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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Allows organisms to transfer genetic information info Fomites one generation to the next

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1
Q

Which class of biomolecules may influence the rate of specific chemical reactions w/ living cells ?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

(2) types of nucleic acids

A
  1. DNA

2. RNA

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3
Q

Protein

A

Enzyme catalyst
Used to transport molecules
Store molecules

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4
Q

Lipids

A

Storage

Structural components of cell membranes

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Supply energy for body processes

Fat oxidation

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6
Q

Which of the following is the form of energy contained in. Turing molecules and in ATP’s high-energy bonds?

A

Potential energy

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7
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Sum of potential energy & kinetic energy

Energy associated w/movement & position of object

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8
Q

Potential energy

A

“Stored energy “
Energy waiting to be used
NOT moving, with ability to do work when released

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9
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in “MOTION”

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10
Q

Radiation energy

A

Energy of electromagnetic waves

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11
Q

Which of the following best explains the maintenance of a nearly constant avg temp. Of the structure of the earth?

A

The amounts of solar energy absorbs radiant energy , emitted by the earth existic in equilibrium

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12
Q

Drugs that STOPS the function of enzyme DNA polymerase would

A

Block replication of DNA carrying genetic code in the nucleus

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13
Q

Which of the following describes the function of ribosomes in living cells ?

A

Use of genetic information to build specific protein in molecules

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of translation of the genetic code of DNA and RNA into the amino acid code of protein

  • protein synthesis
  • assemble (20) amino acids molecules to for, particular protein molecule
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15
Q

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for transporting nutrients, waste, and other substance tnroughout the human body ?

A

Circulatory system

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16
Q

Respiratory system

A

Tubes used to carry air to lungs

Gas exchange takes place

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17
Q

Immune system

A

Protect against disease by identifying pathogens

* protects body against infectious agents using WBC & antibodies

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18
Q

Nervous system

A

Controls all systems

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19
Q

Circulatory

A

Transports materials , nutrients to cells

*waste from cells

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20
Q

Primary function of the cells lining trachea and bronchi is to ?

A

Secrete mucous

Propel trapped debris toward the pharynx

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21
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Surround cytoplasm

* separate intracellular components from extra cellular environment

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22
Q

Histamine

A

Major factor in inflammatory response system
Neurotransmitter
MAny allergic reactions are due to abrupt histamine

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23
Q

Digestive system

A

Facilitates absorption of substances into the bloodstream

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24
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Attractive force between (1) electronegative atom & hydrogen covalent bond to another electronegative body.

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25
Q

Capillary action

A

Movement of liquids in thin tubes

Flow of liquids through porous media, such as flow of H20 through soil

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26
Q

Which of the following structures w/ in a human cell is responsible for recycling the materials no longer functional or needed within cell ?

A

Lysosomes

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesis of protein, according to sequence of amino acids

Specified in messenger RNA

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28
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialized membranes bound vessels contain enzymes for molecular digestion

  • recycle molecules
  • disposal of cellular debris
  • cell membrane repair
  • phagocytosis
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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Powerhouse of cell”

* # of enzymes & proteins that help process carbs &rafts obtained from food we eat / release energy

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30
Q

Nucleus

A

Component of Eukaryotic cells

  • contains genetic material
  • carry function of gene expression, hereditary
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31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialize vacuoles containing a digestive enzyme

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32
Q

Hemophilia

A

Cluster of hereditary genetic disorders where he body’s ability to control or stop bleeding with help of blood clotting or coagulation

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33
Q

Anemia

A

RBC count in blood or the amount of hemoglobin is below the normal rate level
* results when hemoglobin in RBC does NOT transport enough oxygen

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34
Q

Hypertension

A

Increase in diastolic blood pressure

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35
Q

Leukemia

A

Form of blood cancer from abnormal growth of WBC in human body

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36
Q

The sugars for,ing the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule are linked by ?

A

Phosphide ester bonds

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37
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another creating two charged

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38
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates motor activities

* maintains balance,equilibrium, posture

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39
Q

Brain stem

A

Controls flow of messages between brain & rest of the body

Controls breathing, swallowng, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness,nawabs

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40
Q

Thalamus

A

Transmit movement

Sensory information

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41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control center for autonomic functions
Hormone productions
Body temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, sex drive, and release of hormones

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42
Q

Chemistry:

CO

A

Polar covalent compound

Compound made up of non-metals

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43
Q

Chemistry : what kind of bond?

H2O

A

Covalent bond

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44
Q

Chemistry: what kind of bond?

NaCI

A

Table salt ( ionic bond)

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45
Q

Chemistry: what kind of bond ?

NH3

A

Simple stable compound

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46
Q

Ionic compound

A

Bond between (+) charged molecule (cation) with a (-) charged molecule

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47
Q

The best direct method of assessing global climate change is to measure changes over time is?

