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Veterinary Physiology > Practice Qs > Flashcards

Practice Qs Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of gas from the environment and into the trachea during inspiration is associated with which of the following:

  1. Oxygen tension falls due to the addition of CO2to the gas mixture.
  2. A decrease in P02occurs simultaneous with an increase in PN2.
  3. Oxygen tension falls due to the addition of H20 to the gas mixture.
  4. Oxygen tension increases as gas moves from the environment and into the trachea.
A
  1. Oxygen tension falls due to the addition of CO2to the gas mixture.
  2. A decrease in P02occurs simultaneous with an increase in PN2.
  3. Oxygen tension falls due to the addition of H20 to the gas mixture.
  4. Oxygen tension increases as gas moves from the environment and into the trachea.
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1
Q

Which of the following statements about VR is true?

  1. Not all living cells have a VR
  2. Some cells can temporarily reverse VR
  3. Wecannot measure VR, we just know its there
  4. If a cell has a VR, the inside of the cell is more positive than the outside
A

2 Some cells can temporarily reverse VR

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2
Q

With regard to CO2 in the blood, which of the following is true:

  1. Bicarbonate is exchanged for potassium at the red blood cell membrane.
  2. The concentration of bicarbonate in the blood increases as PC02 decreases.
  3. Most of the CO2in blood is carried in the dissolved form
  4. The relationship between CO2 content and PC02 is linear in the physiologic range.
A
  1. Bicarbonate is exchanged for potassium at the red blood cell membrane.
  2. The concentration of bicarbonate in the blood increases as PC02 decreases.
  3. Most of the CO2in blood is carried in the dissolved form
  4. The relationship between CO2 content and PC02 is linear in the physiologic range.
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2
Q

Considering the areterial baroreflex, increasing arterial pressure would (increase/decrease) activity in baroreceptor afferent fibers and would reflexly (increase, decrease) heart rate

A

Increase; decrease

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2
Q

The arterial baroreflex is primarily involved in control of ______.

A

blood pressure

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2
Q

Increased axon diameter will result in faster conduction velocities because:

  1. the axons will have increased axial resistance
  2. the axons will have increased cross sectional area
  3. the axons will have decreased membrane capactance
  4. the axons will have decreased surface area
A

the axons will have increased cross sectional area

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4
Q

Which of the following is true regarding compliance of the lungs:

  1. Compliance is defined as a change in lung volume per unit change in pressure.
  2. Lung compliance is greatest at high lung volumes.
  3. Inflation of the lungs with a liquid (i.e., saline solution) results in decreased static compliance.
A
  1. Compliance is defined as a change in lung volume per unit change in pressure.
  2. Lung compliance is greatest at high lung volumes.
  3. Inflation of the lungs with a liquid (i.e., saline solution) results in decreased static compliance.
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5
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction:

  1. Occurs when central chemoreceptors sense hypoxemia and cause an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance via the vagal nerve.
  2. Is accentuated by inhalant anesthetic agents.
  3. Is a local reflex designed to match perfusion with ventilation.
  4. Is mediated by the release of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine from alveolar type I cells.
A
  1. Occurs when central chemoreceptors sense hypoxemia and cause an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance via the vagal nerve.
  2. Is accentuated by inhalant anesthetic agents.
  3. Is a local reflex designed to match perfusion with ventilation.
  4. Is mediated by the release of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine from alveolar type I cells.
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5
Q

In a patient is hypoxemic and has a normal D(A-a)02 gradient, ________ is the cause of
the hypoxemia.

  1. Ventilation perfusion mismatching
  2. Right-to-Ieft intrapulmonary shunt
  3. Hypoventilation
  4. Diffusion impairment
A
  1. Ventilation perfusion mismatching
  2. Right-to-Ieft intrapulmonary shunt
  3. Hypoventilation
  4. Diffusion impairment

D(A-a)O2= PAO2 - PaO2

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6
Q

In a hot environment, which of the following occurs to help decrease body temperature:

  1. Increased dead space ventilation
  2. Decreased dead space ventilation
A
  1. Increased dead space ventilation
  2. Decreased dead space ventilation
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6
Q

Which of the following statements about lymphatic is NOT true?

