Practice questions Flashcards
What is the most common systemic mycosis of cats?
Cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis in cats that often affects the nasal cavity
What was Enterococcus previously?
Enterococcus was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.
What fungal infection is associated with subcutaneous mycoses?
Sporotrichosis
What does Borrelia cause?
In addition to Lyme Disease, Borrelia causes lymphadenopathy, arthritis, & splenomegaly in birds (“avian spirochetosis”, which is characterized by marked splenomegaly).
Can you give a “Strangles” (Streptococcus) vaccine before birth?
Yes; there is a parenteral bacterin or subunit vaccine that can be given 4-6 weeks pre- partum; this immunity will then be transferred via the colostrum (“Vaccinate 4 to 6 weeks pre- partum”).
This sheep has a tilted head. What bacteria may explain it?
Listeria
What 3 species, in particular, can be effected by Aspergillosis?
Dogs (their noses), horses (their guttural pouches), & birds (via contaminated litter).
What causes Valley Fever?
Coccidioidomycosis; it likes hot, arid soils.
Is there a vaccine for Leptospira?
Yes, there is a bacterin available & it is in combination with the Erysipelothrix bacterin.
How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?
Coccidioidomycosis is extremely infectious, & all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!
Is Burkholderia pseudomallei found in the US?
Burkholderia pseudomallei may be encountered in zoos, but if you see it, report it to the state vet office (think of the iguana & the FBI).
White fungal infection on face of a cow
Trichophyton
What is the infection indicated by the red arrows
Trichophyton
What fungus can lead to scarring of the esophagus?
Candidiasis
What vaccine is available for Clostridium?
There is the annual 7-way bacterin of 6 species plus the toxoid of Clostridium perfringens.
How does Bacillus anthraces kill?
Bacillus anthracis emits a hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, the animal goes into hypotensive shock, & dies rapidly
Where does Nocardia usually live?
Nocardia lives in the soil.
How does Pasteurella multocida get into a person from a cat (or dog)?
Via bites, especially cat bites!
Where might petechial hemorrhages be found in a cow dead of anthrax?
Petechial hemorrhages might be found on the heart, on the spleen, & lots of places!
What is the greater risk to a foal: Streptococcus or Rhodococcus?
Rhodococcus! Rhodococcus (foal pneumonia) can have a case fatality rate as high as 50%!
Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?
No, it just depends nowhere the bacteria spreads
- How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?
First, Coccidioidomycosis may present as a flu, then can develop into a pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lung.
Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, & may have microconidia?
Trichophyton
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica
How can Mycoplasma infection present?
Mycoplasma presents as conjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, air sacculitis, & arthritis.
What causes Johnes Disease?
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Is there a good vaccine against Escherichia coli?
No; it is very hard to produce vaccines for endotoxins (since they’re just not that antigenic), but whoever figures it out will win the Nobel Prize. :-)
What is the Histophilus species worth knowing for the exam?
Histophilus somni, which is ordinarily found in the respiratory tract, but then gets out. Somni = sleepy = think TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis)
A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit
Ehrlichia ewingii
What cell does Ehrlichia ewingii infect?
E. ewingii infects granulocytes.
Does Cryptococcosis have a broad or narrow budding base?
narrow budding base
A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?
Anaplasma platys
Which systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?
Coccidioidomycosis
What can Clostridium perfringens cause?
Gas gangrene
Can Actinobacillus cause wound infections, like Actinomyces?
Yes, both Actinobacillus (causative agent of “wooden tongue”) & Actinomyces (causative agent of “lumpy jaw”) cause wound infections.
What species does Campylobacter fetus venerealis most often infect?
C. fetus venerealis most often infects cattle.
Is there a zoonotic risk with Francisella?
Yes! Francisella is also called “Rabbit Fever”
Does Chlamydia have a strict host range?
Yes! We do, though, worry about zoonotic transmission, especially with Chlamydophila psittaci.
Does Francisella affect birds?
No (just rabbits & other mammals), or at least, not according to the notes.
What species of animal would most likely need to be vaccinated against Moraxella?
Cattle
Why is Brucella a hot button issue?