A

Surface temperatures of the earth

Surface temperatures are directly affected by climate change and are best method for assessing those changes

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48
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighbor plant cells
*allows certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another

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49
Q

Plastids

A

Doubled membranes “sac-like” organelles

  • manufacture or storage of food
  • include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast
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50
Q

Centrioles

A

Produce spindle fibers that pull chromatids apart

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51
Q

Telomeres

A

Caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect our chromosomes, like the plastic tips at the end of shoe laces

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52
Q

During the transcription of the Eukaryotic genetic code of DNA into RNA , certain regions are removed from the mature transcript. These regions are called ?

A

Introns

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53
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding segment of DNA that interrupts a gene coding sequence or non-translating sequence corresponds segment removed from RNA copy before transcripts

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54
Q

Exons

A
  • protein coding region into the DNA
  • nucleic acid sequence in the DNA
  • RNA transcript following genetic splicing
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55
Q

Operons

A

*functioning unit of genomic DNA containing cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter

56
Q

Alleles

A
  • alternate form of a gene located @ specific position on a specific position on a specific chromosome
  • DNA codings determine distinct traits passed onto offspring
57
Q

In a chemical reAction , a metal will become ?

A

A cation by losing electrons

58
Q

Explain what happens in the circulatory system during hyperventilation

A

The carbon dioxide level decreases and the blood PH increases , causing constriction and hypoxia

59
Q

Function of RNA in eukaryotic cells is to

A

Provide template for protein synthesis

  • DNA->RNA template for translation by ribosomes
  • RNA used to convert info
  • stored in DNA into proteins
60
Q

Which enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates ?

A

Amylase

61
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down complex starch

Carbs into maltose , a simple disaccharide

62
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme
Degrades food proteins into peptides
Digestive system

63
Q

Lactose

A

Sugar found in milk

Lg sugar molecule made up of 02 sugar molecules

64
Q

LipAse

A

Protein enzyme
Released by pancreas into small intestine
Helps absorbs fat

65
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Type of dementia that causes problems with memory thinking and behavior

66
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the airways of bronchial tubes

67
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic lung disease
Damage to air sacs (aveoli) in lungs
Body NOT get O2 it needs

68
Q

Conditions that help a species escape extinction in the face of changing of environmental conditions, such as habital destruction?

A

Generalized distribution

69
Q

Exterminate specialization

A

Adaption as of an organ or species, to specific function or environment

70
Q

Small populations

A
  • increased risk of extinction

* due to loss of genetic variability inbreeding and genetic drift

71
Q

Ecological niche

A

Relational position of a species or population in ecosystem

72
Q

Bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger molecules ?

A

Anabolism

73
Q

Anabolism

A

Constructive metabolism

*synthesis in living organisms of more complex substance from simpler ones

74
Q

Catalysis

A
  • increased rate of chemical reaction due to participation of additional substance
75
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into smaller ones with release of energy

76
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Allergic reaction to a foreign substance

77
Q

An organism that contains its own unique genetic material and carried out protein synthesis separate from the cytoplasm ?

A

Chloroplast

78
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cell

Transport , modify packing proteins, and lipids into vessicles for delivery

79
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Making / packing proteins

80
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive system of cell

Degrade material taken up from outside of cell

81
Q

Choloroplast

A 
Food producers of cells
Found in plant cells
Conduct photosynthesis 
Absorbs sunlight , use w/ H20  and CO2
Only in plants, protista
82
Q

The cause of cell fife triathlon is that different cells

A

Express alternate genetic information

*generic embryonic cells become specialized cells, occurs through gene expression

83
Q

Gene expression

A

Specific combination of genes that are turned off or on

Dictates now cells function

84
Q

Relationship between genes and chromosomes

A
  • Genes are DNA sequences found in chromosomes
  • Genes are proteins encoded by chromosomes
  • chromosomes are proteins that carry genes made up of DNA
  • chromosomes consist a DNA molecule made up of. Many genes
  • Genes are proteins made around which DNA chromosomes are packaged
85
Q

Which halogens reacts most readily with metal sodium ?

A

Chlorine gas

86
Q

Iodine

A

Solid
Minerals, forms compounds with element
Thyroid hormone production

87
Q

Bromine

A

Liquid
Non metallic element
Heavy , volatile, mobile, dangerous, unpleasant odor,

88
Q

Chlorine

A

Gas

Respiratory irritant antiseptic

89
Q

Astatine

A

Solid
Isotope
Radioactive
Most metallic

90
Q

Gallbladder

A

Holds bile
Produced in liver u to needed for digestion
Duodenum of small intestine

91
Q

Leukocytes (WBC)

A

Cells of immune system involved in protecting body against infectious disease/invaders

92
Q

Spleen

A

Filter for body
Part of immune system old RBC
Recycled platelets, and WBC stored
Fight against certain kinds of bacteria

93
Q

Vestigial organs

A 
Un needed parts 
(5)
Appendix 
Tail bone 
Male nipples
Wisdom teeth
94
Q

The specific stage of meiosis during which a cells chromosomes number is reduced by 1/2 is ?

