Practice Questions Midterm 1 Flashcards
In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?
Inflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules
Increasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney
Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule
Microbes irritating the tissues
Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule
Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?
Constriction of the afferent arteriole
Increased plasma osmotic pressure
Dilation of the efferent arteriole
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?
Hypotension and increased urine output
Development of decompensated acidosis
Very low GFR and increased serum urea
Polyuria with urine of fixed and low specific gravity
Very low GFR and increased serum urea
What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?
A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
Insufficient calcium in the diet
Excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?
Severe back or flank pain
Dehydration and hypovolemia
Gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia
Sudden anuria and azotemia
Gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia
Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because
damaged tubules absorb large amounts of filtrate.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is decreased.
congestion and ischemia stimulate release of renin.
albuminuria increases vascular volume.
congestion and ischemia stimulate release of renin.
What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
Loss of tubule function
Increased blood pressure
Decreased aldosterone secretion
Increased GFR
Loss of tubule function
Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following except
hypercalcemia.
inadequate fluid intake.
hyperuricemia.
hyperlipidemia.
hyperlipidemia.
What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
Dialysis or other invasive procedure
Severe pH imbalance of urine
Abnormal immune response, causing inflammation
An ascending infection by E. coli
An ascending infection by E. coli
Which pathophysiological process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons
Ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation.
Streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions.
Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation.
Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?
Loop of Henle
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Afferent arteriole
Loop of Henle
With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause
encephalopathy.
hypervolemia.
skeletal muscle twitch or spasm.
cardiac arrhythmias.
cardiac arrhythmias.
