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review of neurobiology > practice quiz questions set 1 > Flashcards

practice quiz questions set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain imaging technique that makes use of a narrow X-ray beam is called what?

A

CT

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2
Q

The type of nerve cell that synapses upon muscles is called a(n)

A

motor neuron (or motoneuron)

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3
Q

A neuron that innervates (i.e., makes synaptic contact with) a large number of other neurons

A

represents divergent neural signaling

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4
Q

What type of glial cell myelinates peripheral axons?

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

What type of glial cell myelinates central axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

What are the main established role for glial cells?

A
  • Maintaining the ionic milieu surrounding nerve cells
  • Hastening the propagation of neural impulses
  • Assisting synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter uptake
  • Providing scaffolds that assist neural development
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7
Q

A topographic map best accomplishes what type of representation?

A

the visual world

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8
Q

What technique first revealed the tremendous diversity of neuronal cell types is called what

A

The Golgi stain

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9
Q

Antibody staining is used to what?

A

visualize the distribution of specific proteins in the nervous system

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10
Q

The set of neurons and small ganglia associated with the digestion tract is called what?

A

The enteric nervous system

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11
Q

True or false:

Mitochondria are concentrated at presynaptic terminals

A

True

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12
Q

True or false:

The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated in axons

A

False

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13
Q

True or false:

Exocytosis and endocytosis are important for synaptic communication?

A

True

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14
Q

True or false:

Glial cells rapidly transmit long-range electrical signals.

A

False

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15
Q

The structural brain imaging technique that relies on atoms behaving as small magnets is called what?

A

MRI

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16
Q

True or false:

The brainstem is part of the brain?

A

True

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17
Q

True or false:

The spinal cord is part of the brain?

A

False

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18
Q

What is a feature that distinguishes the four model organisms from other animals that have been intensively studied by neuroscientist?

A

Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation

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19
Q

Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with what?

A
  • mathematical ability
  • emotions
  • language
  • abstract thought
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20
Q

True or false:

A center-surround receptive field can be mapped by electrophysiological recording techniques

A

True

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21
Q

True or false:

A center-surround receptive field is characterized by a circular center and a donut-shaped surround.

A

True

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22
Q

True or false:

A center-surround receptive field can involve an excitatory response (e.g, to touch)

A

True

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23
Q

True or false:

A center-surround receptive field can involve an inhibitory response (e.g., to touch)

A

True

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24
Q

True or false:

A center-surround receptive field is found only in primary sensory cortex

A

False

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25
Q

What is an advantage that intracellular recordings have over extracellular recordings?

A

Intracellular recordings can record synaptic and receptor potentials while extracellular recordings cannot.

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26
Q

What scientist shared the Nobel Prize with Camillo Golgi for his anatomical studies of the CNS was

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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27
Q

True or False:

Every gene in the human genome is expressed in the CNS

A

False

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28
Q

True or False:

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS

A

True

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29
Q

True or False:

There are tens of thousands of neuron-specific genes (i.e., genes that are not expressed outside the CNS).

A

False

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30
Q

True or false:

Humans have three to four times more genes than mice have

A

False

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31
Q

True or false:

Humans have 100 times more genes than invertebrates animals such as Drosophila.

A

False

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32
Q

What technique first produced unequivocal support for the neuron doctrine of the nervous system (as opposed to the reticular theory)?

A

Electron microscopy of nervous tissue

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33
Q

True or false:

The marine snail aplysia is a “model organism”

A

False

34
Q

True or false:

The zebrafish is a “model organism”

A

True

35
Q

True or false:

The fruit fly is a “model organism”

A

True

36
Q

True or false:

the mouse is a “model organism”

A

True

37
Q

True or false:

The nematode C. elegans is a “model organism”

A

True

38
Q

The resting membrane potential is not exactly equal to the Nernst potential for potassium because of what?

A

The membrane has some resting permeability to species other than potassium.

39
Q

Typically, neurons firing action potentials encode a signal’s intensity by:

A

changing frequency of their action potentials

40
Q

Hodgkin and Katz proposed that sodium was the predominant ion associated with the firing of an action potential because

A

the membrane potential approached the Na+ Nernst potential during the rising phase

41
Q

Studies of the ionic basis of the action potential in squid giant axon found that

A

decreasing sodium outside the cell decreases the size of the action potential

42
Q

The equation used to calculate membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions is called what?

