Practice Qs Flashcards

Question

Which type of topology has the greatest number of physical connections? A. Point-to-multipoint B. Star C. Point-to-point D. Mesh

Answer 1

Application

Answer 2

Layer 1 | Physical

Answer 3

Layer 3 | Network

Answer 4

Presentation

Answer 5

Application

Answer 6

Application

Answer 7

Presentation

Answer 8

Data Link, Physical, Network

Answer 9

Decrease the window size

Answer 10

Hub | Repeater

Answer 11

Data, segment, packet, frame, bits

Answer 12

To create more collision domains | To add more bandwidth for users

Answer 13

The segments delivered are acknowledged back to the sender upon their reception. Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted. Segments are sequenced back into their proper order upon arrival at their destination.

Answer 14

To provide a means for the receiver to govern the amount of data sent by the sender

Answer 15

Presentation

Answer 16

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

Answer 17

Host to switch

Answer 18

IDF - intermediate distribution frames

Answer 19

Fiber-optic

Answer 20

pins 3 and 6

Answer 21

High combustion temperature Reduces toxic gas released during a fire

Answer 22

All of the above

Answer 23

Category 9

Answer 24

Single-mode fiber

Answer 25

Straight-through

Answer 26

Because it transmits digital signals using light impulses

Answer 27

Fiber-optic

Answer 28

Number of light rays

Answer 29

Fiber-optic

Answer 30

Fiber-optic

Answer 31

Host to switch

Answer 32

Pins 1, 2, 4, and 5 are connected to 4, 5, 1, and 2.

Answer 33

The service provider

Answer 34

MAC address On an Ethernet network, the MAC address (hardware address) is used for one host to communicate with another.

Answer 35

100BaseTX 100BaseTX uses CAT 5e and can run 200 Mbps when using full duplex.

Answer 36

All When one device sends a packet out on a network segment, all other devices on the same physical network segment must wait and let it be transmitted.

Answer 37

That you are really old and using thinnet coax for your LAN medium 10Base2 was one of the very first Ethernet network physical mediums and is a thinnet coax.

Answer 38

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) helps packets that are transmitted simultaneously from different hosts share bandwidth evenly.

Answer 39

302 meters (990 feet) A 10GBaseSR cable can have a maximum distance of 990 feet (302 meters).

Answer 40

One With half duplex, you are using only one wire pair at a time, with a digital signal either transmitting or receiving.

Answer 41

Two Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires at the same time.

Answer 42

6 miles A 10GBaseLR implementation can go a distance of up to 6 miles.

Answer 43

Twice as much Double up! You can get 20 Mbps with a 10 Mbps Ethernet running full duplex or 200 Mbps for Fast Ethernet.

Answer 44

Hub Full-duplex communication cannot be used with a hub because a hub is a half-duplex single communication device. A host, switch, and router have the ability to process traffic (frames), whereas a hub is a multiport repeater.

Answer 45

192.168.48.240 11000000 is 192, 10101000 is 168, 00110000 is 48, and 11110000 is 240.

Answer 46

1901 In February 2011, the IEEE finally published a standard for Broadband over Power Line (BPL) called IEEE 1901; this is also referred to as Power Line Communication (PLC) or even Power Line Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL).

Answer 47

1010 Nibble values are 8 + 4 + 2 + 1, giving us a maximum value of 15. If we have a decimal value of 10, that means the 8 bit and the 2 bit are turned on.

Answer 48

232 The 128, 64, 32, and 8 bits are on, so just add the values: 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 = 232.

Answer 49

A The first 10 hexadecimal digits (0–9) are the same values as the decimal values. We already know the binary value for the number 10 is 1010—in hex, the number 10 needs to be displayed as a single character. To display double-digit numbers as a single character, we substitute letters. In our example, 10 is A.

Answer 50

48 A MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address written in hexadecimal format.

Answer 51

100 meters (328 feet) 100BaseT and 1000BaseT both have a maximum distance of 100 meters, or 328 feet.

Answer 52

Error detection The FCS can detect frames in the sequence by calculating the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which verifies that all the bits in the frame are unchanged.

Answer 53

Baseband The 100 means 100 Mbps. The Base means baseband, which refers to baseband technology—a signaling method for communication on the network.

Answer 54

NIC NICs are the physical network connections for a computer but are not one of the devices or mediums used to provide Internet access in a SOHO setting.

