Practice Questions Flashcards
_______ is defined as the reduction of ultrasound intensity and amplitude of a sound wave.
A) attenuation
B) absorption
C) reflection
D) refraction
A) attenuation
Which of these is not a way sound is attenuated as it travels through the tissue?
A) absorption
B) reflection
C) refraction
D) scattering
C) refraction
_______ is an increase in echo amplitude returning from regions lying beyond an object that causes little or no attenuation of the sound beam. The artifact results in a brighter than normal appearance.
A) shadowing
B) enhancement
C) reflection
D) refraction
B) enhancement
Which of the following abnormal findings in the breast is commonly associated with enhancement?
A) DCIS
B) LCIS
C) lipoma
D) cyst
D) cyst
_______ is a reduction in echo amplitude distal to a strongly attenuating or reflecting structure. This artifact results in a less bright than normal appearance.
A) shadowing
B) enhancement
C) reflection
D) refraction
A) shadowing
Which of the following abnormal findings in the breast is commonly associated with shadowing?
A) lipoma
B) fluid filled structures, most likely benign
C) simple cysts
D) dense solid masses, most likely cancers
D) dense solid masses, most likely cancers
What should frame rate be set at to be considered “real time” scanning?
A) 5 frames per second
B) 8 frames per second
C) 10 frames per second
D) 15 frames per second
D) 15 frames per second
_______ is the appearance of having no internal echoes on a sonographic image.
A) anechoic
B) hyperechoic
C) hypoechoic
D) echopaque
A) anechoic
Which of the following is/are synonyms of anechoic?
A) echolucent
B) sonolucent
C) echopaque
D) a & b
D) echolucent and sonolucent
_______ is a region in a sonographic image where the echoes are not as bright as normal or are less bright than surrounding structures.
A) anechoic
B) hyperechoic
C) hypoechoic
D) echodense
C) hypoechoic
_______ is a region on a sonographic image where the echoes are brighter than normal or brighter than surrounding structures.
A) anechoic
B) hyperechoic
C) hypoechoic
D) sonolucent
B) hyperechoic
Which of the following is/are synonym(s) for hyperechoic?
A) echodense
B) sonodense
C) sonopaque
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
What transducer frequency range is critical in breast imaging?
A) 1.0-5.0 MHz
B) 7.0-15.0 MHz
C) 25.0-30.0 MHz
D) 40.0-50.0 MHz
B) 7.0-15 MHz
The higher frequency transducers yield superior axial and lateral resolution (detail.)
A) true
B) false
A) true
Increase transducer frequency _______ image detail.
A) decrease
B) increase
C) no change
B) increase
Increase transducer frequency _______ penetration.
A) decrease
B) increase
C) no changes
A) decrease
Increase transducer frequency _______ wavelength.
A) shorter
B) longer
C) no change
A) shorter
When should a lower frequency probe be used in breast imaging?
A) to visualize superior structures
B) to visualize skin surface
C) to visualize structures near the pectoral muscle
D) a & b
C) to visualize structures near the pectoral muscle
What effect does a low frequency transducer have on wavelength?
A) none
B) shorter
C) longer
C) longer
Linear array transducers are optimal for breast imaging.
A) true
B) false
A) true
Which of the following in NOT true about linear array transducers for breast imaging?
A) produces a triangular image
B) allows direct contact while scanning
C) maintains perpendicularity with chest wall
D) best for needle guidance
A) produce a triangular image
When would a lower frequency, curved array transducer be used in breast imaging?
A) when a mass is too large to fit the linear array
B) if the sound beam cannot penetrate deep in the breast tissues
C) never
D) a & b
D) when a mass is too large to fit the linear array and if the sound beam cannot penetrate deep in the breast tissue
When setting an appropriate depth, what landmark is routinely used in breast sonography?
A) pectoral muscle
B) between 3-6 cm
C) there is no set landmark
D) a & b
D) pectoral muscle and between 3-6 cm
What is the most frequently adjusted control on the ultrasound system?