A

Goldman equation

43
Q

True or false:

Potassium is higher inside nerve cells than outside nerve cells

A

True

44
Q

True or false:

Sodium is higher outside nerve cells than inside nerve cells

A

True

45
Q

True or false:

Chloride is higher outside nerve cells than inside nerve cells

A

True

46
Q

True or false:

Calcium is higher outside nerve cells than inside nerve cells

A

True

47
Q

True or false:

The total concentration of all ionic species is approximately the same for all nerve cells in all animals

A

False

48
Q

True or false:

The permeability of some ions can be very low

A

True

49
Q

True or false: In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to sodium?

A

False

50
Q

True or false:

The permeability of some ions can change over time

A

True

51
Q

True or false:

In resting nerve cells, the membrane is quite permeable to potassium

A

True

52
Q

True or false:

Resting membrane is a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells

A

True

53
Q

True or false:

Action is a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells?

A

True

54
Q

True or false:

Reaction is a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells?

A

False

55
Q

True or false:

Receptor is a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells?

A

True

56
Q

True or false:

Synaptic is a usual kind of potential exhibited by nerve cells?

A

True

57
Q

A measured membrane potential of +58 mV would be consistent with ___ inside the cell and ___ outside the cell.

A

10 mM Na+,

100 mM Na+

58
Q

The synaptic potential makes what possible?

A

communication between nerve-cells possible.

59
Q

True or false:

Consumption of metabolic energy is necessary for neurons to communicate electrically

A

True

60
Q

True or false:

Use of active transporters to create ionic gradients is necessary for neurons to communicate electrically?

A

True

61
Q

True or false:
Separation of large amounts of electrical charge, with excess positive charges stored inside the cell is necessary for neurons to communicate electrically.

A

False

62
Q

True or false:
Selective permeability of the cell membrane via different kinds of ion channels is necessary for neurons to communicate electrically.

A

True

63
Q

True or false:
Changes in membrane potential caused by the movement of ions across the cell membrane is necessary for neurons to communicate electrically.

A

True

64
Q

True or false:

In comparison to copper wires, nerve cells are relatively poor conductors of electricity

A

True

65
Q

The transmembrane potential is generated by what?

A

diffusion of ions down a concentration gradient

66
Q

What factors are important in determining the membrane potential when there are multiple permeant ions?

A
  • The concentration gradient of the individual ionic species
  • The permeability of the membrane to the individual ionic species.
67
Q

The different electrical signals occurring in nerve cells are caused by what?

A

fluxes of ions across the cell membrane

68
Q

True or false:
The large size of the axon makes it easy to penetrate with recording electrodes is a reason for the usefulness of squid giant axon in neuronal studies.

A

True

69
Q

True or false: The axoplasm can be extruded, thus allowing studies of its composition is a reason for the usefulness of squid giant axon in neuronal studies

A

True

70
Q

True or false:

Large synapses between giant nerve cells make them easy to study is a useful in neural studies

A

True

71
Q

True or false:
Giant ion channels allow for the insertion of recording electrodes into the channels making squid giant axons useful in neuronal studies

A

False

72
Q

True or false:
Properties of the squid’s axons and synapses can be related to its behavior is a useful reason to use squid giant axons in neuronal studies

A

True

73
Q

True or false:

Electrochemical equilibrium involves the movement of a relatively small number of ions.

A

True

74
Q

True or False:

Ionic gradients are necessary for the generation of the membrane potential

A

True

75
Q

True or False:

The size of the potential is proportional to the size of the ion gradient

A

True

76
Q

True or False:

The direction of the ion gradient determines the polarity of the membrane potential

A

True

77
Q

True or false:

For a given ion concentration gradient, the resulting potential is independent of the number of charges on the ions

A

False

78
Q

True or false:

Heat is a cause of sensory receptor potentials?

A

True

79
Q

True or False:

Pressure is a cause of sensory receptor potentials

A

True

80
Q

True or False:

Sound is a cause of sensory receptor potentials

A

True

81
Q

True or False:

Chemicals is a cause of sensory receptor potentials?

A

True

82
Q

True or false:

Brain waves is a cause of sensory receptor potentials?

A

False

review of neurobiology (5 decks)

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