Answer 55

It recognizes frame boundaries and destination MAC addresses of incoming frames. Like a hub, a switch connects multiple segments of a network together, with one important difference. Whereas a hub sends out anything it receives on one port to all the others, a switch recognizes frame boundaries and pays attention to the destination MAC address of the incoming frame as well as the port on which it was received.

Answer 56

Switch When we say segment, we mean to create multiple collision or broadcast domains. Hubs don’t segment a network; they just connect network segments together. Repeaters don’t segment the network; they repeat a signal and allow the distance covered to be increased. So the only correct option is B, a switch.

Answer 57

Breaks up collision domains The primary function of a bridge is to keep traffic separated on both sides of it, breaking up collision domains.

Answer 58

Hub Hubs create one collision domain and one broadcast domain.

Answer 59

Provides extra bandwidth By allowing full-duplex operation on each port, a switch provides extra bandwidth to each port.

Answer 60

Switch A switch is typically just a Layer 2 device segmenting the network by using MAC addresses. However, some higher-end switches can provide Layer 3 services.

Answer 61

Assigns IP address to hosts Remember that DHCP servers assign IP addresses to hosts. Thus, DHCP allows easier administration than providing IP information to each host by hand (called static IP addressing).

Answer 62

Routing functions Multilayer switches (also called Layer 3 switches) don’t have fewer features, less bandwidth, or fewer ports than a normal switch; they just allow routing functions between subnets.

Answer 63

Load balancer A load balancer uses a little trickery and sends incoming packets to one or more machines that are hidden behind a single IP address. Modern load-balancing routers can use different rules to make decisions about where to route traffic, which can be based on least load, fastest response times, or simply balancing requests.

Answer 64

Translates human name to IP address DNS translates human names to IP addresses for routing your packet through the Internet. Hosts can receive the IP address of this DNS server and then resolve hostnames to IP addresses.

Answer 65

Hub Routers, switches, and bridges are all devices that help break up big networks into a number of smaller ones—also known as network segmentation. Hubs don’t segment networks—they just connect network segments together

Answer 66

Web cache Web cache, of course! Most proxy programs provide a means to deny access to certain URLs in a blacklist, thus providing content filtering, usually in corporate environments.

Answer 67

Preventing broadcast storms Options A, B, and C all aid in boosting network performance, so the only option left is broadcast storms. Increased traffic will increase LAN congestion.

Answer 68

The DHCP server If the DHCP server has stopped functioning, it will not hand out IP addresses to hosts that are restarted. However, the hosts that were not shut down still have IP addresses because the lease time has not expired.

Answer 69

Proxy server A proxy server can be used to prevent external traffic from reaching your internal network directly and can also be used to filter the sites to which your users are allowed to connect.

Answer 70

Switch Switches create separate collision domains but a single broadcast domain. Remember that routers provide a separate broadcast domain for each interface.

Answer 71

Less expensive Using appliances to offload functions such as encryption, content filtering, and VPN concentration can decrease the workload of other systems and add functionality that may be present in these dedicated devices.

Answer 72

DNS server A DNS server uses many types of records. An A record is a hostname to IP address record, and a pointer record is an IP address to hostname record.

Answer 73

Proxy server A proxy server can provide many functions. A proxy server can use a caching engine so repeated access requests for web information would accelerate repeated access for users, and they can also limit the availability of websites.

Answer 74

Application SMTP resides at the Application layer of the OSI and DoD models.

Answer 75

443 HTTPS, or Secure HTTP, uses port 443 by default.

Answer 76

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to provide IP information to hosts on your network. DHCP can provide a lot of information, but the most common is IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS information.

Answer 77

ARP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to find the hardware address from a known IP address.

Answer 78

SSH Secure Shell (SSH) allows you to remotely administer router, switches, and even servers securely.

Answer 79

53 The problem is with DNS, which uses both TCP and UDP port 53.

Answer 80

- It uses FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF as a Layer 2 broadcast. - It uses UDP as the Transport layer protocol. A client that sends out a DHCP Discover message in order to receive an IP address sends out a broadcast at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. The Layer 2 broadcast is all Fs in hex, or FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. The Layer 3 broadcast is 255.255.255.255, which means all networks and all hosts. DHCP is connectionless, which means it uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) at the Transport layer, also called the Host-to-Host layer.

Answer 81

TCP, 23 Telnet uses TCP at the Transport layer with a default port number of 23.