A) receiver gain
B) output power
C) monitor brightness
D) none of the above
A) receiver gain
_______ is the amount of amplification applied to a returning echo.
A) output power
B) monitor brightness
C) transducer frequency
D) receiver gain
D) receiver gain
What patient factors influence changes in amplitude of the returning echoes?
A) breast size
B) breast thickness
C) tissue density
D) all of the above
D) breast size, thickness and tissue density
Which two controls function as receiver gain?
A) overall gain and monitor brightness
B) TGC and monitor brightness
C) overall gain and TGC
D) pulse wave and overall gain
C) overall gain and TGC
Overall gain controls the level of brightness at various depths.
A) true
B) false
B) false
What does ALARA stand for?
A) as low as reasonably achievable
B) as low as reasonably available
C) as low as responsibly achievable
D) as low as responsibly available
A) as low as reasonably achievable
Which control should be adjusted to limit patients’ exposure to ultrasound energy?
A) receiver gain
B) output power
C) TGC
D) none of the above
B) output power
Just like receiver gain, the output power secondarily controls the brightness of the ultrasound image.
A) true
B) false
A) true
According to ALARA, which control should be adjusted if the image is too bright?
A) receiver gain
B) overall gain
C) TGC
D) output power
D) output power
According to ALARA, which control should NOT be adjusted if the image is too dark?
A) receiver gain
B) overall gain
C) TGC
D) output power
D) output power
Elevation plane focus is pre set by the manufacturer.
A) true
B) false
A) true
High frequency transducers provide _______ in the elevation plane.
A) shallow focus
B) deep focus
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
A) shallow focus
A 10 MHz transducer has an elevation plane focal depth of approximately _______?
A) 15 cm
B) 10 cm
C) 1.5 cm
D) 1.0 cm
C) 1.5 cm
Which is NOT a way Doppler can provide more information about a mass?
A) determines cystic vs solid
B) determines inflamed vs non-inflamed
C) determines complex cyst vs complicated cyst
D) determines soft vs hard
D) determines soft vs hard
_______ is a decrease in echo amplitude distal to the edge of a structure.
A) posterior enhancement
B) edge shadowing
C) acoustic shadowing
D) reflection
B) edge shadowing
Edge shadowing artifact is the result from _______ of the sound beam.
A) reflection
B) scatter
C) refraction
D) all of the above
C) refraction
The pectoralis major muscle is more anterior to the pectoral is minor muscle.
A) true
B) false
A) true
Normal skin thickness is _______ thick.
A) 0.5-2.0 mm
B) 2.0-3.0 mm
C) 4.0-4.5 mm
D) 0.2-3.0 mm
A) 0.5-2.0 mm
How many collecting ducts converge at the nipple?
A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25
C) 15-20
What glands are sebaceous glands seen as small bumps on the surface of the areola?
A) mucinous glands
B) lactiferous glands
C) acini
D) Montgomery glands
D) Montgomery glands
All factors will increase the amount of fat in the breast EXCEPT.
A) advancing age
B) pregnancy
C) post radiation
D) obesity
C) post radiation
Where is the superficial fascia located?
A retromammary layer
B) premammary layer
C) dermal layer
D) subcutaneous layer
B) premammary layer
Where is the deep layer of the fascia located?
A) retromammary layer
B) premammary layer
C) dermal layer
D) subcutaneous layer
A) retromammary layer
What is the smallest functional unit of the breast?
A) Montgomery glands
B) acini
C) lobe
D) ductule
B) acini
What is considered the milk-producing gland?
A) Montgomery glands
B) acini
C) lobe
D) ductule
B) acini
There are _______ of acini in each breast.
A) thousands
B) millions
C) 15-20
D) hundreds
D) hundreds
TDLU stands for terminal ductal lobular unit.
A) true
B) false
A) true
What structures make up the TDLU?
