Practice questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is the labeled dose for Clomicalm?
A
2-4mg/kg/day
2
Q
What is the actual dose of Clomicalm that works clinically?
A
1-2 md/kg/BID
TCA
3
Q
What is the labeled dose for Anipryl?
A
0.5-1mg/kg/morning
MAOI
4
Q
Are there any behavioral drugs that are approved for use in cats?
A
No
5
Q
What is the form that must be filled out by the O if you are prescribing a drug for off label use?
A
Informed consent form
6
Q
What is the behavioral equivalent of embryology?
A
ontogeny
7
Q
What studies how the behavior arises during the lifetime of the individual?
A
ontogeny
8
Q
Define hypothesis
A
provisional and testable explainations for observed phenomena
9
Q
Be able to determine event v. state. For example if a cat scratches itself, is this an event or state?
A
Event: behavior pattern that is relatively short in duration such as vocalization
State: behavior pattern that is relatively long in duration such as body posture
The number of times a cat scratches itself would be an event while the total time a cat spends scratching itself would be a state.
10
Q
What is the startle response?
A
sudden jump and tensing of the muscles
11
Q
What is habituation?
A
A decrease in response as a consequence of repeated exposure to a (contant level) stimulus
The initial response is innate not learned!
12
Q
What is dishabituation?
A
When the habituated response is restored by exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus paired with the stimulus for which the animal has habituated
13
Q
Sensitization
A
an increase in responsiveness produced by a repeased stimulation
14
Q
What do habituation and sensitization have in common?
A
Both processes involve learning about just one stimulus
15
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
When an orgainism learns about relationships between stimuli and comes to alter its behavior accordingly
16
Q
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A
A stimulus that elicits a particular response without the necessity of prior training
17
Q
What is an unconditioned response?
A
A response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior training
18
Q
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A
A stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of becoming associated with a US
19
Q
What is a conditioned response?
A
The response that comes to be made to the CS as a result of classical conditioning
20
Q
What is stimulus generalization?
A
The response is elicited by a diverse, but related, group of stimuli
21
Q
What is a pre-departure cue?
A
A neutral stimuli that an animal may respond to in anticipation of US
22
Q
What is extinction?
A
Loss of a learned response
23
Q
What is operant conditioning?
AKA Instrumental conditioning
A
Behavior is affected by its consequences
24
Q
What does the term reinforcement refer to?
A
The probability that the behavior will recur is increased
25
What does the term punishment refer to?
The probability that the behavior will recur is decreased
26
What is positive punishment?
Probability that the behavior will recur decreases as a consequence of the CS occurring immediately subsequent to the behavior
If you do X and bad things happen, stop doing X
Ex: Dog barks and you spray it in the face with citronella
27
What is negative punishment?
Probability that the behavior will recur decreases as a consequence of the CS being absent or removed
If you do X and a good thing doesnt happen or stops happening, dont do X
Ex: If you poke your sister again, you wont get any dessert
28
What are the three conditions for punishment?
It must be appropriate, consistent, and immediate
29
What is positive reinforcement?
Probability that the behavior will recur increases as a consequence of the CS being present immediatley subsequent to the behavior
If you do X and good things happen, then keep doing X
Ex: Give a treat when your dog sits
30
What is prompting and fading?
Initially getting animal to do desired behavior by 'prompting' the behavior and slowling 'fading' out the prompt
31
What is shaping?
Eliciting a behavior that would be the first step towards the final behavior
32
What is negative reinforcement?
The probability that the behavior will recur increases as a consequence of the CS being absent or removed if the behavior occurs
If you do X and bad things go away or stay away, keep doing X
Ex: dog growling at a child and the child walks away
33
T/F: You start with the mildest punishment you are willing to use and then gradually get worse
False.
34
T/F: When a dog sees garbage on the floor and slinks away to hide, it is because he knows he's done wrong
False.
35
What is a schedule of reinforcement?
A program that determines how and when occurences of a response will be followed by a reinforcer. May depend on occurrence of a certain # of responses, passage of time, presense of certain stimuli, or occurrence of other responses
36
What are the three types of ratio schedules?
Continuous, fixed, variable
37
What is the most effective ratio schedule when an animal is first learning a new behavior?
Continuous reinforcement
38
Which ratio schedule causes the behavior to become very persistent?
Variable ratio
39
What type of reinforcement is a clicker?
Secondary
40
What is learned helplessness?
Interference with the learning of new instrumental responses as a result of exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation. Can be brought about by improper use of punishment, dominance training, flooding, or chronic/ inescapable abuse
41
What is flooding?
Term used to deliberate exposure of the animal to a stimulus until the response extinguishes or the animal habituates. Must continue stimulus until response ceases.
42
Define desensitization.
Expose animal to low-level stimulus that elicits a low-level response and gradually increase the intensity of the stimulus without eliciting the response
43
What is counter-conditioning
A response is elicited that is behaviorally and physiologically incompatible with another response. A conditioning procedure that reverses an animal's previous response to a stimulus.
Ex: you cannot be relaxed and anxious at the same time so you reward relaxation
44
What is the sensitive period for dog-dog interactions?
3-8 weeks
45
What is the sensitive period for dog-human interactions?
5-12 weeks
46
What is the sensitive period for dogs to explore novel experiences?
10-20 weeks
47
Puppies handled by what age are most responsive to humans.
5-7 weeks
48
Puppies not handled by what age are fearful of humans and never form close attachements.
14 weeks
49
What are the negative effects of seperating a puppy from its mother at 6 weeks of age?
Poor physical condition
Lack superior human bonding
More at risk for anxiety related issues
50
What age should you adopt puppies?