Answer 82

- They can provide hosts with information about network problems. - They are encapsulated within IP datagrams. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to send error messages through the network, but ICMP does not work alone. Every segment or ICMP payload must be encapsulated within an IP datagram (or packet).

Answer 83

- SMTP - SNMP - FTP - HTTP SMTP, SNMP, FTP and HTTP are connection oriented and use TCP.

Answer 84

DHCP SNMP TFTP DHCP, SNMP, and TFTP use UDP. SMTP, FTP, and HTTP use TCP.

Answer 85

- Telnet - FTP - TFTP Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Trivial FTP (TFTP) are all Application layer protocols. IP is a Network layer protocol. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a Transport layer protocol.

Answer 86

SMTP SMTP is used by a client to send mail to its server and by that server to send mail to another server. POP3 and IMAP are used by clients to retrieve their mail from the server that stores it until it is retrieved. HTTP is only used with web-based mail services.

Answer 87

RDP Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) allows you to connect to a remote computer and run programs, as Telnet does. However, the large advantage that RDP has over Telnet is that RDP allows you to have a GUI interface connection.

Answer 88

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol is typically implemented using version 3, which allows for a connection-oriented service, authentication and secure polling of network devices, and alerts and reports on network devices.

Answer 89

FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) can be used to transfer files between two systems.

Answer 90

Host-to-host The four layers of the IP stack (also called the DoD model) are Application/Process, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access. The Host-to-Host layer is equivalent to the Transport layer of the OSI model.

Answer 91

NTP Network Time Protocol will ensure a consistent time across network devices on the network.

Answer 92

They use different port numbers Through the use of port numbers, TCP and UDP can establish multiple sessions between the same two hosts without creating any confusion. The sessions can be between the same or different applications, such as multiple web-browsing sessions or a webbrowsing session and an FTP session.

Answer 93

DNS DNS uses TCP for zone exchanges between servers and UDP when a client is trying to resolve a hostname to an IP address.

Answer 94

172.31.12.251 The addresses in the range 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 are all considered private, based on RFC 1918. Use of these addresses on the Internet is prohibited so that they can be used simultaneously in different administrative domains without concern for conflict. Some experts in the industry believe these addresses are not routable, which is not true.

Answer 95

169.254.x.x with a mask of 255.255.0.0 APIPA uses the link-local private address range of 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. APIPA addresses are used by DHCP clients that cannot contact a DHCP server and have no static alternate configuration. These addresses are not Internet routable and cannot, by default, be used across routers on an internetwork.

Answer 96

A remote host across the Internet cannot ping your host if it has a private address. Private IP addresses are not routable over the Internet, as either source or destination addresses. Because of that fact, any entity that wishes to use such addresses internally can do so without causing conflicts with other entities and without asking permission of any registrar or service provider. Despite not being allowed on the Internet, private IP addresses are fully routable on private intranets.

Answer 97

126.10.0.1 The Class A range is 1 through 126 in the first octet/byte, so only option D is a valid Class A address.

Answer 98

129.1.1.1 The Class B range is 128 through 191 in the first octet/byte. Only option C is a valid Class B address.

Answer 99

All host bits are on (1s). If you turned on all host bits (all of the host bits are 1s), this would be a broadcast address for that network.

Answer 100

FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF A Layer 2 broadcast is also referred to as a MAC address broadcast, which is in hexadecimal and is FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.

Answer 101

24 bits A default Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, which means that the first three octets, or first 24 bits, are the network number.

Answer 102

Packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface. Packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface. For load balancing, multiple interfaces can use the same address.

Answer 103

The host received a public address. I wonder how many of you picked APIPA address as your answer? An APIPA address is 169.254.x.x. The host address in this question is a public address. Somewhat of a tricky question if you did not read carefully.

Answer 104

128 An IPv6 address is 128 bits in size.

Answer 105

Packets are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address. This is also called a one-to-many address. Packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the multicast address, the same as in IPv4. A multicast address is also called a one-to-many address. You can tell multicast addresses in IPv6 because they always start with FF.

Answer 106

This address identifies multiple interfaces, and the anycast packet is delivered to only one address: the closest one. This address can also be called one-to-nearest. Anycast addresses identify multiple interfaces, which is the same as multicast; however, the big difference is that the anycast packet is delivered to only one address: the first one it finds defined in terms of routing distance. This address can also be called one-to-one-ofmany or one-to-nearest.

Answer 107

- ping 127.0.0.1 - ping ::1 A, C. The loopback address with IPv4 is 127.0.0.1. With IPv6, that address is ::1.

Answer 108

- Two colons (::) are used to represent successive hexadecimal fields of zeros. - A single interface will have multiple IPv6 addresses of different types. In order to shorten the written length of an IPv6 address, successive fields of zeros may be replaced by double colons. In trying to shorten the address further, leading zeros may also be removed. Just as with IPv4, a single device’s interface can have more than one address; with IPv6 there are more types of addresses and the same rule applies. There can be link-local, global unicast, and multicast addresses all assigned to the same interface.

Answer 109

- An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, represented in decimal. - An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, represented in hexadecimal IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and are represented in decimal format. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and represented in hexadecimal format.

Answer 110

192.255.254.0 Only option D is in the Class C range of 192 through 224. It might look wrong because there is a 255 in the address, but this is not wrong—you can have a 255 in a network address, just not in the first octet.

Answer 111

- 172.20.14.36 - 192.168.24.43 The Class A private address range is 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255. The Class B private address range is 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255, and the Class C private address range is 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255.

Answer 112

FE80::3c3d:2d:bdff:fe3b:0d80 This can be a hard question if you don’t remember to invert the 7th bit! Always look for the 7th bit when studying for the exam. The EUI-64 autoconfiguration inserts an FF:FE in the middle of the 48-bit MAC address to create a unique IPv6 address.

Answer 113

224.0.0.1 Option C is a multicast address and cannot be used to address hosts.

Answer 114

Router Don’t freak because this is a Class A. What is your subnet mask? 255.255.255.128. Regardless of the class of address, this is a block size of 128 in the fourth octet. The subnets are 0 and 128. The 0 subnet host range is 1–126, with a broadcast address of 127. The 128 subnet host range is 129–254, with a broadcast address of 255. You need a router for these two hosts to communicate because they are in different subnets.

Answer 115

200.10.5.64 This is a pretty simple question. A /28 is 255.255.255.240, which means that our block size is 16 in the fourth octet (0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, and so on). The host is in the 64 subnet.

Answer 116

8 subnets, 8,190 hosts each A CIDR address of /19 is 255.255.224.0. This is a Class B address, so that is only 3 subnet bits, but it provides 13 host bits, or 8 subnets, each with 8,190 hosts.

Answer 117

Incorrect gateway IP The host ID of 10.0.37.144 with a 255.255.254.0 mask is in the 10.0.36.0 subnet (yes, you need to be able to subnet in this exam!). Do not stress that this is a Class A; what we care about is that the third octet has a block size of 2, so the next subnet is 10.0.38.0, which makes the broadcast address 10.0.37.255. The default gateway address of 10.0.38.1 is not in the same subnet as the host. Even though this is a Class A address, you still should easily be able to subnet this because you look more at the subnet mask and find your interesting octet, which is the third octet in this question. 256 – 254 = 2. Your block size is 2.

Answer 118

172.16.45.12 A /30, regardless of the class of address, has a 252 in the fourth octet. This means we have a block size of 4 and our subnets are 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and so on. Address 14 is obviously in the 12 subnet.

Answer 119

/31 A point-to-point link uses only two hosts. A /30, or 255.255.255.252, mask provides two hosts per subnet.

Answer 120

Router Devices with Layer 3 awareness, such as routers and firewalls, are the only ones that can manipulate the IP header in support of NAT.

Answer 121

6 A /29 (255.255.255.248), regardless of the class of address, has only 3 host bits. Six hosts is the maximum number of hosts on this LAN, including the router interface.

Answer 122

Configure the computer with a default gateway that matches the IP address of the interface of the router that is attached to the same subnet as the computer. A computer should be configured with an IP address that is unique throughout the reachable internetwork. It should be configured with a subnet mask that matches those of all other devices on its local subnet, but not necessarily one that matches the mask used on any other subnet. It should also be configured with a default gateway that matches its local router’s interface IP address.

Answer 123

192.168.192.15 A /29 (255.255.255.248) has a block size of 8 in the fourth octet. This means the subnets are 0, 8, 16, 24, and so on. 10 is in the 8 subnet. The next subnet is 16, so 15 is the broadcast address.

Answer 124

172.16.1.254 A 24-bit mask, or prefix length, indicates that the entire fourth octet is used for host identification. In a special case, such as this, it is simpler to visualize the all-zeros value (172.16.1.0) and the all-ones value (172.16.1.255). The highest usable address, the last one before the all-ones value, is 172.16.1.254.

Answer 125

- A crossover cable should be used in place of the straight-through cable. - The subnet masks should be set to 255.255.255.0. First, if you have two hosts directly connected, as shown in the graphic, then you need a crossover cable. A straight-through cable won’t work. Second, the hosts have different masks, which puts them in different subnets. The easy solution is just to set both masks to 255.255.255.0 (/24).

Answer 126

172.16.112.0 A /25 mask is 255.255.255.128. Used with a Class B network, the third and fourth octets are used for subnetting with a total of 9 subnet bits: 8 bits in the third octet and 1 bit in the fourth octet. Because there is only 1 bit in the fourth octet, the bit is either off or on—which is a value of 0 or 128. The host in the question is in the 0 subnet, which has a broadcast address of 127 because 128 is the next subnet.

Answer 127

192.168.10.142 A /28 is a 255.255.255.240 mask. Let’s count to the ninth subnet (we need to find the broadcast address of the eighth subnet, so we need to count to the ninth subnet). We start at 16 (remember, the question stated that we will not use subnet 0, so we start at 16, not 0): 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144. The eighth subnet is 128, and the next subnet is 144, so our broadcast address of the 128 subnet is 143. This makes the host range 129–142. 142 is the last valid host.

Answer 128

192.168.10.30 A /28 is a 255.255.255.240 mask. The first subnet is 16 (remember that the question stated not to use subnet 0), and the next subnet is 32, so our broadcast address is 31. This makes our host range 17–30. 30 is the last valid host.

Answer 129

The default gateway settings on computers from each subnet that the old router interconnected. The best method here is to check the configuration of devices that were using the old router as a gateway to the rest of the internetwork. Routers do not periodically cache their configurations to servers of any sort. You might have copied the old router’s configuration to a TFTP server or the like, but failing that, you will have to rebuild the configuration from scratch, which might well be much more than interface addresses. Therefore, keeping a copy of the router’s current configuration somewhere other than on the router is a wise choice. Routers don’t auto-configure themselves; we wouldn’t want them to.

Answer 130

172.16.18.255 255.255.252.0 A Class B network ID with a /22 mask is 255.255.252.0, with a block size of 4 in the third octet. The network address in the question is in subnet 172.16.16.0 with a broadcast address of 172.16.19.255. Only option E has the correct subnet mask listed, and 172.16.18.255 is a valid host.

Answer 131

- 172.16.2.255 - 172.16.3.0 The router’s IP address on the E0 interface is 172.16.2.1/23, which is a 255.255.254.0. This makes the third octet a block size of 2. The router’s interface is in the 2.0 subnet, and the broadcast address is 3.255 because the next subnet is 4.0. The valid host range is 2.1 through 3.254. The router is using the first valid host address in the range.

Answer 132

PAT Network Address Translation can allow up to 65,000 hosts to get onto the Internet with one IP address by using Port Address Translation (PAT).

Answer 133

RIPv3 Yep, you got it. RIP, RIPv2, and EIGRP are all examples of routing protocols.

Answer 134

Routing tables are updated automatically when changes occur in the network. In dynamic routing, routers update each other about all the networks they know about and place this information into the routing table. This is possible because a protocol on one router communicates with the same protocol running on neighbor routers. If changes occur in the network, a dynamic routing protocol automatically informs all routers about the event.

Answer 135

Dynamic routes are automatically added to the routing table Dynamic routing scales well in large networks and routes are automatically added into the routing table. Static routing is done by hand, one route at a time into each router.

Answer 136

MAC addresses are always local on the LAN and never go through or past a router. Media Access Control (MAC) addresses are always local on the LAN and never go through and past a router.

Answer 137

Convergence Routing convergence is the time required by the routing protocols to update the routing tables (forwarding tables) on all routers in the network.

Answer 138

C:\ >arp -a The arp -a command will show the ARP cache on your host.

Answer 139

None of the above Hope you answered D! A router will not send a broadcast looking for the remote network—the router will discard the packet.

Answer 140

OSPF RIPv1 and 2 and IGRP are all distance vector (DV) protocols. Routers using a DV protocol send all or parts of their routing table in a routing-update message at a regular interval to each of their neighbor routers.

Answer 141

- IS-IS - IGRP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) are link state (LS) routing protocols.

Answer 142

EIGRP The only protocol you could select is Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

Answer 143

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a distance vector (DV) interior gateway protocol.

Answer 144

Border Gateway Protocol Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the most popular choice for ISPs or really large corporations.

Answer 145

- Link state - Distance vector Distance vector (DV) and link state (LS) are the two routing protocols to remember.

Answer 146

- Destination network (address) - Neighbor router A frame uses MAC addresses to send a packet on the LAN. The frame will take the packet to either a host on the LAN or a router’s interface if the packet is destined for a remote network.

Answer 147

Default gateway I hope you said A! Packets specifically have to be carried to a router in order to be routed through a network.

Answer 148

Destination device Remember that the frame changes at each hop but that the packet is never changed in any way until it reaches the destination device.

Answer 149

Converged When the routing tables are complete because they include information about all networks in the internetwork, they are considered converged.

Answer 150

ARP broadcast This is step 6 in the IP routing process. If the hardware address isn’t in the ARP cache of the host, an ARP broadcast is sent out onto the local network to search for the hardware address.

Answer 151

Configure on the router a static route that temporarily reroutes traffic through another office. The best answer would be to reroute traffic using a temporary static route until the maintenance is complete on the router.

Answer 152

When unknown error has occured You are most likely to see a Request Timed Out message when (if) a packet is lost on the way back to the originating host for an unknown error. Remember, if the error occurs because of a known issue, you are likely to see a Destination Unreachable message.

Answer 153

- EIGRP - OSPF - RIPv2 C, D, F. RIPv1 and IGRP are true distance vector routing protocols and can’t do much, really—except build and maintain routing tables and use a lot of bandwidth! RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF build and maintain routing tables, but they also provide classless routing, which allows for VLSM, summarization, and discontiguous networking.

Answer 154

- RIP - RIPv2 RIP and RIPv2 are distance vector routing protocols. OSPF and IS-IS are link state.

Answer 155

- OSPF - IS-IS RIP and RIPv2 are distance vector routing protocols. OSPF and IS-IS are link state.

Answer 156

- BGP - EIGRP RIP and RIPv2 are distance vector routing protocols. OSPF and IS-IS are link state. EIGRP uses qualities from both distance vector and link state to create a hybrid routing protocol. BGP can be used as an EGP and IGP, and the objectives consider BGP a hybrid routing protocol.

Answer 157

Dynamic routing scales to larger networks. Dynamic routing is typically used in today’s networks because it scales to larger networks and takes less administrative work.

Answer 158

HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) is Cisco’s FHRP.

Answer 159

Update RIP to OSPF using link state. Static routes may be a good solution, but remember that they are not dynamic, and if a piece of equipment goes down, new routes to remote networks will not automatically update, so OSPF is the best answer. It dynamically will update the routing tables with faster convergence than RIP.

Answer 160

110 The administrative distance (AD) is a very important parameter in a routing protocol. The lower the AD, the more trusted the route. If you have IGRP and OSPF running, by default IGRP routes would be placed in the routing table because IGRP has a lower AD of 100. OSPF has an AD of 110. RIPv1 and RIPv2 both have an AD of 120, and EIGRP is the lowest at 90.

Answer 161

RIPng The routing protocols that have been upgraded to advertise IPv6 routes are RIPng, OSPFv3, and EIGRPv6. IS-IS can advertise IPv6 routes as well, but no upgrade was needed for IS-IS.

Answer 162

Dynamic routes are added automatically. Dynamic routing protocols, like RIP, EIGRP and OSPF, automatically add route updates to the routing table. Static routes must be added by hand.

Answer 163

RIPv1 The distance vector protocols RIPv1 and RIPv2 both have a maximum hop count of 15 (remember, 16 is unreachable). IGRP and EIGRP have a hop count of 255, and OSPF doesn’t have a maximum hop count.

Answer 164

The time required by protocols to update their forwarding tables after changes have occurred Routing convergence time is the time for all routers to update their routing tables (forwarding tables).

Answer 165

BGP BGP is used to connect autonomous systems together on the Internet because of its ability to make classless routing and summarization possible. This helps to keep routing tables smaller and more efficient at the ISP core.

Answer 166

Multicasts RIPv1 sends broadcasts every 30 seconds and has an AD of 120. RIPv2 sends multicast (224.0.0.9) every 30 seconds and also has an AD of 120. RIPv2 sends subnet-mask information with the route updates, which allows it to support classless networks and noncontiguous networks. RIPv2 also supports authentication between routers; RIPv1 does not.

Answer 167

- RIPv1 - RIPv2 Both RIPv1 and RIPv2 have an AD of 120. EIGRP has an AD of 90 and OSPF is 110.

Answer 168

BGP Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) attributes include the IP address to get to the next AS (the next-hop attribute) as well as an indication of how the networks at the end of the path were introduced into BGP (the origin code attribute). The AS path information is useful to construct a graph of loop-free autonomous systems and is used to identify routing policies so that restrictions on routing behavior can be enforced based on the AS path.

Answer 169

RIPng RIPng, which uses port 521, has many of the same features as RIPv2: It’s a distance vector protocol; it has a max hop count of 15; and it uses split horizon, poison reverse, and other loop-avoidance mechanisms. And it still uses multicast to send its updates, too, but in IPv6, it uses FF02::9 for the transport address. For RIPv2, the multicast address was 224.0.0.9, so the address still has a 9 at the end in the new IPv6 multicast range.

Answer 170

- Neighbor table - Topology table EIGRP holds three tables in RAM: neighbor, topology, and routing. The neighbor and topology tables are built and also maintained with the use of hello packets.

Answer 171

A successor route is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to a destination. A successor route (think “successful” rather than standby or backup) is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to a destination and is stored in the routing table. It is backed up by a feasible successor route that is stored in the topology table—if one is available. Remember that all routes are in the topology table.

Answer 172

RIP RIP and RIPv2 use only hop count as a metric, with a maximum of 15 hops, to find the best path to a remote network.

Answer 173

Switches configured with VLANs By creating and implementing VLANs in your switched network, you can break up broadcast domains at Layer 2. For hosts on different VLANs to communicate, you must have a router or Layer 3 switch.

Answer 174

- Access - Trunk Hosts are connected to a switch and are members of one VLAN. This is called an access port. Trunk links connect between switches and pass information about all VLANs.

Answer 175

VLANs Virtual LANs break up broadcast domains in Layer 2 switched internetworks.

Answer 176

- 802.1D - 802.1w Both 802.1D and 802.1w are IEEE STP versions, with 802.1w being the latest and greatest version.

Answer 177

- The switch port the host is connected to is not configured to the correct VLAN membership. - STP shut down the port. The best answers are that the VLAN membership for the port is configured incorrectly and that STP shut down the port.

Answer 178

- They allow logical grouping of users by function. - They can enhance network security. - They simplify switch administration. VLANs break up broadcast domains in a switched Layer 2 network, which means smaller broadcast domains. They allow configuration by logical function instead of physical location and can create some security if configured correctly.

Answer 179

STP The Spanning Tree Protocol is used to stop switching loops in a switched network with redundant paths.

Answer 180

- It increases the number of collision domains. - It makes smaller collision domains. Bridges break up collision domains, which would increase the number of collision domains in a network and also make smaller collision domains.

Answer 181

Port mirroring In order to see all frames that pass through the switch and read the packets with a network analyzer, you need to enable port mirroring on the port your diagnostic host is plugged into.

Answer 182

Trunking Trunking allows switches to pass information about many or all VLANs configured on the switches.

Answer 183

- Address learning - Forwarding and filtering - Loop avoidance Layer 2 features include address learning, forwarding and filtering of the network, and loop avoidance.

Answer 184

A switch creates separate collision domains but one broadcast domain. A router provides a separate broadcast domain. Switches break up collision domains, and routers break up broadcast domains.

Answer 185

With the exception of the source port, floods the network with the frame looking for the device With the exception of the source port, switches flood all frames that have an unknown destination address. If a device answers the frame, the switch will update the MAC address table to reflect the location of the device.

Answer 186

Add the source address and port to the MAC address table and forward the frame out the destination port Because the source MAC address is not in the MAC address table, the switch will add the source address and the port it is connected to into the MAC address table and then forward the frame to the outgoing port.

Answer 187

When you have multiple switches with multiple VLANs and you want to share the VLAN database from one switch to all the others Virtual Trunk Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary method of having a single VLAN database advertised to all other switches in your network. This allows for ease of VLAN management in a larger network. Option C is not a possible configuration, by the way; I made that up.

Answer 188

- When all ports are in the forwarding state - When all ports are in the blocking state The sequence of steps for STP convergence is, by default, blocking, listening, learning, forwarding, disabled. When all ports are in either the blocking or forwarding state, STP is converged.

Answer 189

- Learning - Forwarding In the blocking and listening states, the MAC address table is not learning. Only in the learning and forwarding states is the MAC address table learning MAC addresses and populating the MAC address table.

Answer 190

VLANs Switches break up collision domains by default, but the network is still one large broadcast domain. In order to break up broadcast domains in a Layer 2 switched network, you need to create virtual LANs.

Answer 191

QoS If you are configuring voice VLANs, you’ll want to configure Quality of Service (QoS) on the switch ports to provide a higher precedence to voice traffic over data traffic to improve quality of the line.

Answer 192

It can create overhead on the switch. Be careful when using port mirroring/spanning on a switch because it can cause a lot of overhead on the switch and possibly crash your network. It’s therefore a good idea to use this feature at strategic times and only for short periods, if possible.

Answer 193

Change the antenna placement It is imperative that a good site survey is completed before you install your wireless network. Trying various types of antennas and their placements is the key to covering the whole wireless area.

Answer 194

TLS TLS provides really good wireless security, but it’s hard to implement because you need to install a certificate on your server and also on all your clients. TTLS only uses a serverside certificate.

Answer 195

2.4GHz The IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g both run in the 2.4 GHz RF range.

Answer 196

- Microwave oven - Cordless phone If you are running 802.11b/g frequency, which most networks are, then you can receive interference from microwave ovens and cordless phones.

Answer 197

802. 11n | 802. 11n uses channel bonding of both the 2.4 GHz range and the 5 GHz range to get increased bandwidth of over 100 Mbps.

Answer 198

Bluetooth Bluetooth works wirelessly to connect our phones, keyboards, and so on in small areas, also known as personal area networks (PANs).

Answer 199

12 The IEEE 802.11a standard provides up to 12 non overlapping channels, or up to 23 if you add the 802.11h standard.

Answer 200

54 Mbps The IEEE 802.11a standard provides a maximum data rate of up to 54 Mbps.

Answer 201

Channel overlap If you have a large area to cover with wireless, you need to be concerned with channel overlap.

Answer 202

11 Mbps The IEEE 802.11b standard provides a maximum data rate of up to 11 Mbps.

Answer 203

MAC filtering is enabled on the AP If everything is correctly configured on the host, then MAC filtering would stop the host from connecting to the AP. If you try to connect and can’t, check the AP’s settings.

Answer 204

AES-CCMP The IEEE 802.11i standard replaced Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) with a specific mode of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) known as the Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining-Message Authentication Code (CBC-MAC) protocol. This allows AESCounter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol (AES-CCMP) to provide both data confidentiality (encryption) and data integrity.

Answer 205

Set the SSID value on the client to the SSID configured on the AP If you disable SSID broadcasting, which you should, then you must configure the SSID name on the clients that need to connect to the AP.

Answer 206

DSSS The IEEE 802.11b standard uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). If you are running 802.11g, it uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

Answer 207

Overlapping the wireless cell coverage by at least 10 percent If you are running an extended service set (meaning more than one AP with the same SSID), you need to overlap the cell coverage by 10 percent or more so clients will not drop out while roaming.

Answer 208

Replace the Omni directinal antennas with Yagis You need to use directional antennas, like a Yagi, to get the best signal between antennas.

Answer 209

That you have more than one access point and they are in the same SSID connected by a distribution system Extended service set ID means that you have more than one access point, they all are set to the same SSID, and they are all connected together in the same VLAN or distribution system so users can roam.

Answer 210

The values of WPA keys can change dynamically while the system is used WPA is cool because it is easy to configure and works great. Type in a passphrase (assuming you’re using a pre-shared key) and you’re done. Plus, you have great security because the keys change dynamically.

Answer 211

40 MHz? 802.11n uses two 20 MHz wide channels to create a 40 MHz wide channel, which provides over 100 Mbps wireless.

Answer 212

Several frames are sent by several antennas over several paths and are then recombined by another set of antennas 802.11n MIMO sends multiple frames by several antennas over several paths. The frames are then recombined by another set of antennas to optimize throughput and multipath resistance. This is called spatial multiplexing. nx chap13