Practice question reminders

Question 1

What would you expect early in acute kidney injury biopsy?

Answer 1

M1 and neutrophils

don’t assume T cells because that requires 7-14 days to induce adaptive immune response.

Question 2

What CD and IL is known for cells of the innate immunity? I.e. macrophage

what about NK?

Answer 2

CD14 and IL-10 (macrophages produce IL-10)

CD56, but they produce IFN-gamma, not IL-10

Question 3

Co-staining what will identify Th1 cells?

Th2?

Answer 3

anti-IFN-gamma + anti-CD4

anti-IL-4 and Anti-CD4

Question 4

If you have an “unrelated donor”, what’s going to happen?

Answer 4

without immunosuppression, chronic rejection is most likely.

long term success needs immunosuppression.

Question 5

If HLA doesn’t match and it’s unrelated, without immunosuppression what kind of rejection are we going to see?

Answer 5

hyperacute or acute

Question 6

Which mechanism is most important for retaining Na and Water during an acute, severe hemorrhage?

Answer 6

Sympathetic stimulation

Question 7

After you ingest a bunch of potassium, what are blood K+ levels and where is it stored?

Answer 7

normal, muscle cell (ICF)

Question 8

What shifts K+ into the cell after a meal?

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

Vitamin D deficient, what do you expect your calcium levels to be?

Answer 9

hypocalcemia

Question 10

hypercalcemia and what is related?

Answer 10

maligmancy

Question 11

What serum marker is elevated in AKI?

Answer 11

Creatinine

Question 12

What cytokines induce the creation of M2 macrophages?

Answer 12

IL-4, IL-13

Question 13

Chronic rejection of a kidney has what kind of cytokines being secreted?

Answer 13

IL-10, TGF-B

these are done by M2

Question 14

Alkalosis vs acidosis, which decreases K+ secretion?

Answer 14

Acidosis

Question 15

Higher PTH does what to Mg reabsorption?

Answer 15

increases

Question 16

ethylene glycol is in which mnemonic, what would it cause?

Answer 16

high anion gap metabolic acidosis

respiratory compensation of hyperventilation

Question 17

Type 2 hypersensitivity involves which immunoglobulins and antigens?

Type 3?

Type 4?

Answer 17

IgG/IgM, cell bound antigen

IgG/IgM, soluble antigen

T cells and either cell bound or soluble antigen

Question 18

HLA 1 vs HLA 2 testing for matches?

Answer 18

HLA1 = donor cells + recipient serum + dye

HLA2 = donor cells + radioactivity + H-thymidine

Question 19

what are you looking for during HLA2 testing?

Answer 19

no recipient cell proliferation, no radioactivity incorporated into recipient cell

Question 20

Where is K+ secreted or reabsorbed?

Answer 20

late DT and cortical CD

Question 21

what hormone play an important role in keeping plasma concentration of K+ within normal limits?

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

You inhibit angiotensin, what does it do to Na / K?

Answer 22

K up, Na doesn’t change

Question 23

what would you expect to reduce free calcium in the plasma?

Answer 23

acute respiratory alkalosis..

Question 24

What does Phosphate reabsorption deal with proximal tubule?

Answer 24

decrease reabsorption in proximal tubule.

Question 25

What does spironolactone do?

thiazide?

Answer 25

aldosterone inhibitor

block NaCl symporter which speeds up the flow of the distal tubule.