Practice Questions Flashcards
What structures occupy the quadrangle space?
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
What structure makes up the superior border of the triangular interval?
Teres major M
A 39 yo male presents to office with trouble medially rotating his humerus. What rotator cuff muscle is likely implicated?
Subscapularis (medial rotation)
In vertebrates, the signal passes through the neuromuscular jxn via which of the following NTs?
Acetylcholine
Approximately 1/2 of major joint dislocations seen in ER are of the shoulder. Partial dislocation of the shoulder is referred to as subluxation. The glenohumeral joint is most likely to dislocate in what direction?
Anterior and inferior direction
Brachial plexus injuries, or lesions, can occur as a result of shoulder trauma, tumors or inflammation. The rare Parsonage-Turner Syndrome causes brachial plexus inflammation without obvious injury, but with disabling symptoms. Injury to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus would most likely cause dysfunction which of the following maneuvers?
Abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
A 15 yo African Am presents with developing ‘light blotchy patches’ on his arm. His mother said they started months ago and are getting worse. The physician suspects an autoimmune process involving melanocytes. Which of following conditions?
Vitalgo
During first 3 to 4 weeks of a pregnancy, specific cells in a developing baby curl up and their edges fuse together to form a narrow tube that becomes the foundation of the spinal canal, brain and the bone/tissues around them. This neural tube fusing process is usually complete by 28 days of pregnancy (gestation) before many women know they are pregnant. Neural tube defect. Defects caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development and are called?
Encephalocele
In 2nd week of pregnancy, called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of gets begin to fuse and form neural tube. When the neural tube does not close completely, an NTD develops. Soon after neural tube closure, future brain can be distinguished. The most caudal of the 3 primary brain vesicles is which of the following?
Rhombencephalon
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending, receiving and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. This system can be divided into 2 parts: CNS and PNS. One of the subdivisions of PNS is in charge of voluntary actions and conscious perceptions. In this subdivision of the PNS:
One neuron comes in, one neuron goes out
In all bilateral animals, the mesoderm is one of the 3 primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other 2 layers are ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inner layer) with mesoderm in the middle. The type of mesoderm responsible for forming the urogenital system is the
Intermediate mesoderm
……so many fucking words…. The mesoderm which is precursor to sclerotome, myotome and dermatome is the
Paraxial mesoderm
From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this ventral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming vertebral arch. Other cells move distally to the costal process of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs. Vertebrae are formed by the sclerotomes. The differentiation of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae is due to:
Hox 10
Calcium is involved in the skeletal muscle contraction in several ways. It is released and resequestered, it enters the bouton for NT release and is involved elsewhere. Calcium is sequestered into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by which of the following protein molecules
SERCA
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase
A baby that is born with a limb defect will have an upper or lower limb that did not properly form while in utero. There are a variety of types of congenital limb defects that your child could experience. Sirenomelia is a congenital limb abnormality in which:
There is a fusion of the lower limbs
A longitudinal cut of muscle is observed to have the following characteristics: striations, nuclei at side, rectangular shape and large sized cells. Which type is being observed?
Skeletal muscle
Myofilaments are long tubular structures inside of muscle cells that are made up of shorter contractile sections called sarcomeres. In myofilament organization, which of the following elements most notably control length of actin?
Nebulin
The contraction signal is spread rapidly along the fiber by means of the T-tubule system, which signals the rapid release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A skeletal muscle fiber type which uses type I myosin ATPase and is slowly oxidative is a
Red skeletal muscle fiber
Action potentials are of great importance to the functioning of the brain since they propagate info in the nervous system to the CNS and propagate commands initiated in the CNS to the periphery. Consequently, it is necessary to understand thoroughly their properties. To answer the question of how action potentials are initiated and propagated, we need to record the potential between the inside and outside of nerve cells using intracellular recording techniques. For every neural action potential:
There is one muscle action potential
An immune response to post-synaptic nicotinic receptors is the cause of which of the following conditions?
Myasthenia gravis
Which of the following conditions is best described as an immune response to pre-synaptic voltage-gated channels in which symptoms improve with use throughout the day?
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Depolarization within the T-tubule causes a conformational change in the DHP receptor which consequently causes:
Ryanodine receptors to open, releasing Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
For an isometric contraction for skeletal muscle to occur the following must take place
The muscle length stays the same but there is an increase in force
A med student is trying to study and cook at the same time. Accidentally places hand on hot stove. Pain is fast and sharp and before realizes burn, he pulled hand away. The fiber which is most involved in this acute accident is the
A-delta fibers
The same medical student has rough night. Accidentally hits shin on coffee table. 5 minutes after there is a small lump and dull throbbing coming from leg. Student cheers because knows how dull pain is being transmitted.
C fibers
An anterior/ventral displacement of a vertebra onto an adjacent vertebra most commonly associated with L5 displacing on the sacrum is known as
Spondylolisthesis
When lateral masses of C1 are compressed between the occipital condyles and the axis of C2 resulting in the fracturing of the anterior and/or posterior arches of C1, this is known as
Jefferson or Burst fracture
Identify the cells in the photograph
-
Chondroblasts in elastic cartilage
A pt in ER with penetrating wound to axillary region. Pt is an electrician who was working and fell onto a metal steak which penetrated his side. The most likely resultant long term symptom secondary to nerve damage of the region would be:
Winged scapula
In a pt with a fracture at distal end of humerus, most likely neurological damage will be to
Median nerve
Which troponin complex binds actin and inhibits myosin binding?
Troponin I
Pharm question
……
20 yo with history of osteoporosis presents to ER after fall on outstretched hand, injury to R wrist. Wrist swollen and rates pain 8 out of 10. No loss of sensation or loss of circulation. See radiograph. What is diagnosis?
Colles fracture
Identify the neural tube
1
Middle structure on first image