Brucella is a hot button issue since ranchers think the national parks are a reservoir for Brucella, which can affect their cattle (& cause disease in their cattle, & great economic loss!).
What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?
Cotton Blue Stain allows for the visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae & hyphae
A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, and conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?
Chlamoydophila psittaci - diarrhea is green because the liver is affected
Does Histoplasmosis like wet weather or dry?
Histoplasmosis likes wet climates, especially around the Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds.
What type of animal can get Brucella
Any type of animal can get Brucella!
What is this yeast with a broad base of budding?
Blastomyces
What dictates what kind of disease Clostridium causes?
It all depends on where the endospores end up in Clostridium.
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella?
There are non-core vaccines available, & are especially recommended for traveling animals (animals that go to dog shows, etc).
What bacteria invades neutrophils?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
In what form is Cryptococcosis always?
Cryptococcosis is always yeast!
What does Leptospira cause?
Leptospira causes septicemia, renal disease, rat catcher’s yellows, & “moon blindness” (periodic uveitis) in horses.
Where are Anaplasma phagocytophilum found?
In neutrophils; they can be seen as morula on blood smears or in the buffy coat.
Can Mycoplasma cause pneumonia?
Yes, Mycoplasma can cause Walking Pneumonia & pleuropneomonia, which has been eradicated in the US.
What is this fungus that is highly encapsulated
Sporotrichosis
What can cause cystitis in dogs?
Haemophilus
What does Helicobacter cause?
gastritis
What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What causes “Rain rot”?
Dermatophilus - rain scald, lumpy wool, strawberry foot rot
How does Nocardia usually present?
Nocardia often presents as abscesses & effusions, & is found in dogs that are kept chained up in the dirt with collars that are too small.
Does Streptococcus just present as “Strangles”?
No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range and can effect pigs and calves
Is there a vaccine for Actinobacillus?
Yes, there is a 4-way vaccine with Erysipelothrix, Pasteurella, & Bordetella.
What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?
Staphylococcus
How is Francisella transmitted?
Francisella is a tic born disease & it can be very severe, with endotoxemia, inflammation, etc.
How does Coccidioidomycosis usually present in dogs?
It usually presents as a lung infection.
Is “Shipping Fever” often just one thing?
No, it is often many things together, both bacterial & viral.
What causes “avian cholera”?
Pastuerella
Is there a vaccine for Histophilus?
There is a Histophilus bacterin for pre-weaning calves & feedlot cattle
Do endotoxins have local and specific effects?
No! Know that endotoxins have a general systemic effect: these effects include fever, DIC, hemorrhage (not local or specific effects)
How does Pseudomonas get into an animal?
Pseudomonas can gain entry & inoculate anywhere & anything; Pseudomonas has a specific odor & is green.
What does Anaplasma platys infect?
Platelets
How does the “Derm-Duet” media work?
Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) & Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM); DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. Dermatophytes include Microsporum canis & Trichophyton; the RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.
Badgers, deer, and elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?
Mycobacterium bovis (cattle tuberculosis and is zoonotic)
What does Taylorella cause?
Taylorella is the causative agent of CEM (contagious equine metritis), purulent endometritis
How do you test for TB vs Johnes?
Comparative Cervical Test; jab for TB & jab for Johnes, & then get out the calipers.
What causes “limberneck” in birds?
Clostridial infections
Can Campylobacter jejuni cause human disease, like diarrhea?
Yes! Campylobacter jejuni causes human diarrhea cases.
How does Erysipelothrix present in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “diamond skin disease” in pigs. This is simply the gross manifestation of DIC in the small vessels of the skin.
What causes “Greasy Pig” & “Bumble Foot”?
Staphylococcus
Where is Pseudomonas found?
Pseudomonas is a common environmental thing; think of moist places.
Do all Escherichia coli secrete enterotoxins?
No, some actually attach to the cell surface of the gut themselves & cause disease.
Is Histophilus, once it gets to the TEME stage, recoverable?
Not really; once you see excess salivation & the cow is down, it’s heading toward death.
What is the difference between tetanus toxin & botulism toxin?
Tetanus toxin causes spastic action, while botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis.
Is there a danger of zoonotic transmission with Listeria?