A

Anaphase

95
Q

Prophage I

A 
Coil
Becomes shorter 
Thicker 
Nucleus disappears
Meiosis spindle forms
Nuclear envelope disappears
96
Q

Anaphase

A

*(2) chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell as a result of action of spindle

97
Q

Prophase II

A 
No new chromosome
Replication occurs before meiosis II
Centrioles duplicate
Separate (2) members of the pair 
Nuclear envelope breaks down spindle
98
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

Building blocks for carbs

99
Q

Fatty acids

A

Molecules that are long chains of lipid carboxylate acid in fats / oils in cell membrane of phospholipids

100
Q

Nucleotides

A

DNA consists of sugar (deoxyribose)
(4) bases
Cystosyine Adenine
Thymine Guanine

101
Q

Myosin

A

Contain “heads” that contact actin and pull the actin fibers together in an ATP dependent mechanism that causes muscle to contract

102
Q

Dyenin

A

ATP- splitting enzyme essential to modify of cilia/flagella, because of its interactive with microtubules.

103
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous structural proteins

104
Q

Laminin

A

Protein that is part of the extra cellular matrix in humans / animals

105
Q

Phosphorous

A

Formation of bones/ teeth
Body to make protein for the growth maintenance
Repair of cells, tissues, helps make ATP

106
Q

Sodium

A

Body uses to control blood pressure and blood volume.

Regulate blood glucose levels, aid in the production of energy, protein

107
Q

Magnesium

A

Mineral
Maintain normal nerve
Muscle function

108
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryo
Outermost of germ layers
Appears early in development of animals vertebrae

109
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle of germ layers
Connective tissue
Bone, cartilage ,muscle

110
Q

Endoderm

A 
Innermost of (3) germ layers
Gives rise to the epithelium, tissues that covers
111
Q

Archenteron

A

Primary digestive cavity

112
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes enzymes to digest, proteins, fats, and carbs in intestines, produces hormones insulin / glucagon

113
Q

Liver

A 
Gland, produces Giles, needed to digest fats
De-toxify blood
Stores vitamins 
Iron 
Simple sugars 
Converts stored sugar to usable 
Breaks down hemoglobin 
Destroys old RBC
114
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile
Aid in digestion of food
Bile helps dissolve fat so that it can be absorbed in bloodstream

115
Q

Sympathetic

A

Physiological responses, often provoke by stress

116
Q

Limbic

A

Set of evolutionary
Brain structures located @ brainstorm, involved in survival emotions
Ex: fear , anger, sexual behavior

117
Q

Photoheterotrophic

A

Organisms that use light for energy,

NOT use CO2 as site of carbon source

118
Q

Photoautotrophic

A

Organisms typically obtain energy from sunlight for use in cellular function

119
Q

Chemoautorophic

A

Organisms deriving energy by ingesting building blocks that are incapable of creating its own

120
Q

Chemoautorophic

A

Capable of synthesizing cell contents from co 2 by means of energy derived from organic reaction

121
Q

Evaporation

A

Type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from surface of liquid ->gas

122
Q

Condensation

A

Change of physical state of matter from gas phase into a liquid phase

123
Q

Vaporization

A

Transition of matter from a solid or liquid phase into gas

Ex: h2o boiling into steam

124
Q

Sublimation

A

Transformed directly from solid —-> gas or from gas —> solid w/o becoming a liquid

125
Q

Endothermic

A

Causing the absorption of heat

126
Q

The total # of alleles for a gene In a cell during PROPHASE I of meiosis in a diploid organism is

A

4

127
Q

Meschyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue in the mesoderm from which form the C.T. Of the body and the blood and lymphatic

128
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost of germ layers of embryo from epithelium of pharynx

129
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer of embryo between ectoderm and endoderm

130
Q

Ectoderm

A

This layer becomes the epidermis as well as the brain and other organs of the nervous system

131
Q

Cytonic T cell

A

Type of WBC that is key important to immune system

132
Q

Macrophage cell

A

Histiocyte “big eater “
Found in lymph nodes
Engulfs /digest cellular debris & foreign substances

133
Q

Helper T cell

A

Adaptive immune system
Release T cell cytokines
Help activity of the immune cells

134
Q

B cell

A

Production of antibodies

Gives humoral response to antigens

135
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small bean shaped
Provides nourishment for cells in the body
Removes/ filters debris & pathogens

136
Q

Stomach

A

1st place in digestive system in which proteinase are produced

137
Q

Small intestine

A

Absorbs most of nutrients we eat /drink

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

138
Q

Lg intestine

A

Colon
Absorbs water from waste
Creates stool

TEAS SCIENCE Practice Test(ATI) (1 decks)

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