A) one lobule
B) 30 acini
C) terminal ducts
D) all of the above
D) one lobule, 30 acini and terminal ducts
Where do nearly all breast pathology originate?
A) TDLU
B) retromammary zone
C) nipple
D) axilla
A) TDLU
Which of the following are/is synonym for the mammary layer?
A) glandular layer
B) parenchymal layer
C) none of the above
D) both A & B
D) glandular layer and parenchymal layer
The axillary tail of Spence is the portion or glandular tissue that extends from what quadrant of each breast?
A) UIQ
B) UOQ
C) LIQ
D) LOQ
B) UOQ
_______ is the functional tissue of the breast containing acini, TDLU, lobes, ducts, etc.
A) epithelial tissue
B) stromal tissue
C) erectile tissue
D) dermal tissue
A) epithelial tissue
_______ is the supportive tissue or framework of the breast containing cooper’s ligaments, fat and connective tissue.
A) epithelial tissue
B) stromal tissue
C) erectile tissue
D) dermal tissue
B) stromal tissue
Several lobes make up one lobule.
A) true
B) false
B) false
Which is NOT a layer of the lactiferous duct?
A) epithelium
B) myoepithelium
C) basement membrane
D) collagen
D) collagen
Which layers’ function is to propel milk within the duct toward the nipple?
A) epithelium
B) myoepithelium
C) basement membrane
D) collagen
B) myoepithelium
What quadrant of the breast has the most glandular tissue?
A) UOQ
B) UIQ
C) LIQ
D) LOQ
A) UOQ
What quadrant has the most incidence of breast cancer?
A) UOQ
B) UIQ
C) LIQ
D) LOQ
A) UOQ
Where does the milk line extend from?
A) axilla to pubis
B) axilla to umbilicus
C) axilla to inguinal
D) axilla to parenchyma
C) axilla to inguinal
_______ absence of one or both breasts.
A) amastia
B) polymastia
C) polythelia
D) amazia
A) amastia
_______ absence of the nipple.
A) amastia
B) polymastia
C) athelia
D) amazia
C) athelia
_______ accessory breast or more than two breasts.
A) amastia
B) polymastia
C) amazia
D) polythelia
B) polymastia
_______ absence of the breast tissue with development of the nipple.
A) amastia
B) athelia
C) polythelia
D) amazia
D) amazia
_______ accessory nipple.
A) amastia
B) polymastia
C) athelia
D) polythelia
D) polythelia
Which is the most common developmental anomaly of the breast?
A) amastia
B) polymastia
C) athelia
D) polythelia
D) polythelia
Which portion of the breast does the lateral thoracic artery supply?
A) lateral
B) medial
C) superior
D) inferior
A) lateral
Which portion of the breast does the internal mammary artery supply?
A) lateral
B) medial
C) superior
D) inferior
B) medial
Which portion of the breast does the intercostal artery supply?
A) lateral
B) medial
C) superior
D) inferior
D) inferior
Which portion of the breast does the thoracoacromial artery supply?
A) lateral
B) medial
C) superior
D) inferior
C) superior
Which are the 2 main arterial supplies of the breast?
A) lateral thoracic and internal mammary artery
B) thoracoacromial artery and intercostal artery
C) lateral thoracic and intercostal artery
D) thoracoacromial and internal mammary artery
A) lateral thoracic artery and internal mammary artery
Which are the two secondary arterial supplies of the breast?
A) lateral thoracic artery and internal mammary artery
B) thoracoacromial artery and intercostal artery
C) lateral thoracic artery and intercostal artery
D) thoracoacromial artery and internal mammary artery
B) thoracoacromial artery and intercostal artery
Which vein branches eventually carry blood to the superior vena cava?
A) superficial veins
B) carotid vein
C) pectoral vein
D) deep vein
D) deep vein
Which vein branches lie just beneath the superficial fascia?
A) superficial veins
B) carotid vein
C) pectoral vein
D) deep vein
A) superficial vein
Which of the following is included with the deep vein drainage?