Yes! Listeria can contaminate cold cuts & meats since it is a cold loving thing, & folks do love their Subway sandwiches!
How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?
manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis and silent abortion
What distinguishes Microsporum canis from Blastomycosis?
Blastomycosis starts in the lungs & then becomes cutaneous lesions; Microsporum canis is only ever a cutaneous infection (dermatophyte)
What 2 Corynebacterium must you know for the exam?
C. pseudotuberculosis & C. renale group.
What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia risticii; the vector is a fluke
Do Histoplasmosis & Blastomycosis look similar in tissues?
No, they look different, with Blastomycosis having a broad based budding, & Histoplasmosis having invaded macrophages.
How does Corynebacterium renale group cause pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium renale group infection begins in the urinary tract, works its way up to the bladder (cystitis), & can then go further up to the kidneys to cause kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
Other than diarrhea, what can Yersinia cause?
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subspecies pestis causes plague, but not diarrhea. Plague presents as petechial hemorrhage, pulmonary DIC, & hemorrhage.
What is the infectious dose of Coccidioidomycosis?
1 spore; therefore, use a BSC!
Which dermatophyte disease is caused by a yeast?
Malassezia
What fungus likes temperate, moist environments & is common in the southeast US?
Blastomycosis - Moist areas are great for growing
Where does Actinomyces usually live?
Actinomyces is normal flora of the mouth.
What causes “wooden tongue”?
Actinobacillus causes “wooden tongue”
What causes foal pneumonia?
Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, as does Actinobacillus.
What does Sporotrichosis infect & how does it get into the animal?
Deeper layers of the skin; Sporothichosis gets into the animal via puncture or bite wounds & disseminates.
Can adult horses get Rhodococcus?
Yes, but most adult horses have some level of titer to Rhodococcus & it is seldom deadly.
What sort of weather does Blastomycosis like?
Blastomycosis likes wet weather, but also temperate; Blastomycosis is common in the southeast.
What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?
Brucella canis - also causes orchitis in cattle
How does Chlamydophila felis often present in cats?
As conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia; acute, chronic, or recurrent conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation (& can be confused with Haemophilus or Mycoplasma infection). However, usually Chlamydophila felis does not progress to pneumonia, but keeps to the upper respiratory tract.
Are Helicobacter normally present in an animal?
Yes, Helicobacter are assumed to be present in the oral cavity & gut of animals.
Can Mycoplasma cause joint issues?
Yes, Mycoplasma causes blood in the joints
What is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”?
Manheimia
Most opportunistic mycoses are attributed to what?
Candida or Aspergillus. Candida looks like little pills & Aspergillus looks like dandelions.
Where is Haemophilus in a healthy animal?
Haemophilus is found in the upper respiratory tract normally, but can escape!
What fungus causes chin acne of cats
Malassezia
Is there a vaccine for Moraxella?
There is a vaccine for Moraxella, but you need enough IgA produced to opsonize Moraxella.
How does Blastomycosis gain access to an animal?
Blastomycosis is simply inhaled, & often by dogs.
An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?
Listeria
ileal inflammation, placentitis, abortion
This is Campylobacter jejuni causing gastroenteritis & Campylobacter fetus fetus causing abortion.
xWhat is unique about the Mycobacterium?
Mycobacterium have thick, greasy outer walls that make it hard for host defenses to defeat them.
What causes “Strangles” in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi
How do Clostridial organisms breath?
Clostridium does not breath; they are anaerobes & as old as the hills! Clostridium are strict anaerobes.
How does an animal get a Dermatophilus infection, & how does it present?
Dermatophilus gets its foothold on an animal via wet conditions (think of a horse that is always wet since it has no shelter to dry out in), & can also cause problems of the feet; Dermatophilus infections present as “lumpy wool”, “rain scald”, & foot problems.
In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?
Dysentery; Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases and is controlled by antibiotics like Metronidazole; the other 3ds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia and the Enterobacteriaceae
What does Haemophilus cause?
Haemophilus causes conjuntivitis & cystitis in cats & dogs, & also pneumonia, serositis, meningitis, & “Glasser’s disease” in pigs. Haemophilus: PSMG!
