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Growth and Dev > Practice Questions for Exam > Flashcards

Practice Questions for Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Some dimensions expand and others shrink

A

multidirectional

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2
Q

Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions

A

multidimensional

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3
Q

The capacity for change

A

plastic

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4
Q

Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development

A

Lifelong

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5
Q

Various areas of study have an interest in the field of development through the lifespan

A

multidisciplinary

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6
Q

All development occurs within a context, or setting (social, cultural, and historic factors)

A

Contextual

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7
Q

What is the belief in nature (as it relates to nature vs nurture)

A

Belief that basic growth tendencies are genetically programed into humans

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8
Q

What is the belief in nurture (as it relates to nature vs nurture)

A

nutrition, medical care, drugs, physical accidents– it’s the belief that it’s the events that you life through that develop who you are

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9
Q

What is the belief of continuity vs discontinuity?

A

Continuity is the belief that development involves gradual, cumulative change; discontinuity is the the belief that development involves distinct change

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10
Q

What is the belief of stability vs change?

A

Stability is the belief that we become older renditions of our early experiences; Change is the belief that we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in our development

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11
Q

What is Freud’s theory of development based on?

A

Psychoanalytical stages (psychosexual as well)

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12
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of development based on?

A

Psychosocial stages

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13
Q

Describe Freuds Theory of Development:

A

Believes that problems were the result of experiences early in life– 5 stages of development: 1) Oral 2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latency 5) Genital– Adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflict between sources of pleasure at the end of each stage

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14
Q

What are the stages of Erikson’s Theory of Development? (IN ORDER w. Appropriate age ranges)

A

1) Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
2) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 yr)
3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 yr)
4) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-puberty)
5) Identity vs. Identity Confusion (10-20yr)
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s and 30s)
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s and 50s)
8) Integrity vs. Despair (60s+)

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15
Q

What are the stages of Piaget’s Theory with the appropriate age ranges?

A

1) Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs)
2) Preoperational Stage (2-7yrs)
3) Concrete Operational Stage (7-11yrs)
4) Formal Operational Stage (11yrs- Adulthood)

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16
Q

What is the principal of Vygotsky’s Cognitive Theory

A

Sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

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17
Q

What is information processing?

A

Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it; NOT described in stages

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18
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to occur than a behavior followed by a punishing sequence

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19
Q

What is Bandura’s social cognitive model?

A

behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factor in development– “imitation or modeling” behaviors

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20
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Studies designed to observe and record behavior

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21
Q

When is it best to use descriptive research?

A

To observe the extent to which people are nice or aggressive to each other

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22
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Research that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

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23
Q

Example correlational research?

A

Observing if children of more permissive parents have less self control than those of more restrictive parents

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24
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behaviors being studied are manipulated while others are kept constant

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25
Q

When is experimental research uses?

A

When studying cause/effect

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26
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth look at a single individual and their care

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27
Q

What is a cross-sectional research approach?

A

research strategy comparing individuals of different ages

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28
Q

What is a longitudinal research approach?

A

some individuals are studied over time (may take years d/t aging)

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29
Q

What are three examples of chromosomal abnormalities

A

Downs Syndrome, Turners syndrome, xyy syndrome

30
Q

What are three examples of genetic abnormalities

A

PKU, CF, Diabetes (type 1)

31
Q

What is an example of Passive heredity/environment

A

Children whose parents were good basketball players are more likely to be good at basketball because they were raised in a household that practiced more basketball skills

32
Q

What is an example of Evocative heredity/environment

A

A happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and positive response from others

33
Q

What is an example of Active (niche-picking) heredity/environment

A

Children that show interest in basketball will likely seek to spend more time in a gym b/c that’s their interest

34
Q

What are the three stages of Prenatal Development, and their respective weeks?

A

Germinal (0-2 weeks post-conception)
Embryonic (2-8 weeks)
Fetal (8-39/40 weeks)

35
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes. Ex. cocaine, alcohol, cigarettes

36
Q

What is cephalocaudal pattern of growth?

A

Development sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top (the head)

37
Q

What is proximodistal pattern of growth?

A

growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities

38
Q

What is the main idea of the dynamic systems view of development?

A

Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

39
Q

Gross motor developments for infants at 3 months?

A

hold heads erect, lift head when prone, sit up supported

40
Q

Fine motor development for infant at 3 months

A

palmar grasp

41
Q

6 month gross motor developments?

A

begin to sit up independently

42
Q

9 month gross motor developments?

A

learn to pull themselves up and hold onto a chair

43
Q

12 month gross motor development?

A

stand-up alone

44
Q

12 months fine motor development

A

pincer grasp

45
Q

How are sensation and perception related?

A

Perception is the interpretation of what’s sensed

46
Q

What do infants prefer to hear?

A

low-pitched sounds

47
Q

What are schemes in Piaget’s Theory of Infant Development?

A

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

48
Q

What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

A

concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

49
Q

What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory?

A

concept of using existing schemes to deal w/ new information or experiences

50
Q

What is object permanence?

A

objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

51
Q

According to Piaget, from birth to 24 months, infants are in what stage of development?

A

sensorimotor

52
Q

What is the chronological order of communicative behavior of infants (with age ranges)?

A 
Crying (Birth)
Cooing (2-4 months)
Babbling (6 months)
Gestures (7-15 months)
First Words (18 months)
53
Q

What is the difference between a “universal linguist” and a “language specific listener”?

A

Universal linguist is the early stage in which babies only notice when sounds change. When they become language specific listeners they begin to notice changes in their own language.

54
Q

What factors influence infant temperment?

A

Biological influences: HR, cortisol levels, increased activity in the right frontal lobe, gender, culture

55
Q

What are the typical infant behaviors that illustrate the “trust v. mistrust” stage?

A

Trusting child may be easy to sooth compared to mistrusting child

56
Q

Describe the secure pattern of attachment

A

when in the presence of a caregiver, explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it, when caregiver leaves-infant mildly protests

57
Q

What is the insecure-avoidant pattern of attachment?

A

avoids the caregiver when present

58
Q

What is the insecure-resistant pattern of attachment?

A

clings to the caregiver and then resists by fighting against the closeness

59
Q

What is the insecure-disorganized pattern of attachment?

A

disoriented; often seems dazed, confused, or fearful

60
Q

What role does culture play in infant-caregiver attachment?

A

The first year of life effects the attachment of an infant and caregiver. If the culture promotes bonding in the first year, the attachment will reflect such.

61
Q

What are the similarities and differences in the physical changes and growth rates in infancy vs early childhood?

A

Infancy- body grows more rapidly, and it childhood it slows with more growth on fine and gross motor skills

62
Q

What is animism?

A

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

63
Q

What is centration?

A

A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

64
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

65
Q

What is conservation?

A

The awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

66
Q

_____ proposed that speech serves not only a communicative purpose but also serves to learn.

A

Vygotsky

67
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Changing the level of support

68
Q

What does the phrase “theory of mind” mean?

A

Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

69
Q

In Piaget’s preoperation period, what are some behaviors that would demonstrate that the child is in the symbolic function substage?

A

Children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings; begin to use language and engage in pretend play

70
Q

What are some behaviors that would demonstrate the child is in the intuitive thought substage?

A

starting to develop their own ideas into the world, but simple. Asking “why” questions

71
Q

During early childhood, children use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen… failure to do so may result in experiencing ___?

A

guilt (initiative v. guilt)

Growth and Dev (1 decks)

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