A) lateral thoracic vein
B) internal mammary vein
C) axillary vein
D) subclavian vein
E) intercostal vein
F) all of the above
F) lateral thoracic, internal mammary, axillary, subclavian, and intercostal veins
What is the most common route for breast cancer to metastasize?
A) bloodstream
B) hematogenous route
C) lymph node route
D) both A and B
D) bloodstream and hematogenous route
How is bone metastasis from breast cancer thought to occur?
A) intercostal veins communicating with the vertebral vein
B) intercostal artery communicating with the vertebral vein
C) lymph nodes
D) breast cancer does not metastasize to the bones
A) intercostal veins communicating with the vertebral vein
Where are the intramammary lymph nodes found?
A) breast parenchyma
B) axilla
C) inferior to the pectoral muscle
D) none of the above
A) breast parenchyma
Which is the correct flow pattern for the intramammary lymph nodes?
A) areola, periareolar plexus, superficial system, outer lymphatic chains
B) outer lymphatic chains, areola, periareolar plexus, superficial system
C) outer lymphatic chains, superficial system, periareolar plexus, areola
D) areola, superficial system, periareolar plexus, outer lymphatic chains
A) areola, periareolar plexus, superficial system, outer lymphatic chains
Which of the following is NOT part of the axillary lymph node chain?
A) external mammary group
B) scapular group
C) internal mammary group
D) central group
E) axillary group
F) subclavicular group
G) interpectoral group
C) internal mammary group
What is another name for Rotter’s nodes?
A) axillary group
B) central group
C) subclavicular group
D) interpectoral group
D) interpectoral group
What level of lymph node placement is considered the deepest?
A) level 1
B) level 2
C) level 3
D) level 4
C) level 3
Level 1 nodes lie _______ to the pectoral is minor muscle.
A) lateral
B) posterior
C) medial
D) superior
A) lateral
Level 2 nodes lie _______ to the pectoralis minor muscle.
A) lateral
B) posterior
C) medial
D) superior
B) posterior
Level 3 nodes lie _______ to the pectoralis minor muscle.
A) lateral
B) posterior
C) medial
D) superior
C) medial
Where does 75% of lymph drainage occur?
A) internal mammary nodes
B) intercostal nodes
C) supraclavicular nodes
D) axillary nodes
D) axillary nodes
Where does the other 25% of lymph drainage occur?
A) internal mammary nodes
B) intercostal nodes
C) supraclavicular nodes
D) flow to the opposite breast
E) flow to the diaphragm
F) all of the above
F) internal mammary nodes, intercostal nodes, supraclavicular nodes, flow to the opposite breast, flow to the diagram
Estrogen stimulates changes in what type of tissue?
A) glandular
B) fat
C) stromal
D) both B and C
D) fat and stromal
Progesterone stimulates changes in what type of tissue?
A) glandular
B) TDLU
C) stromal
D) both A and B
D) glandular and TDLU
Which hormone dominates after birth to stimulate milk production?
A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) prolactin
D) lactogen
C) prolactin
_______ means to roll inward, shrivel or invert.
A) traction
B) involution
C) regeneration
B) involution
Involution typically occurs during _______.
A) perimenopause
B) puberty
C) pregnancy
D) 6 weeks gestation
A) perimenopause
All of the following are occasions when glandular tissue may increase EXCEPT:
A) HRT
B) weight gain
C) weight loss
D) puberty
B) weight gain
ACS suggests BSE should be performed _______ by women of all ages.
A) monthly
B) yearly
C) daily
D) quarterly
A) monthly
ACS suggests CBE should be performed _______ for women 20-40.
A) yearly
B) once every 5 years
C) once every 3 years
D) never
C) once every 3 years
ACS suggests baseline mammograms start at age _______ and yearly at age _______.
A) 35-40; 40
B) 30-35; 40
C) 35-45; 45
D) 30-35; 45
A) 35-40; 40
How are breast cancers best detected in young women?
