practice questions Flashcards by Courtney Paulson

if the rib cage is totally immobile, how is inspiration possible

by diaphragmatic breathing

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during expiration, which of the following statements is true

alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure > pleural pressure

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which of the following statements if best associated with transpulmonary pressure

measure of the recoil tendency of the lung

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which muscles are active during forced expiration

rectus abdominus

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if the visceral pleural erodes and allows a region of the alveolar space to communicate with the pleural space, what would happen to the functional residual capacity

decreased

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which of the following statements best describes hysteresis at the onset of inspiration

lung volume changes at a slower rate than the pleural pressure changes

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which is not a function of surfactant

acts as a lubricant between pleura

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what effect will histamine binding to H1 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle

constrict

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know how to solve a helium dilution method!!

look up how to do it

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most of the recoil tendency of the lung is due to what

surface tension forces

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know how to graph dead space volume

look it up

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what is not a pathophysiologic consequence of hyperventilation

decreased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity

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what is the major effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

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why is left ventricular output slightly higher than the right ventricular output

some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins

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which volume or capacities cannot be determined with basic spirometry

residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity

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what local effect will prostaglandin E series have on airway smooth muscle

dilation

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which has the greatest effect on constriction of the pre capillary resistance vessels in the lung

low alveolar oxygen

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without surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung

decreases

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know chart with tv, ire, erv, vc, ic

do it

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rank the solubility of the following gases from greatest to least in aqueous fluid

CO2 > O2 > N2

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during exercise in an upright position, flow throughout the lung is equal

false

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what condition would significantly increase total pulmonic blood volume

mitral valve stenosis

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compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a higher concentration of what

CO2, water vapor

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what effect does stimulation of the SNS have on sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia

increases

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what statements about CO is not true

has a greater solubility in aqueous fluid compared to CO2

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio increases above normal, which statement is true

increase in the amount of physiologic dead space

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio decreases below normal, what condition is true

increase in the amount of physiologic shunt blood

what happens to virtually all circulating prostaglandins in the blood as they pass through the pulmonary capillaries

they are inactivated/ cleared

what percentage of CO2 in the blood is carried in the form of the bicarbonate ion

70%

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs will have what effect on the dorsal respiratory group

inhibit

what would cause more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin

decrease in local PO2, increase in PCO2, increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

the basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in what areas

dorsal respiratory group

normal inspiration is usually terminated by what

pneumotaxic center

what is the most prevalent cause of respiratory depression

narcotics

what is not associated with chronic mountain sickness

increased total peripheral resistance

stimulation of what receptors would create a feeling of dyspnea

j receptors in the parenchyma

in acute mountain sickness, the subject suffers deterioration of nervous system function primarily due to what

hypoxia

the negative pleural pressure generated to expand the lung and open the alveoli during the first breath is what

-40 to -60 cmH2O

which contracting muscles increases thoracic cage volume lifting the rib cage

diaphragm

during normal inspiration, what is happening to the pleural pressure

becoming more negative

during normal inspiration, what is happening to the transpulmonary pressure

increasing

which muscle is active during forced expiration

rectus abdominus

if the visceral pleural erodes and allows a region of the alveolar space to communicate with the pleural space, what would happen to the functional capacity

decreased

at the start of a normal inspiration, what statement is true

the volume changed at a slower rate then the pleural pressure changes

which is not a function of surfactant

acts as a lubricant between pleura

which expiratory muscles is also an important stabilizer of the lumbar spine

transverse abdominus

what percent of the function residual capacity is dead space

less than 10%

during hyperpnea, what would expect the ventilation perfusion ratio to be

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

how does surfactant help stabilize alveolar size

by changing surface tension as alveolar radius changes

at the end of a normal inspiration, what statement is true

alveolar pressure= atmospheric pressure

during exercise, as cardiac output increases to 25 L/min, what is the pulmonary blood flow equal to

25 L/min

what effect will histamine binding to H2 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle

dilation

what local effect will prostaglandin F 2 alpha have on airway smooth muscle

constriction

what has the greatest effect on constriction of the resistance vessels in the lung

low alveolar oxygen

a reduction in timed forced expiratory volumes would be consistent with what

obstructive lung condition

while you are jogging, flow near the apex of the lung is best described...

