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phys 3 exam 3 > practice questions > Flashcards

practice questions Flashcards

1
Q

if the rib cage is totally immobile, how is inspiration possible

A

by diaphragmatic breathing

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2
Q

during expiration, which of the following statements is true

A

alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure > pleural pressure

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3
Q

which of the following statements if best associated with transpulmonary pressure

A

measure of the recoil tendency of the lung

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4
Q

which muscles are active during forced expiration

A

rectus abdominus

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5
Q

if the visceral pleural erodes and allows a region of the alveolar space to communicate with the pleural space, what would happen to the functional residual capacity

A

decreased

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6
Q

which of the following statements best describes hysteresis at the onset of inspiration

A

lung volume changes at a slower rate than the pleural pressure changes

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7
Q

which is not a function of surfactant

A

acts as a lubricant between pleura

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8
Q

what effect will histamine binding to H1 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle

A

constrict

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9
Q

know how to solve a helium dilution method!!

A

look up how to do it

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10
Q

most of the recoil tendency of the lung is due to what

A

surface tension forces

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11
Q

know how to graph dead space volume

A

look it up

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12
Q

what is not a pathophysiologic consequence of hyperventilation

A

decreased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity

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13
Q

what is the major effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle

A

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

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14
Q

why is left ventricular output slightly higher than the right ventricular output

A

some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins

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15
Q

which volume or capacities cannot be determined with basic spirometry

A

residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity

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16
Q

what local effect will prostaglandin E series have on airway smooth muscle

A

dilation

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17
Q

which has the greatest effect on constriction of the pre capillary resistance vessels in the lung

A

low alveolar oxygen

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18
Q

without surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung

A

decreases

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19
Q

know chart with tv, ire, erv, vc, ic

A

do it

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20
Q

rank the solubility of the following gases from greatest to least in aqueous fluid

A

CO2 > O2 > N2

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21
Q

during exercise in an upright position, flow throughout the lung is equal

A

false

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22
Q

what condition would significantly increase total pulmonic blood volume

A

mitral valve stenosis

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23
Q

compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a higher concentration of what

A

CO2, water vapor

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24
Q

what effect does stimulation of the SNS have on sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia

A

increases

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25
Q

what statements about CO is not true

A

has a greater solubility in aqueous fluid compared to CO2

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26
Q

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio increases above normal, which statement is true

A

increase in the amount of physiologic dead space

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27
Q

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio decreases below normal, what condition is true

A

increase in the amount of physiologic shunt blood

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28
Q

what happens to virtually all circulating prostaglandins in the blood as they pass through the pulmonary capillaries

A

they are inactivated/ cleared

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29
Q

what percentage of CO2 in the blood is carried in the form of the bicarbonate ion

A

70%

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30
Q

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs will have what effect on the dorsal respiratory group

A

inhibit

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31
Q

what would cause more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin

A

decrease in local PO2, increase in PCO2, increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

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32
Q

the basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in what areas

A

dorsal respiratory group

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33
Q

normal inspiration is usually terminated by what

A

pneumotaxic center

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34
Q

what is the most prevalent cause of respiratory depression

A

narcotics

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35
Q

what is not associated with chronic mountain sickness

A

increased total peripheral resistance

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36
Q

stimulation of what receptors would create a feeling of dyspnea

A

j receptors in the parenchyma

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37
Q

in acute mountain sickness, the subject suffers deterioration of nervous system function primarily due to what

A

hypoxia

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38
Q

the negative pleural pressure generated to expand the lung and open the alveoli during the first breath is what

A

-40 to -60 cmH2O

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39
Q

which contracting muscles increases thoracic cage volume lifting the rib cage

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

during normal inspiration, what is happening to the pleural pressure

A

becoming more negative

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41
Q

during normal inspiration, what is happening to the transpulmonary pressure

A

increasing

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42
Q

which muscle is active during forced expiration

A

rectus abdominus

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43
Q

if the visceral pleural erodes and allows a region of the alveolar space to communicate with the pleural space, what would happen to the functional capacity

A

decreased

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44
Q

at the start of a normal inspiration, what statement is true

A

the volume changed at a slower rate then the pleural pressure changes

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45
Q

which is not a function of surfactant

A

acts as a lubricant between pleura

46
Q

which expiratory muscles is also an important stabilizer of the lumbar spine

A

transverse abdominus

47
Q

what percent of the function residual capacity is dead space

A

less than 10%

48
Q

during hyperpnea, what would expect the ventilation perfusion ratio to be

A

.8

49
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle

A

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

50
Q

how does surfactant help stabilize alveolar size

A

by changing surface tension as alveolar radius changes

51
Q

at the end of a normal inspiration, what statement is true

A

alveolar pressure= atmospheric pressure

52
Q

during exercise, as cardiac output increases to 25 L/min, what is the pulmonary blood flow equal to

A

25 L/min

53
Q

what effect will histamine binding to H2 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle

A

dilation

54
Q

what local effect will prostaglandin F 2 alpha have on airway smooth muscle

A

constriction

55
Q

what has the greatest effect on constriction of the resistance vessels in the lung