What causes foal pneumonia with case fatality up to 50%?
Rhodococcus
Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?
Sporotrichosis
How can Enterococcus present in dogs & cats?
Enterococcus can present as diarrhea, OR as an ear infection (otitis) since a dog or cat may get feces on the paw, & then scratch the ear.
Does Listeria cause neurological signs, or GI signs?
Listeria causes both neurological signs & GI signs; the GI signs are usually mild & written off as something else, while the notorious & very serous signs tend to be neurological.
Do Microsporum canis or Trichophyton have microconidia?
Trichophyton; Microsporum canis has thick walls & a prickly surface.
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Microsporum canis
What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?
Ehrlichia canis & Ehlichia chaffeensis (since both infect monocytes).
What does Brucella cause?
Brucella causes orchitis, abortion, & osteomyelitis, as well as infertility.
What causes “wet tail”?
Lawsonia
What causes “Lumpy Jaw”?
Actinomyces, caused by eating rough forage, honey comb masses of thin bone filled with yellow pus
What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?
Candidiasis
What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?
Coccidioidomycosis
Can Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause joint issues?
Yes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum can manifest as joint issues.
How is Borrelia transmitted?
Borrelia is a tic born thing; it causes Lyme Disease & the first sign is often headache & photophobia, though it is hard to tell if a dog has a headache.
Is there a vaccine for Haemophilus?
There is a bacterin vaccine for breeding flocks of birds to protect them from Haemophilus.
What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?
Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staphylococcus bacteria, & a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, “greasy pig disease”, & “bumble foot”.
How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?
Blastomycosis is simply inhaled; Blastomycosis is highly invasive without any particular portal of entry except by it being inhaled.
Can you vaccinate horses against “Strangles”?
Yes!
What causes frank abortion? What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes abortion. Chlamoydophila abortus causes abortion late in pregnancy of ewes and is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.
What is causing this?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What is associated with foot rot in cattle?
Dichelobacter nodosus (-) Dermatophilus (+)
Is there a vaccine for Borrelia?
There is a vaccine for Borrelia; it is a non-core vaccine for dogs with high risk of exposure.
What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs?
Aspergillosis
What is “Glanders”?
“Glanders” is a lot like “Strangles”, only it is caused by Burkholderia mallei & is multi- organ & multi-systemic.
Do Mycoplasma ever colonize RBCs?
Yes, Mycoplasma can colonize the RBCs & cause anemia; therefore, Mycoplasma can be confused with Anaplasma marginale.
What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichia canis infection?
Acute, subclinical, & chronic phases; thrombocytopenia is noted.
orchitis, uveitis, abortion - diseases of:
This is the many disease states caused by Brucella; Brucella canis may be a greater zoonotic problem than we know.
What can Bordetella do to the trachea?
Bordetella can flatten out the trachea.
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Histoplasmosis often presents as a pneumonia
Dog has mange. What is a likely secondary skin infection?
-mange (Demodex canis) can develop secondary to Staphylococcus infections. -cause suppurative, pyogenic, purulent pus -pyoderma means any skin disease that is pyogenic
Is Francisella linked to geography?
Yes, due to the ticks! Think Ozarks.
Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, & has no microconidia?
Microsporum canis
Is there a vaccine available for Pasteurella?
There are bacterins available for Pasteurella.
In tuberculosis infections, will the lesions just be cutaneous?
No, lesions will also be inside the animal, such as in the lungs, spleen, & lymph nodes; since the animal’s immune system will fight off the infection, the Mycobacterium will wall itself off; the infection will wax & wane, depending on the immune system of the animal.
what causes “pink eye” or conjunctivitis in cattle?
moraxella
Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus, or less so?
Less so! Streptococcus is a bit more delicate than Staphylococcus, & when you think about Streptococcus, think about the mucocutaneous junctions; Streptococcus may need closer contact to lead to infection.
What does the budding yeast like like in Cryptococcosis?
Cryptococcosis budding is NOT broad based; it’s tiny & narrow.
What Chlamydophila is causing a big outbreak in koalas?
Chlamydophila pecorum.
What is “edema disease”?