A) mammograms
B) BSE
C) CBE
D) both B and C
D) BSE a and CBE
MQSA stands for Mammography Quality Standards Act.
A) true
B) false
A) true
_______ is a useful sonographic tool which combines multiple scan lines from different angles to create a smoother, more realistic image.
A) sonoCT
B) spatial compounding
C) compounding image
D) all of the above
D) sonoCT, spatial compounding, and compounding image
Advantages when using sonoCT include:
A) clearer cysts
B) reduced speckle
C) reduction in enhancement artifact
D) both A and B
D) clearer cysts and reduced speckle artifact
Disadvantages when using spatial compounding:
A) reduction in enhancement
B) reduction in shadowing
C) possible blurring
D) all of the above
D) reduction in enhancement, reduction in shadowing, and possible blurring
If a solid mass is discovered on sonographic examination what scan plane becomes important?
A) radial
B) antiradial
C) transverse
D) both A and B
A) radial
What is the ideal thickness for a stand-off pad?
A) 3mm
B) 10 mm
C) 1cm
D) both B and C
D) 10 mm or 1cm
What would be the elevation plane focus of a 10 MHz transducer?
A) 15 mm
B) 1.5 cm
C) 0.5 cm
D) 5 cm
B) 1.5 cm
What would be the elevation plane focus of a 10 MHz transducer when using a 1 cm stand-off pad?
A) 15 mm
B) 1.5 cm
C) 0.5 cm
D) 5 cm
C) 0.5 cm
What tissue has the echogenicity all other tissue is compared to?
A) fat
B) skin
C) glandular
D) dermal
A) fat
Which of the following is considered hyperechoic?
A) skin
B) cooper’s ligaments
C) dense fibroglandular tissue
D) ribs
E) all of the above
E) skin, cooper’s ligaments, dense fibroglandular tissue, and ribs
Which of the following is considered hypoechoic with hyperechoic striations?
A) skin
B) sense fibroglandular tissue
C) ribs
D) pectoralis muscle
D) pectoralis muscle
What is the echogenecity of a simple cyst?
A) hyperechoic
B) hypoechoic
C) anechoic
D) isoechoic
C) anechoic
What is the echogenecity of a calcification?
A) hyperechoic
B) hypoechoic
C) anechoic
D) isoechoic
A) hyperechoic
What is the echogenecity of most malignant tumors?
A) hyperechoic
B) hypoechoic
C) anechoic
D) isoechoic
B) hypoechoic
What is the echogenecity of most benign tumors?
A) mildly hyperechoic
B) mildly hypoechoic
C) isoechoic
D) all of the above
D) mildly hyperechoic, mildly hypoechoic, or isoechoic
From anterior to posterior, the normal fibrous planes seen on sonography are:
A) skin, subQ fat, mammary layer, retro mammary layer, pectoralis muscle, chest wall
B) chest wall, pectoralis muscle, retromammary later, mammary layer, subQ fat, skin
C) skin, retromammary layer, subQ fat, mammary layer, pectoralis muscle, chest wall
D) chest wall, retromammary later, subQ fat, mammary layer, pectoralis muscle, skin
A) skin, subQ fat, mammary layer, retromammary layer, pectoralis muscle, chest wall
Benign diseases will cross fibrosis planes.
A) true
B) false
B) false
The Fremitus maneuver is helpful in demonstrating ill-defined borders.
A) true
B) false
A) true
Which is the orientation of a benign tumor?
A) wider than tall
B) long axis parallel to skin
C) horizontally
D) all of the above
D) wider than tall, long axis parallel to skin, and horizontally
Which is the orientation of a malignant tumor?
A) taller than wide
B) long axis perpendicular to skin
C) vertical
D) all of the above
D) taller than wide, long axis perpendicular to skin, and vertical
Which artifact most likely represents a benign tumor?
