Practice Qs Flashcards
Healthy couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle
20-25%
Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse
1 year
What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?
15%
The most common cause of miscarriage for women is _____
the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.
Luteal
the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy
The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.
Follicular
follicles in the ovaries mature, and estrogen levels rise, leading up to ovulation
Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.
luteinizing hormone (LH).
This surge triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of a woman’s cycle are _____.
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH)
After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____, which _____
progesterone and estrogen; stimulates development of the endometrium
Amniotic fluid
allows the fetus to move and protects the fetus from infection, temperature changes, dehydration, and impact
Infertiltiy
The incapacity to fulfill pregnacy after 12 months of sexual intercorse.
affects 15%
Males: absences or low levels of ejection of sperm, weight, age intercorse.
Females: abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and endocrine system, among others. PCOS and endometriosis.
Human placental lactogen (HPL)
produced by the placenta
Stages of development are
Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus (8w) -> Neonate (birth-4w old)
During hemodilution, concentration of _____ in blood decreases
vitamins and minerals due to an increase in plasma volume
Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and
progesterone?
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver
production of glucose help _____.
ensure there is enough glucose available for the fetus growth and development
The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy
at normal weight.
1/3 placenta
The remainder of the weight gain includes contributions from increased blood volume, amniotic fluid, the placenta, and maternal t
How many more should pregnant women eat than basal?
2nd trimenster: 1,400 kj (340cal)
3rd trimester: 1,900 kj (450cal)
Basal energy expenditure (BEE)
increase work of uterus, fetus, heart and lungs = 450-750 KiloJoules/day
A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
should consume _____
Fish and seafood
Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects
Folate
Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____
poorly calcified bones
(can lead to rickets)
Vitamin D is essential for proper bone mineralization and calcium absorption
Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.
Choline - for brain development
Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for nonvegetarians.
legumes and cereals
This is because plant-based proteins are generally less complete and less bioavailable
need to comsume 30% more to meet requirments
Pregnant women are more susceptible to infectious diseases due to increased levels of ____
Progesterone
What is Toxoplasmosis caused from?
undercooked meat and contaminated soil
parasite Toxoplasma gondii is transferable from the mother to the fetus and can cause
Listeria contaminated foods to AVOID
-Seafood (uncooked, smoked or ready to eat)
-Paté, hummus-based dips, and spreads
-Chicken and meats (pre-cooked)
-salads (pre-preped or stored) (incl fruit salad and coleslaw)
-Raw (unpasteurized) milk and any food containing unpasteurized milk. Soft-serve ice creams, Soft cheeses (unless heated until piping hot)
Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.
usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress
Prevalance of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy
80%
Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.
relaxation of lower oesophageal sphincter
Lactose is a component of milk that is made in the _____ cells and secreted by _____.
Secretory cells: is where lactose is made Exocytosis: is the process of lactose secretion
Where does human milk come from?
mother’s blood and new fatty acids produced in the breast
Which stimulus would be least likely to trigger the letdown reflex?
a. release of oxytocin due to suckling
b. hearing a baby cry
c. sexual arousal
d. release of prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus
e. thinking about nursing
D. release of prolactin-inhibiting factor from hypothalamus
Prolactin-inhibiting factor affects prolactin levels but does not directly stimulate the letdown reflex.
Which gland is the hormone prolactin secreted from?
Anterior pituitary
Prolactin
Stimulates alveolar epithelial cells within the mamory glands to produce milk
Colostrum is higher in _____ and lower in _____ than milk produced after a milk supply is established.
colostrum: HIGH protein
Low carbohydrate
The major class of protein found in mature human milk is _____.
whey
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) affects what percentage of pregnancies?
3-10%
What is the recommended essential fatty acids and n-3 LCPUFA (DHA) intakes?
200 to 300 mg per day
What is the primary function of HMOs (Human Milk Oligosaccharides) in breast milk?
Act as prebiotics and support gut health
What is the main difference between whey and casein proteins in infant formula?
Whey is quickly digested; casein forms curds and is slowly digested
What are the two essential fatty acids in an infants diet?
linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
The predominant secretory immunoglobin in human milk is _____.
sIgA
. Normally, newborn infants receive _____ feedings per day.
10-12
Sizes of commercial, jarred baby food are determined by age-appropriate portion sizes.
true
- Cow’s milk formula is an equal alternative to human milk
false
- The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers than non-vegetarian mothers.
true
- The energy needs of infants are higher per kilogram of body weight than at any other time of life.
true
- Organs and systems developed in utero continue to increase in size and complexity after birth.
true
What effects rate of food passage through the colon and the gastrointestinal discomfort seen in infants?
- the osmolarity of foods
- the bacterial flora in the colon
- water and fluid balance in the body
Which condition affecting infants is least indicative of the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract?
a. colic
b. gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
c. unexplained diarrhea
d. constipation
e. urinary tract infection
urinary tract infection
A major fatty acid in brain and retinal phospholipids is _____ acid.
docohexaenoic (DHA)
Lactose intolerance is _____
A deficiency in the enzyme: Lactase