Escherichia coli colonize & proliferate in the small intestine; enterotoxins are produced that damage the small arteries & arterioles. Degenerative angiopathy leads to increased vascular permeability & accumulation of edema at various sites, most notably the colon, stomach, small intestine, eyelids, & brain. Damage to vessels in the brain can cause malacia in the brain stem & basal ganglia.
What is the source of infection of Clostridium
Endospores
What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?
monocytes
Where are E. canis & E. chaffeensis most commonly diagnosed?
They are most commonly diagnosed in the southern US.
A cow has chronic diarrhea and wasting with corrugated cardboard ileitis at death; what is the most likely causative agent?
Mycobacterium avium, subs. paratuberculosis - “Johne’s disease”
What is this fungus that is highly encapsulated?
Sporotrichosis.
What kind of animal can get a Clostridium infection?
ANY kind of animal
What does Lawsonia cause?
Lawsonia causes a third of all pig diarrhea, & it is seldom identified definitively outside the pig industry since it’s the pig industry that has an economic incentive to figure out what is killing its pigs!
What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?
caseous lymphadenitis, lump on goat’s face
What is the causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?
Mannheimia (Pasteurellaceae Family) (Mannheim haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis)
What does Shigella cause?
dysentery in primates
Is there a historical note to the anthrax saga?
Yes; there are anthrax spores to be found to this day along the cattle trails of the 1800s.
- After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?
Blastomyces can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.
What is the causative agent in “Snuffles” in rabbits?
Pasteurella multocida
Where does Dermatophilus usually live?
Dermatophilus is a soil dwelling organism.
A cow is found to have TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); what is a likely bacterial cause?
Histophilus somni
How did we learn so much about Rhodococcus?
Due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic
How does Campylobacter jejuni present?
Campylobacter jejuni presents as a gastro-enteritis (like Salmonella).
How can Clostridium infections present?
Clostridial infections can present as histo-toxic or neuro-toxic.
Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia?
Yes, there is an attenuated live vaccine for Lawsonia.
How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?
Look for sporangia!
How can Listeria present?
Listeria can present as late-term abortion due to neuro-tropism during gestation.
Is there a vaccine for tetanus?
Yes, & horses should be vaccinated!
- Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?
Valley Fever
Chlamoydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?
conjunctivitis, rhinos, and rarely pneumonia of domestic cats
Looking at this picture, what is the most common systemic mycosis of cats?
ryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis in cats that often affects the nasal cavity.
What kind of animal can get Mycoplasma?
Any kind of animal can get Mycoplasma
Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?
Yes, & it’s with the Leptospira vaccine
Will you see fibrin tags in pig intestines with Lawsonia infection?
Yes
What causes enzootic ovine abortion?
Chlamydophia abortus; also called Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE), a number of animals are susceptible to this; this can cause abortion storms when 1 fetus is aborted, then other sheep go sniff the dead lamb, & then Chlamydophila abortus gets transmitted; Chlamydophila abortus is why pregnant women working with sheep have an increased risk of abortion.
What is a broad based budding yeast?
Blastomycosis.
What infection may explain this subcutaneous infection? grape like lesion on exposed skin
Sporotrichosis
What can Leptospira do to the urine?
Leptospira causes hemoglobinura.
Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?
No, moraxella is associated with “pink eye” in cattle, histo toxic Clostridium is associated with “red water” (hemoglobinuria)
Is Pseudomonas easy to treat?
No, Pseudomonas is a nightmare to treat since it’s so antibiotic resistant (much like Enterococcus).
Does Salmonella cause just diarrhea?
No; Salmonella also causes pneumonia, abortion, & arthritis. PADA: pneumonia, abortion, diarrhea, arthritis
What can Bacillus cereus cause?
Food poisoning
What causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia, a yeast.
Is there a vaccine for Brucella?
Yes, developed right here at UF (RB51); RB51 is 3/4th effective at protecting against Brucella.
How do the anaerobes gain access to the animal?
Via wound infection, & often from the feces (as these make up a lot of feces).
What Campylobacter messes up artificial insemination (AI) programs?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes extended estrus cycles as well as silent abortions, & it messes up AI.
What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil & wood, & is found especially where water levels fluctuate?