A) acoustic enhancement
B) edge shadowing
C) posterior shadowing
D) both A and B
D) acoustic enhancement and edge shadowing
Which artifact most likely represents a malignant tumor?
A) acoustic enhancement
B) edge shadowing
C) posterior shadowing
D) both A and B
C) posterior shadowing
_______ is the extension of a tumor into a duct coursing toward the nipple (single duct.)
A) duct extension
B) branch pattern
C) radial extension
D) both A & C
D) duct extension and radial extension
_______ is the extension of a tumor into a duct coursing away from a nipple (multiple ducts.)
A) duct extension
B) branch pattern
C) radial extension
D) both B and C
D) branch pattern and radial extension
What shape or margin is almost exclusively malignant?
A) irregular
B) spiculation
C) ill-defined
D) angular
B) spiculation
Simple cysts generally occur in women between the ages of _______ and _______.
A) 15-30
B) 30-45
C) 35-50
D) 60-70
C) 35-50
Cysts are clearly differentiated from solid tumors on mammography.
A) true
B) false
B) false
Which of the following would not cause an artifact within a simple cyst?
A) improper TGC
B) overall gain too low
C) improper focal position
D) superficial location
E) small cyst size
F) deep location
B) overall gain too low
What is the most common solid tumor of the breast?
A) fibroadenoma
B) simple cyst
C) lipoma
D) DCIS
A) fibroadenoma
What is the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge?
A) lipoma
B) intraductal papilloma
C) fibroadenoma
D) PASH
B) intraductal papilloma
What is the “Swiss cheese” disease?
A) lipoma
B) fibroadenoma
C) juvenile papillomatosis
D) papilloma
C) juvenile papillomatosis
What is another name for fibroadenolipoma?
A) hamartoma
B) papilloma
C) breast within a breast
D) both A and C
D) hamartoma and breast within a breast
What is the most common form of mastitis?
A) lactational
B) puerperal
C) periductal
D) both A and B
D) lactational and puerperal
What type of mastitis is non breast feeding?
A) lactational
B) puerperal
C) non-puerperal
D) both A and B
C) non-puerperal
Which of the following is NOT a typical sonographic appearance for mastitis?
A) decrease in echogenicity of subcutaneous fat and parenchymal layer
B) shadowing due to cellulitis
C) blurred tissue planes
D) skin thickening
E) possible dilated ducts
F) increase Doppler signal
A) decrease in echogenicity of subcutaneous fat and parenchymal layer
Which of the following is NOT a typical sonographic appearance of an abscess?
A) complex, predominantly cystic mass
B) thick irregular borders
C) acoustic shadowing
D) localized skin thickening
C) acoustic shadowing
Which of the following is a type of non lactating mastitis?
A) plasma cell
B) periductal
C) puerperal
D) both A and B
D) plasma cell and periductal
_______ is bilateral milk discharge from a non-lactating and non-pregnant female.
A) galactocele
B) galactorrhea
C) PASH
D) none of the above
B) galactorrhea
Which is NOT a type of discharge associated with a tumor?
A) serous
B) serosanguineous
C) milky
D) watery
C) milky
Serous discharge is what color?
A) clear, yellow
B) clear, pale yellow
C) pink (both serous and bloody fluid)
D) red (bloody)
A) clear, yellow
Sanguineous discharge is what color?
A) clear, yellow
B) clear, pale yellow
C) pink (both serous and bloody)
D) red (bloody)
D) red (bloody)
Serosanguineous discharge is what color?
A) clear, yellow
B) clear, pale yellow
C) pink (serous and bloody)
D) red (bloody)
C) pink (serous and bloody)
Watery discharge is what color?
A) clear, yellow
B) clear, pale yellow
C) pink (serous and bloody)
D) red (bloody)
B) clear, pale yellow
Fat necrosis is only caused by trauma to the breast.
A) true
B) false
B) false
Fat necrosis can be found in obese women with fatty, pendulous breasts.
