. A description of the anticipated results of the study

Answer 27

D
A general IRB proposal should include the purpose of the study you are doing, how you recruited subjects, procedures and data collection methods, risk assessment and managment, benefits of the study, privacy/confidentiality/data managment, and informed consent. These are all needed in order for a study to be approved

Question 28

Which of the following is necessary to be obtained when conducting research with children?
A. Signed informed consent from the parent of guardian and agreement from the child that he/she is capable to provide
B. Sufficiency assurance that the research will be presented at a youth/child care conference
C. The presence of at least one minor (student) member in the team conducting the research
D. Signed informed consent from the child only

Answer 28

A

When doing research on minors, you always habe to get consent from the parents. The child is optional

Question 29

What is the likely consequence if your published paper is identified having been the produce to plagiarism of someone else’s work?
A. The paper is retracted with public documentation explaining reasons why
B. The institute employing you or funding you’re research may take disciplinary action-and could ask you to leave
C. Your integrity, judgment, and reputation are being questioned
D. All of the above

Answer 29

D

Question 30

Which of the following is not an ideal source of your literature review?
A. PubMed-National Library of Medicine-NIH
B. Mountain Valley Family Mag
C. AAO clinical practice guidelines
D. Elseviers Science Direct

Answer 30

B

Always want it from a peer reviewed journal. Don’t get it from a corporation that has bias on what they post, or from wiki

Question 31

No research has been conducted to explore metacognition in students with ADHD. Which broad topic might assist the researcher in his literature search?
A. Students with disabilities 
B. Teaching pedagogy
C. Classroom environment 
D. ADHD medications

Answer 31

A

Always start broad and use the literature search to narrow your topic

Question 32

What is the purpose of conducting research 
A. The identify a problem 
B. To find a solution to a problem 
C. To verify the prevailing belief
D. To disprove the prevailing belief 
E. To publish the reuslts in a journal

Answer 32

B

Question 33

A hypothesis is
A. A statement of the aim of an investigation
B. A statement which serves as the basis for further investigation
C. The methodical evaluation of research evidence
D. All of the above

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Which of the following is not a qualititate data technique?

A. Compliance behavioral observations in patients within a clinical setting
B. Analysis of IOP measurements in a series of patietns
C. Analysis of data obtained from patient-response quality of life questionares
D. Interview with patients to identify reasons for Rx non compliance

Answer 34

B

Not numerical

Question 35

The value of qualitative research lies in
A. The research;s abiltiy to be generalize
B. It’s ability to stand against previous research
C. The description of themes developed
D. How the research is socially reliable

Answer 35

C

Question 36

In qualitative research, the researcher reflects how their role in the study and their personal background, culture, and experiences hold potential for shaping their interpretations. This includes the themes they advance, and the meaning ascribed to the data, this is referred to as: 
A. Reflexivity
B. Gatekeeping 
C. Emergent design
D. Personal accountability 
E. All of the above

Answer 36

A

Reflexivity: an aptitude of attending systematically to the context of knowledge construction ,especially to the effect of the researcher, at every step of the research process. There is an assumption among researchers that bias or skewdness in a research study is undesirable

Gatekeeper: any person or institution that acts as an intermediary between a researcher and potential participants. A gatekeeper may also have the power to grant or deny permission for access to potential research participants

Emergent design: involves data collection and analysis procedures that can evolve over the course of a research project in repsosne to what is learned in the earlier parts of the study

Personal accountability: believe that you are fully responsible for your own actions and consequences, its a choice, a mindset and an expression of integrity

Question 37

When qualitative researchers obtain data by watching the patients, they are (select 2)
A. Gather informed consent forms 
B. Gathering archival data
C. Observing 
D. Validating

Answer 37

C and D

Question 38

What is another name for validity in qualitative research
A. Objectivity 
B. Bias
C. Trustworthiness 
D. Reliability