A

low alveolar oxygen

56
Q

a reduction in timed forced expiratory volumes would be consistent with what

A

obstructive lung condition

57
Q

while you are jogging, flow near the apex of the lung is best described…

A

continuous flow

58
Q

which gas is 20x more soluble in aqueous fluid

A

CO2

59
Q

what statement about CO is not true

A

is has an equal affinity for Hg compared to O2

60
Q

if the ventilation/ perfusion ratio increases from .8 to 4, what statement is true

A

increase in the amount of physiologic dead space

61
Q

what happens to most of the angiotensin I in the blood as it passes the pulmonary capillaries

A

converted to angiotensin II

62
Q

as the percent of fat utilized for energy increases, what happens to the amount of CO2 produced in the cell for a given amount of O2 utilized

A

decreased

63
Q

most of the ventilatory response to a slight increase in CO2 levels is mediated by what

A

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem

64
Q

the basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in what

A

dorsal respiratory group

65
Q

which of the following is not associated with chronic mountain sickness

A

increased TPR

66
Q

what is the most effective mechanism to clear smaller airways

A

mucociliary elevator

67
Q

inhibitory NANC nerves release what substances that promote dilation of smooth muscle

A

VIP, NO

68
Q

what is the result of some bronchial arterial blood draining into the pulmonary veins

A

causes the LV output to be slightly higher than RV output, cause a slight reduction in O2 levels in the systemic arterial blood

69
Q

during a normal inspiration, what is happening to the intrapleural pressure

A

it’s becoming more negative

70
Q

if bicarbonate levels fall below normal but CO2 levels are kept constant, what effect will that have on ventilation

A

increase

71
Q

if all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the volume of air in the lungs is equal to what static volume or capacity

A

FRC

72
Q

without surfactant, as alveolar volume decreases, what happens to collapse pressure in the alveoli

A

increases

73
Q

how does O2 enter the alveoli

A

diffusion

74
Q

at the end of a normal expiration, most of the air left in the lungs is located where

A

in the alveoli

75
Q

spinal integration of descending motor traffic and peripheral feedback can augment the strength of respiratory muscle contraction when compliance of the lung is reduced

A

true

76
Q

what effect with SNS have on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

slightly increase

77
Q

you would have to increase the velocity of pulmonary capillary blood flow how many times before arterial O2 levels would decrease

A

4x

78
Q

what most accurately represents of the average total surface area of the respiratory membrane

A

70 square meters

79
Q

lymphatic drainage from the pleural space helps create a negative pleural pressure

A

true

80
Q

as air flows from the trachea to the alveoli, what happens to the velocity of airflow

A

decreases

81
Q

why is a saline filled lung easier to expand than an air filled lung

A

decreases surface tension forces

82
Q

compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a lower concentration of what

A

N2 and O2

83
Q

as you expire a normal tidal volume, what happens to the concentration of O2 in that expired air

A

decreases toward the end of expiration

84
Q

hypercapnia has to do with

A

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem

85
Q

what effect does SNS have on the carotid body chemoreceptors

A

decreases sensitivity to hypoxia

86
Q

the herring-breuer inflation reflex is best described by what

A

inhibits the dorsal respiratory group at tidal volumes >1500 mLs

87
Q

the normal amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each breath

A

Tidal volume

88
Q

The amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

89
Q

The maximum amount of air one can exchange in any given ventilators cycle

A

Vital capacity

90
Q

The pressure is a measure of the recoil tendency of the lung

A

Transpulmonary pressure

91
Q

The pressure that keeps the lung inflated against the chest wall

A

Negative pleural pressure

92
Q

The only inspiration muscle that does not lift the rib cage

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

Rib muscle associated with expiration

A

Internal intercostals

94
Q

Expiration muscle that is also an important lumbar spine stabilizer

A

Transverse abdominus

95
Q

It not only assists with inspiration, but it allows you to turn the head in both directions

A

SCM

96
Q

These muscles allow us to cough by pulling down on the rib cage

A

Expiration muscles

97
Q

The substance that reduces surface tension forces in the lung, making lung expansion easier

A

Surfactant

98
Q

It provides lubrication between pleura

A

Pleural fluid

99
Q

What is responsible for 2/3 of the collapse tendency of the lung

A

Surface tension forces

100
Q

What is associated with interstitial fluid filling the alveoli

A

Pulmonary edema

101
Q

What is responsible for 2/3 of the recoil (collapse) tendency of the lungs

A

Surface tension forces

102
Q

What is the molecule in the RBCs that is responsible for the bulk of the oxygen transport

A

Hemoglobin

103
Q

It is the form that most CO2 is carried in the blood

A

Bicarbonate ion

104
Q

What gas is one that out-competes (250x) oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin and can decrease oxygen carrying capacity of the blood significantly

A

Carbon monoxide

105
Q

What gas is 20x more soluble in aqueous fluid compared to oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide

106
Q

About 20% of metabolized oxygen ends up as what

A

Metabolic water

107
Q

What sets the basic drive for ventilation

A

Dorsal respiratory group

108
Q

What normally limits the duration of inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic center

109
Q

What’s the major stimulator of chemoreceptors when inside these cells

A

Hydrogen ions

110
Q

What is responsible for the majority of the ventilator response to an elevation of arterial PCO2

A

Central chemosensitive area

111
Q

What cells are responsive to both hypoxmia and hypercapnemia

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

112
Q

What is the reason that the LV pumps 1% more than the RV

A

Some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins

phys 3 exam 3 (1 decks)

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