A) true
B) false
A) true
What type of cysts are often associated with fat necrosis?
A) simple
B) oil
C) complicated
D) complex
B) oil
_______ is the benign enlargement of a breast lobule due to hyperplasia of the epithelial and stromal tissues.
A) Mondor’s disease
B) PASH
C) radial scar
D) sclerosing adenoids
D) sclerosing adenosis
_______ is a scar formation caused by ductal epithelium invading surrounding stromal tissue. It may present as spiculated on imaging.
A) Mondor’s disease
B) PASH
C) radial scar
D) sclerosing adenoids
C) radial scar
_______ is a rare thrombophlebitis of superficial veins of the breast.
A) Mondor’s disease
B) PASH
C) radial scar
D) sclerosing adenosis
A) Mondor’s disease
One of the following is NOT a cause of Mondor’s disease.
A) blunt trauma to the chest
B) repetitive exercise
C) aspiration or biopsy
D) tuberculosis
D) tuberculosis
What should be used to best evaluate Mondor’s disease?
A) stand-off pad
B) Doppler
C) harmonics
D) power Doppler
A) stand-off pad
Precocious puberty is puberty beginning before what age?
A) 10
B) 15
C) 8
D) 9
C) 8
What is the most common clinical sign of breast cancer?
A) new lump
B) nipple discharge
C) focal pain
D) skin thickening
A) new lump
_______ of Brest cancers originate in the duct?
A) 25%
B) 30%
C) 45%
D) 90%
D) 90%
What anatomical unit do most cancers arise from?
A) TDLU
B) stromal tissue
C) Montgomery Glands
D) dermal tissue
A) TDLU
What is the most common cancer in women?
A) breast
B) lung
C) liver
D) skin
A) breast
What is the number one leading cause of death due to cancer?
A) breast
B) lung
C) liver
D) skin
B) lung
_______ in _______ women will develop breast cancer.
A) 1 in 100
B) 1 in 10
C) 1 in 8
D) 1 in 5
C) 1 in 8
What is the second leading cause of death due to cancer?
A) breast
B) lung
C) liver
D) skin
A) breast
List these ethnic groups from highway to lowest risk to develop breast cancer:
A) white, Hispanic, Native American, black, Asian
B) Native American, white, Hispanic, black, Asian
C) white, black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American
D) black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American
C) white, black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American
What ethnic group has the highest mortality rate for breast cancer?
A) white
B) black
C) Native American
D) Hispanic
B) black
What is the most significant factor associated with breast cancer?
A) age
B) gender
C) white ethnicity
D) family history
B) gender
What is the 2nd most significant factor associated with breast cancer?
A) age
B) gender
C) white ethnicity
D) family history
A) age
_______ of breast cancers are found in women over the age of 50.
A) 33%
B) 45 %
C) 90%
D) 77%
D) 77%
_______ of breast cancers are found in women less than 30 y.o.
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 30%
D) 0.3%
B) 5%
The BRCA mutation counts for _______ of all breast cancers.
A) 1-5%
B) 5-10%
C) 10-15%
D) 15-20%
B) 5-10%
Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer.
A) true
B) false
A) true
_______ is the most common NON-invasive breast cancer.
A) DCIS
B) LCIS
C) IDC
D) ILC
A) DCIS
_______ is the 2nd most common type of breast cancer.
A) DCIS
B) LCIS
C) IDC
D) ILC
A) DCIS
How is DCIS best diagnosed?
A) ultrasound
B) mammography
C) clinically
D) MRI
B) mammography
What radiography sign is common for DCIS?
A) macrocalcifications
B) microcalcifications
C) spiculated mass
D) asymmetry
B) microcalcifications
What are the two types of DCIS?
A) non-comedo and comedo
B) non-lactating and lactating
C) non-infiltrating and infiltrating
D) none of the above
A) non-comedo and comedo
Which of the two types of DCIS aid considered low-grade? high grade?