Blastomycosis
What causes “pigeon breast”?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Can you vaccinate for Anthrax?
Yes, with Sterne
Is Malassezia a yeast or mold or both?
Malassezia is a yeast
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
often presents as pneumonia
What is special about Enterococcus?
Enterococcus is multi-drug resistant
How can Erysipelothrix present in dogs & cats?
Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs & cats.
Why do Chlamydia look like little dots of green?
Because you’re seeing the reticulate bodies (vegetative; RB) & elementary bodies (infectious; EB). Chlamydia cycle between EBs & RBs.
What is unique about Gram (-) bacteria vs Gram (+) bacteria?
While Gram (+) bacteria have a thick outer wall, Gram (-) bacteria have a separate outer membrane & do not depend so much on the cell wall. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, also known as endotoxin (which is not very antigenic).
If an animal ingests pre-formed toxin (such as botulism) or the endospores of tetanus, what determines the result?
The result depends on how many toxins the animal ingested, or how many endospores the animal was exposed to, & the body mass of the animal; botulism toxin is pre- formed! Tetanus toxin is not pre-formed!
How is Moraxella transmitted?
Moraxella is transmitted by fly bites; Moraxella is in the fly saliva, & then the fly bites, & Moraxella colonizes the eye area & causes pink eye in cattle.
- What fungus likes hot & arid soils?
Coccidioidomycosis
How does a histo-toxic Clostridium infection occur?
Clostridium gains access to the animal either through ingestion of endospores (C. difficile) or via inoculation of a wound (C. perfringens).
What causes “lumpy jaw”?
Actinomyces causes “lumpy jaw”
Highly encapsulated, causes grape looking lesion on skin
Sporotrichosis
What species of animals is infected more than others with Blastomycosis?
Dogs
What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?
monocytes and lymphocytes
Is Burkholderia mallei found in the US?
No, but it can still be found in other places in the world.
What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?
Borrelia
What infection may explain this subcutaneous infection?
Sporotrichosis
- Can Escherichia coli cause diarrhea in the upper or lower GI tract?
Either; if there is hemorrhaging, it is most dangerous since frank blood means other things in the intestines can be gaining access to systemic circulation.
Are endotoxins & enterotoxins the same thing?
No! Enterotoxins target the luminal surface of the gut & allows water to flow out; endotoxins are another name for Gram (-) lipopolysaccharides.
Causes strangles
Streptococcus
What causes “Snuffles” in rabbits?
Pastuerella
What does C. renale group cause?
C. renale group causes urinary tract infections & pyelonephritis & is why good sanitation in the milking parlor is important!
What is uniquely difficult about treating Enterococcus?
enterococcus causes diarrhea and is frequently multi-drug resistant
Where does Cryptococcosis like to infect?
Cryptococcosis is a yeast that likes to infect the nasal cavities of cats.
What does Leptospira love?
Leptospira is a water-loving thing; Leptospira is found in nature & in the GI tract; contamination with Leptospira is often via the fecal route, & once an animal gets Leptospira, septicemia follows & then Leptospira is shed in the infected animal’s urine.
Is “Kennel cough” often an isolated thing?
No; like “Shipping Fever”, “Kennel cough” is often a long list of things together, which can include Bordetella.
What causes the tuberculosis in cows?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis subspecies bovis. This is classic TB, & requires quarantine & is a zoonotic.
What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?
Streptococcus leads to septicemia & pneumonia.
Will topical drugs alone cure a Blastomycosis infection?
No; if you find cutaneous Blastomycosis, remember it got there via the lung; therefore, systemic drugs are needed to treat Blastomycosis. In the below picture, Blastomysosis is also in the lung of this dog!
Is there a zoonotic potential for Brucella?
Yes, Brucella melitensis has a broader host range & cattle ranchers can get it.
How is Leptospira spread?
it loves water and is often spread in urine
What is the cause of endocarditis in dogs?
Erysipelothrix
Is Cryptococcosis a yeast or a mold?
yeast
Why are Ehrlichia canis & Ehrlichia chaffeensis hard to diagnosis?
E. canis & E. chaffeensis are hard to diagnose since they live in monocytes, & those are scarcely circulating cells.
Wha tis the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?