12-14 weeks
51
If a dog turns its head away from another dog at a dog park, what is it saying?
Deference to other dog, submission
52
If you see retraction of the commissure with exposure the mouthful of teeth, is this a dominent or submissive dog?
Submissive
53
What is the most submissive position for a dog?
Lying down, especially rolling over
54
What is metacommunication?
A form of communication in which information is provided that modifies the meaning of subsequent communication such as the play bow
55
What is the most common motivation for dog aggression directed at people?
Fear/ anxiety
56
```
Which of the following is NOT a reason for dog aggression directed at humans?
Fear
Possession
Maternal
Pain
Dominance
```
Dominance
57
What is the age of onset of social maturity for a younger dog?
18-24 months
58
What is the sensitive period for cats?
2-7 weeks
59
Do cats live a solitary/ asocial lifestyle?
No. Cats form social relationships and have social interactions
60
When two cats approach each other with the tail up, what are they going to do?
Allorub
61
What is the most common cause of cat aggression directed at people?
Play aggression
62
What med do you treat with for petting intolerance to facilitate positive interactions?
Buspirone
63
What drug should NOT be used for the aggressive confident cat?
Buspirone, only for the victim cat
64
After what age is it detrimental to raise cats without interaction with other cats?
5-6 weeks
65
How do you treat aggressive, confident cats?
SSRIs: Fluoxetine
TCAs: Clomipramine (clomicalm)
Hormones
66
What drug should be used for the aggressive fearful cat?
Antianxiety meds: buspirone
67
If someone is standing over a dog and reaching toward it and talking in baby talk and it pees, what is causing the urination?
Submissive urination
68
If the owner comes home and the dog starts circling and peeing, what type of urination is this?
Excitement urination
69
Neutering causes a >90% decrease in marking in how many dogs?
25-40%
70
Neutering causes a >50% decrease in marking in how many dogs?
>60%
71
At least ___% of cats at some time exhibit an elimination behavior problem.
10
72
What is the #1 symptom of cats with seperation anxiety?
Urinating outside the litter box
73
What drugs can be used for elimintion or marking problems?
```
Buspirone (SPAs)
Fluoxetine - Prozac (SSRI)
Paroxetine - Paxil (SSRI)
Sertraline - Zoloft (SSRI)
Amitriptyline - Elvail (TCA)
Clomipramine - Anafranil (TCA)
Benzodiazepine: Alprazolam - Xanax, Diazepam - Valium (Anxiolytics)
Hormones - synthetic progestins
```
74
If there are 5 cats in the household, how many litterboxes should there be?
6 (# of cats +1)
75
Spaying/ neutering decreases the incidence of marking by what percent in cats?
89% decrease
76
What type of litter do cats prefer?
finely textured clay litter
77
Which is not a CNS structure involved in fear, anxiety, or stress repsonse?
Adrenal glands
| thalamic tracts, amygdala, and hypothalamus are
78
Why isn't Ace indicated for things like storms or fireworks?
It increases noise sensitivity
79
What does DAP stand for?
Dog Appeasing Pheromone
80
The thing that has a special metallic lining to discharge a dogs fur is called:
The storm defender cape
81
What are two things that provide gentle, calming pressure to dogs torso that calms them?
Anxiety wraps and thundershirts
82
When the dog no longer associates the pre-departure cues with actual departure this is:
extinction
83
If you give alprazolam to a dog with separation anxiety and then 30 mins later it starts freaking out, what is this called?
paradoxical excitement
84
What is a fast acting drug that can be given during a storm to a storm-phobic dog? What do you need to remember about this drug?
benzodiazepines; can cause paradoxical excitement, best to try out the drug prior to when it's needed
85
What drug can a dog build up a tolerance towards?
benzodiazepine
86
What drug can be used to treat separation anxiety in cats?
alprazolam, often anxiety is not day-to-day absence but long-term trips
87
What percent of cats that presented to vets for house soiling are 10 years or older?
50%
88
```
Which of these is not on the senior pet checklist?
Disorientation
Housetraining
Anxiety
Interaction with family members
```
Anxiety - it is secondary to pain or discomfort
89
What is a physical change that occurs in CDS?
Degeneration of white matter
90
Name the 2 nutritional supplements that help with CDS?
Novifit and Senilife
91
Can anipryl be given for the lifetime of a pet if it works for that pet?
yes
92
Can any of the 3 FDA drugs be given at the same time?
NO
93
Define obsession
A persistent idea, thought, impulse, or image that causes marked anxiety or distress
94
Define compulsion
Repetitive behavior or mental act done to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress
95
If a Birman, Siamese, or Burmese cat is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
wool sucking
96
If a Doberman Pinscher is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
flank sucking
97
If a Mini Schnauzer is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
checking hind end, freezing, fly chasing, star gazing
98
If a Irish Setter is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
acral lick granuloma
99
If a German Shepherd is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
tail chasing
100
If a Bull Terrier is presented to you in a clinic, what is the most likely thing it is presented for in terms of compulsive/obsessive behaviors?
spinning, freezing
101
What is the brand name for gabapentin?
Neurontin
102
What are some effects of chronic stress?
Immunosuppression, altered blood flow, displacement behaviors
103
Define CDS
cognitive dysfunction syndrome
104
Give examples of benzodiazepine drugs:
alprazolam (xanax), clonazepam, diazepam (valium)
105
When should you give a benzodiazepine for separation anxiety?
30-60 minutes prior to departure
106
T/F: Acepromazine can be used in conjunction with other medications for separation anxiety
True
107
T/F: acepromazine is an anti-anxiety medication
False, it is a sedation drug only, use only with other drug therapies; causes increased sensitivity to sounds