Answer 38

C

Question 39

In quantitative research, theory is
A. A scientific predication or explanation of what a researcher expects to find about a set of interrelated variables
B the sum of the conclusions that can be identified in literature research
C. An open needed question about relationships between a set of interrelated variables
D. A concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

Answer 39

A

Question 40

Differences between qualitative data and quantitative data are (selecte two)
A. The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data
B. The respondents providing the data
C. The way the data are being analyzed
D. The fields of science in which they are being used

Answer 40

A and C

Question 41

Regarding control and experimental group in quantitative data collection techniques, which describes the best practice for their formulation?
A. Randomly assigning patietns to a control group only
B. Randomly assigning patients to an experimental group only
C. Randomly assigneming patietns to a control group or an experimental group
D. In quantitative research, you do not randomly assign patients to groups

Answer 41

C

You always assign patietns randomly to groups. This prevents bias. Double blind is best

Question 42

What makes data reliable?
A. If they produce reasonable and agreeable results with the hypothesis
B. The confidence in the researcher because of previous handling of reliable data
C. If they accurately represent the objects and events from which it is drawn
D. If they produce resutls that contradict the previously established data

Answer 42

C

Resutls of a study do not have to agree or contradict with data already published, they also do not always have to agree with your starting hypothesis. The researchers confidence is important but it does not play a role in how reliable the data is. For it to be reliable, it needs to be accurate in how it is representing what was collected

Question 43

Which of the following cannot be considered quantitiative data regarding corneal evaluation 
A. CCT
B. Corneal structure 
C. K readings 
D. Extent of corneal haze

Answer 43

B

Question 44

Quantitative data generally consists of
A. Quantities that can be represented by numbers
B. Values obtained and expresssed by equations
C. Statements obtained from open ended responses
D. Any type of data can be considered quantitative

Answer 44

A

Question 45

The experimental design in a quantitative research regarding a treatment..
A. Aims to test the impact of the treatment on an outcome, controlling for other factors that might influence that outcome
B. Aims to validate the outcome of the treatment on an outcome. Disregarding other factors that might influence that outcome
C. Aims to test the impact of the treatment on an outcome, disregarding other factors that might influence that outcome
D. Aims to validate the outcome of the treatment, disregarding other factors that might influence the outcome

Answer 45

A

With this one the key is to remember that you want to control outside factors. This is what makes C correct

Question 46

A variable which wholly or partially accounts for the relationship between two other variables is called 
A. Consistent variable 
B. Dependent variable 
C. Confounding variable 
D. Independent variable

Answer 46

C

Question 47

Which research type is least concerned about generalizing its findings?
A. Quantitative 
B. Qualitative 
C. Mixed 
D. Case

Answer 47

D

All of the others are able to be generalized for the population. With a case study you are looking at one case and describing the case in detail. It is not generalized. A case report is also usually a unique case (so it is something rare or uncommoN)

Question 48

What type of research fits an article that describes comparison of patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome?
A. Case study 
B. Cohort 
C. Randomized control trial 
D. Systematic review 
E. Case control study

Answer 48

E

Question 49

What type of research fits an article in which one or more samples are followed prospectively and subsequent statues evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it?
A. Case study
B. Cohort study 
C. RCT
D. Systematic review 
E. case control

Answer 49

B

Case study: looks at unique cases of infection of condition. It cannot be generalized to the general population

Cohort: a study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent statues evaluations with respect to disease or outcome are conducted to determine which inital participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with

RCT: aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment, the people participating in the trial are randomaly allocated to either the group receiving the treatment under investigation, or to a group receiving standard treatment as the control

Systematic review: deliver a meticulous summary of all of the available primary research in response to a research question.

Case control: used to identity factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition/disease (the cases) with patients who do not have the condition/disease but are otherwise simialr (the controls)

Question 50

Identify the possible mediating variable in a study exploring the effects of pre-college advising for high school seniors 
A. Presence of high school counselor 
B. Participant gender 
C. Participant socioeconomic status
D. Participant race/ethnicity

Answer 50

A