Candidiasis - gets a foothold in the mucocutaneous junctions
What is causing diamond pattern on skin?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
With what drug is Ehrlichia canis best treated?
Doxycycline
- What is the most common presentation of Haemophilus?
Conjunctivitis (watery eyes) in cats & “Glasser’s Disease” in pigs.
Trueperella
What causes “moon blindness” in horses?
Leptospira - also called periodic uveitis
Is there a zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila?
Yes; there is a known potential for Chlamydophila psittaci & Chlamydophila abortus; there is a reported zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila felis
What does Taylorella cause?
Taylorella causes contagious equine metritis (CEM), or purulent metritis.
The skin of fish may contain what Gram (+) bacteria that we’ve studied?
Erysipelothrix is present on fish skin & may infect people who handle fish, especially if those people have tiny cuts on their hands.
How does “wooden tongue” form?
forms from abrasions on the tongue.
How do the lesions of Mycobacterium present?
The lesions can be cutaneous, & these are usually slowly developing & can spread extensively; the Mycobacterium do not stain with HE.
How does Chlamydophila psittaci present in birds?
As avian hepatomegaly & avian splenomegaly.
These sporangia are from what fungus?
Coccidioidomycosis.
Is Taylorella a foreign disease?
Taylorella is alleged to be a foreign disease which is why the US uses quarantine- based testing; however, the entertainment clause allows horses into the US without testing, so Taylorella is likely endemic in the US.
What does Brachyspira cause?
Brachyspira is responsible for a third of all pig diarrhea.
How do the anaerobes present as far as disease?
The anaerobes cause podo- & inter-digital dermatitis since the hoof has low amounts of oxygen; the anaerobes have slow metabolisms since they are anaerobes, so these are slow, festering wounds.
If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection the can follow in the bit human?
Pasteurella multocida
What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?
Blastomycosis
How does Johnes present?
Johnes Disease is an ileitis & so presents as diarrhea & emaciation; Johnes Disease is often a long-term disease; while we cull cows with TB, we don’t cull cows with Johnes since there wouldn’t be many cows left in the US if we did.
- If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also?
Blastomyces must also be in the lung!
How can Actinomyces cause wound infection?
An animal has Actinomyces in its oral cavity normally, it gets a grass awn in its foot, it licks the foot, & Actinomyces is transferred into the wound.
Are Mycoplasmas gram (+) or gram (-)
Neither. Think of Mycoplasma as little water balloons that depend on the life-style of the host.
Can you vaccinate for Erysipelothrix?
Yes, with either a bacterin or attenuated vaccine; do it semi-annually or before farrowing.
What causes caseous lymphadenitis and pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or rename group)
How does Arcanobacterium cause disease?
Arcanobacterium is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin & can cause disease; look for pus, purulent lesions, & suppurative (full of pus) lesions; Arcanobacterium causes mastitis, abortion, & opportunistic lesions.
Mycoplasma causes what in birds?
arthritis & air sacculitis
Do Bacteroides, Dichelobacter, & Fusobacterium need oxygen?
No, they are anaerobes.
Where is Histoplasmosis often found?
Histoplasmosis is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds); Histoplasmosis is most often diagnosed in dogs since they have their noses to the ground & inhale spores.
Where does Rhodococcus come from?
Rhodococcus is just a soil loving thing that doesn’t intend to get into a horse; Rhodococcus gets breathed in & it is why dust control is important when it comes to foal pneumonia.
Does Blastomycosis stay in the respiratory tract?
No; Blastomycosis starts in the respiratory tract, & then spreads & causes cutaneous lesions.
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Microsporum canis. This is animal to animal transmitted.
What causes “Kennel cough”
Bordetella bronchiseptica
What species of animal is most affected by Bacillus anthracis?
Cattle via the GI, since they pull up grass & ingest soil in the process.
What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, & genital mucosa?
Candidiasis
How does a dog or cat get “Kennel cough”?
Via direct contact or via aerosols
if a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovid, what is the diagnosis?
the cow has the equivalent of human Tuberculosis
- How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?
An animal gets Coccidioidomycosis by breathing in the spores.
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Pasteurella & Bordetella together.