continuous flow

which gas is 20x more soluble in aqueous fluid

CO2

what statement about CO is not true

is has an equal affinity for Hg compared to O2

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio increases from .8 to 4, what statement is true

increase in the amount of physiologic dead space

what happens to most of the angiotensin I in the blood as it passes the pulmonary capillaries

converted to angiotensin II

as the percent of fat utilized for energy increases, what happens to the amount of CO2 produced in the cell for a given amount of O2 utilized

decreased

most of the ventilatory response to a slight increase in CO2 levels is mediated by what

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem

the basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in what

dorsal respiratory group

which of the following is not associated with chronic mountain sickness

increased TPR

what is the most effective mechanism to clear smaller airways

mucociliary elevator

inhibitory NANC nerves release what substances that promote dilation of smooth muscle

VIP, NO

what is the result of some bronchial arterial blood draining into the pulmonary veins

causes the LV output to be slightly higher than RV output, cause a slight reduction in O2 levels in the systemic arterial blood

during a normal inspiration, what is happening to the intrapleural pressure

it's becoming more negative

if bicarbonate levels fall below normal but CO2 levels are kept constant, what effect will that have on ventilation

increase

if all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the volume of air in the lungs is equal to what static volume or capacity

FRC

without surfactant, as alveolar volume decreases, what happens to collapse pressure in the alveoli

increases

how does O2 enter the alveoli

diffusion

at the end of a normal expiration, most of the air left in the lungs is located where

in the alveoli

spinal integration of descending motor traffic and peripheral feedback can augment the strength of respiratory muscle contraction when compliance of the lung is reduced

true

what effect with SNS have on pulmonary vascular resistance

slightly increase

you would have to increase the velocity of pulmonary capillary blood flow how many times before arterial O2 levels would decrease

what most accurately represents of the average total surface area of the respiratory membrane

70 square meters

lymphatic drainage from the pleural space helps create a negative pleural pressure

true

as air flows from the trachea to the alveoli, what happens to the velocity of airflow

decreases

why is a saline filled lung easier to expand than an air filled lung

decreases surface tension forces

compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a lower concentration of what

N2 and O2

as you expire a normal tidal volume, what happens to the concentration of O2 in that expired air

decreases toward the end of expiration

hypercapnia has to do with

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem

what effect does SNS have on the carotid body chemoreceptors

decreases sensitivity to hypoxia

the herring-breuer inflation reflex is best described by what

inhibits the dorsal respiratory group at tidal volumes >1500 mLs

the normal amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each breath

Tidal volume

The amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration

Functional residual capacity

The maximum amount of air one can exchange in any given ventilators cycle

Vital capacity

The pressure is a measure of the recoil tendency of the lung

Transpulmonary pressure

The pressure that keeps the lung inflated against the chest wall

Negative pleural pressure

The only inspiration muscle that does not lift the rib cage

Diaphragm

Rib muscle associated with expiration

Internal intercostals

Expiration muscle that is also an important lumbar spine stabilizer

Transverse abdominus

It not only assists with inspiration, but it allows you to turn the head in both directions

SCM

These muscles allow us to cough by pulling down on the rib cage

Expiration muscles

The substance that reduces surface tension forces in the lung, making lung expansion easier

Surfactant

It provides lubrication between pleura

Pleural fluid

What is responsible for 2/3 of the collapse tendency of the lung

Surface tension forces

What is associated with interstitial fluid filling the alveoli

Pulmonary edema

What is responsible for 2/3 of the recoil (collapse) tendency of the lungs

Surface tension forces

What is the molecule in the RBCs that is responsible for the bulk of the oxygen transport

Hemoglobin

It is the form that most CO2 is carried in the blood

Bicarbonate ion

What gas is one that out-competes (250x) oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin and can decrease oxygen carrying capacity of the blood significantly

Carbon monoxide

What gas is 20x more soluble in aqueous fluid compared to oxygen

Carbon dioxide

About 20% of metabolized oxygen ends up as what

Metabolic water

What sets the basic drive for ventilation

Dorsal respiratory group

What normally limits the duration of inspiration

Pneumotaxic center

What’s the major stimulator of chemoreceptors when inside these cells

Hydrogen ions

What is responsible for the majority of the ventilator response to an elevation of arterial PCO2

Central chemosensitive area

What cells are responsive to both hypoxmia and hypercapnemia

Carotid and aortic bodies

What is the reason that the LV pumps 1% more than the RV

Some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins