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HUNT 243 > Practice Qs > Flashcards

Practice Qs Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle

A

20-25%

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1
Q

Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse

A

1 year

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2
Q

What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

A

15%

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3
Q

The most common cause of miscarriage for women is _____

A

the presence of a severe defect in the fetus

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4
Q

The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

A

Luteal
the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy

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5
Q

The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.

A

Follicular
follicles in the ovaries mature, and estrogen levels rise, leading up to ovulation

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6
Q

Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH).
This surge triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

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7
Q

The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of a woman’s cycle are _____.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH)

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8
Q

After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____, which _____

A

progesterone and estrogen; stimulates development of the endometrium

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9
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

allows the fetus to move and protects the fetus from infection, temperature changes, dehydration, and impact

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10
Q

Infertiltiy

A

The incapacity to fulfill pregnacy after 12 months of sexual intercorse.
affects 15%
Males: absences or low levels of ejection of sperm, weight, age intercorse.
Females: abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and endocrine system, among others. PCOS and endometriosis.

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11
Q

Human placental lactogen (HPL)

A

produced by the placenta

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12
Q

Stages of development are

A

Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus (8w) -> Neonate (birth-4w old)

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13
Q

During hemodilution, concentration of _____ in blood decreases

A

vitamins and minerals due to an increase in plasma volume

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14
Q

Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and
progesterone?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone

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15
Q

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver
production of glucose help _____.

A

ensure there is enough glucose available for the fetus growth and development

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16
Q

The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy
at normal weight.

A

1/3 placenta

The remainder of the weight gain includes contributions from increased blood volume, amniotic fluid, the placenta, and maternal t

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17
Q

How many more should pregnant women eat than basal?

A

2nd trimenster: 1,400 kj (340cal)
3rd trimester: 1,900 kj (450cal)

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18
Q

Basal energy expenditure (BEE)

A

increase work of uterus, fetus, heart and lungs = 450-750 KiloJoules/day

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19
Q

A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
should consume _____

A

Fish and seafood

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20
Q

Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects

A

Folate

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21
Q

Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____

A

poorly calcified bones
(can lead to rickets)
Vitamin D is essential for proper bone mineralization and calcium absorption

22
Q

Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.

A

Choline - for brain development

23
Q

Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for nonvegetarians.

A

legumes and cereals

This is because plant-based proteins are generally less complete and less bioavailable
need to comsume 30% more to meet requirments

24
Q

Pregnant women are more susceptible to infectious diseases due to increased levels of ____

A

Progesterone

25
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis caused from?

A

undercooked meat and contaminated soil
parasite Toxoplasma gondii is transferable from the mother to the fetus and can cause

26
Q

Listeria contaminated foods to AVOID

A

-Seafood (uncooked, smoked or ready to eat)
-Paté, hummus-based dips, and spreads
-Chicken and meats (pre-cooked)
-salads (pre-preped or stored) (incl fruit salad and coleslaw)
-Raw (unpasteurized) milk and any food containing unpasteurized milk. Soft-serve ice creams, Soft cheeses (unless heated until piping hot)

27
Q

Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.

A

usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress

28
Q

Prevalance of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy

A

80%

29
Q

Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.

A

relaxation of lower oesophageal sphincter

30
Q

Lactose is a component of milk that is made in the _____ cells and secreted by _____.

A

Secretory cells: is where lactose is made Exocytosis: is the process of lactose secretion

31
Q

Where does human milk come from?

A

mother’s blood and new fatty acids produced in the breast

32
Q

Which stimulus would be least likely to trigger the letdown reflex?
a. release of oxytocin due to suckling
b. hearing a baby cry
c. sexual arousal
d. release of prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus
e. thinking about nursing

A

D. release of prolactin-inhibiting factor from hypothalamus

Prolactin-inhibiting factor affects prolactin levels but does not directly stimulate the letdown reflex.

33
Q

Which gland is the hormone prolactin secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

34
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates alveolar epithelial cells within the mamory glands to produce milk

35
Q

Colostrum is higher in _____ and lower in _____ than milk produced after a milk supply is established.

A

colostrum: HIGH protein
Low carbohydrate

36
Q

The major class of protein found in mature human milk is _____.

A

whey

37
Q

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) affects what percentage of pregnancies?

A

3-10%

38
Q

What is the recommended essential fatty acids and n-3 LCPUFA (DHA) intakes?

A

200 to 300 mg per day

39
Q

What is the primary function of HMOs (Human Milk Oligosaccharides) in breast milk?

A

Act as prebiotics and support gut health

40
Q

What is the main difference between whey and casein proteins in infant formula?

A

Whey is quickly digested; casein forms curds and is slowly digested

41
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids in an infants diet?

A

linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid

42
Q

The predominant secretory immunoglobin in human milk is _____.

A

sIgA

43
Q

. Normally, newborn infants receive _____ feedings per day.

A

10-12

44
Q

Sizes of commercial, jarred baby food are determined by age-appropriate portion sizes.

A

true

45
Q
  1. Cow’s milk formula is an equal alternative to human milk
A

false

46
Q
  1. The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers than non-vegetarian mothers.
A

true

47
Q
  1. The energy needs of infants are higher per kilogram of body weight than at any other time of life.
A

true

48
Q
  1. Organs and systems developed in utero continue to increase in size and complexity after birth.
A

true

49
Q

What effects rate of food passage through the colon and the gastrointestinal discomfort seen in infants?

A
  • the osmolarity of foods
  • the bacterial flora in the colon
  • water and fluid balance in the body
50
Q

Which condition affecting infants is least indicative of the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract?
a. colic
b. gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
c. unexplained diarrhea
d. constipation
e. urinary tract infection

A

urinary tract infection

51
Q

A major fatty acid in brain and retinal phospholipids is _____ acid.

A

docohexaenoic (DHA)

52
Q

Lactose intolerance is _____

A

A deficiency in the enzyme: Lactase

53
Q
A

HUNT 243 (7 decks)

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