A) non-lactating; lactating
B) non-infiltrating; infiltrating
C) non-comedo; comedo
C) non-comedo; comedo
Non-comedo DCIS accounts for _______ of all DCIS.
A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
A) 40%
Comedo DCIS accounts for _______ of all DCIS.
A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
C) 60%
LCIS always presents as a palpable mass.
A) true
B) false
B) false
Microcalcifications are common with LCIS.
A) true
b) false
B) false
What is the best way to diagnose LCIS?
A) mammography
B) incidental finding
C) MRI
D) sonography
B) incidental finding
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign for IDC?
A) palpable mass
B) hard texture
C) mobile
D) skin dimpling/retraction
C) mobile
What is the most frequently missed breast cancer?
A) DCIS
B) LCIS
C) IDC
D) ILC
D) ILC
ILC a accounts for _______ of all breast cancers.
A) 5-10%
B) 8-15%
C) 20-25%
D) 0.3%
B) 8-15%
What cancer is frequently mistaken for a benign fibroadenoma?
A) medullary
B) DCIS
C) phyllodes
D) colloid
A) medullary
Which carcinoma is most frequently diagnosed in women under the age of 35?
A) medullary
B) DCIS
C) colloid
D) mucinous
A) medullary
Which tumor contains a gelatin-like substance?
A) medullary
B) colloid
C) mucinous
D) both Band C
D) colloid and mucinous
Which group of women is most likely diagnosed with papillary carcinoma?
A) pre-menopausal
B) post-menopausal
C) postpartum
D) lactating
B) post-menopausal
Which disease effects the nipple and areola by forming scaly, crusty, irritated skin?
A) colloid
B) paget’s
C) PASH
D) mastitis
B) paget’s
Which breast cancer has the peau d’orange clinical sign?
A) paget’s
B) mastitis
C) inflammatory
D) DCIS
C) inflammatory
_______ 2 or more cancers found within the same ductal system, same quadrant or with 5 cm distance.
A) multi centric
B) multi focal
B) multi focal
_______ 2 or more cancers found in separate quadrants, in both breasts or greater than 5cm apart.
A) multi centric
B) multi focal
A) multi centric
What are the 2 most common types of breast cancer in men?
A) DCIS
B) IDC
C) ILC
D) both A and B
D) DCIS a and IDC
Which carcinoma arises from the stromal or connective tissues?
A) paget’s
B) PASH
C) papillary
D) phyllodes
D) phyllodes
Which tumor had a “leaf like” appearance?
A) phyllodes
B) papillary
C) paget’s
D) PASH
A) phyllodes
Which of the following is NOT a way breast cancer is metastasized?
A) lymphatic system
B) bloodstream
C) direct invasion
D) biopsy tract
D) biopsy tract
What is the most common route for breast cancer to metastasize?
A) lymphatic system
B) bloodstream
C) direct invasion
D) biopsy tract
B) bloodstream
What is the most common primary carcinoma that metastasizes to the breast?
A) melanoma
B) lymphoma
C) lung
D) ovarian
A) melanoma
Which of the following in NOT one of the echogentic lines seen along the anterior surface of a normal breast implant?
A) fibrous tissue
B) pectoralis muscle
C) entrance echo of the implant shell
Exiting echo of the implant shell
B) pectoralis muscle
Speed error is a common artifact with what type of implants?
A) silicone
B) saline
A) silicone
_______ is a rupture of the implant she’ll but the fibrous capsule remains intact.
A) intracapsular
B) extracapsular
A) intracapsular
_______ is a rupture of the implant she’ll and the fibrous capsule.
A) intracapsular
B) extracapsular
B) extracapsular
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) stepladder sign is seen on sonography; intracapsular
B) linguini sign is seen on MRI; intracapsular
C) snowstorm is seen on sonography; intracapsular
C) snowstorm is seen on sonography; intracapsular
The transducer should be parallel with the needle during biopsies.
A) true
B) false
A) true