  1. Lymph is derived from the itnerstitial fluid
  2. lymph flow is greater when interstitial pressure is increased
  3. lymph is actively pumped throughout the lymphatic system
  4. lymphatic capillaries are impermeable to protein
  5. lymphatic drainage of the gastrointestinal tract is one important route for nutrient absorptuion
A

5 lymphatic drainage of the gastrointestinal tract is one important route for nutrient absorptuion

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7
Q

When metabolism is increased and blood flow is decreased, tissue P02 will likely:

  1. Increase
  2. Decrease
  3. Remain unchanged
A
  1. Increase
  2. Decrease
  3. Remain unchanged
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9
Q

Which of the following is a bronchodilator:

  1. Leukotreine B4
  2. Acetylcholine
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Albuterol
A
  1. Leukotreine B4
  2. Acetylcholine
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Albuterol
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9
Q

A dog is breathing 10 times per minute and has a tidal volume of 100 mL. Physiological dead space fraction is 0.3. Which of the following is true:

  1. Based upon the above values, PaC02 and PEC02 would be predicted to be 40 mmHg, and 35 mmHg, respectively.
  2. Dead space ventilation is 500 mL/min.
  3. Alveolar ventilation is 700 mL/min
  4. The animal is hyperventilated.
A
  1. Based upon the above values, PaC02 and PEC02 would be predicted to be 40 mmHg, and 35 mmHg, respectively.
  2. Dead space ventilation is 500 mL/min.
  3. Alveolar ventilation is 700 mL/min
  4. The animal is hyperventilated.
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9
Q

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to surfactant:

  1. Surfactant is produced by type II epithelial cells.
  2. Surfactant increases work of breathing.
  3. Surfactant helps to increase the attraction of water molecules for one another at
    an air -water interface.
  4. The major component of surfactant is leukotriene B4
A
  1. Surfactant is produced by type II epithelial cells.
  2. Surfactant increases work of breathing.
  3. Surfactant helps to increase the attraction of water molecules for one another at
  4. an air -water interface.
  5. The major component of surfactant is leukotriene B4
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9
Q

During the action potential in a typical neuron, VM moves first toward equilibrium potential fo ___ and subsequently toward the equilibrium potential for ___

A

Na+; K+

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10
Q

The myotatic reflex:

  1. does not require connections with the CNS
  2. is present in cardiac muscle but not skeletal muscle
  3. begins when a muscle shortens
  4. ends with contractions of skeletal muscle
A

ends with contractions of skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Considering the arterial baroreflex, a decrease in blood pressure will reflexly result in:

  1. increased release of NE
  2. vasodilation in arteried and veins
  3. a decrease in vascular resistane
  4. all of the above
A

increased release of NE

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12
Q

Acetylcholine is aneurotransmitter released by:

  1. alpha motor neurons
  2. preganglionic sympathetic neurons
  3. postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
  4. all of the above
A

All of the above

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14
Q

With regard to avian physiology:

  1. Birds have greater functional residual capacity than do mammals.
  2. The avian trachea does not contain cartilage.
  3. The avian diaphragm contains smooth muscle.
  4. Avian airway epithelium is phagocytic
A
  1. Birds have greater functional residual capacity than do mammals.
  2. The avian trachea does not contain cartilage.
  3. The avian diaphragm contains smooth muscle.
  4. Avian airway epithelium is phagocytic
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17
Q

An animal presents to your hospital with severe anemia. His lungs are normal. You would expect his arterial oxygen tension to be:

  1. Normal
  2. Lower than normal
A
  1. Normal
  2. Lower than normal
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18
Q

An increase in capillary pressure of 10 mmHg would:

  1. increase plasma volume by 5%
  2. cause a reabsorption of water in the capillaries
  3. reduce hematocrit by 25%
  4. increase hematocrit by 25%
  5. increase the net outward flux water from the capillary to the interstitial space
A

5 increase the net outward flux water from the capillary to the interstitial space

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19
Q

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve can be shifted to the right by:

  1. Decreased temperature
  2. Decreased 2,3 DPG
  3. Decreased pH
  4. Decreased CO2
A
  1. Decreased temperature
  2. Decreased 2,3 DPG
  3. Decreased pH
  4. Decreased CO2

Increase CO2, temp, DPG or decrease pH (increase H+) will shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve right.

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20
Q

swollen rear leg on a cat. Capillary hydrostatic pressure=18mmHg, tissue interstitial fluid pressure=18mmHg, plasma protein osmotic pressure=28mmHg, tissue protein osmoic pressure=28mmHg. These indicate that the cat:

  1. has edema in these tissue
  2. has an obstructed vein
  3. has lymphatic obsturuction
  4. 1 and 2
  5. 1 and 3
  6. 2 and 3
A

1 and 3

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21
Q

You give an animal an injection of atropine and heart increases . One conclusion from this result is that there was ongoing \_(symp./parasymp.)__ release of _________ at the heart.

A

Parasympathetic; acetylcholine

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21
Q

After the release of a 20 second occlusion of an artery supplying skeletal muscle:

  1. blood flow will be transiently increased above the preocclusion level
  2. sympathetic withdrawal will cause dilation of downstream resistance vessels
  3. blood flow will increased by active hyperemia
  4. the myogenic response will limit the reduction in flow as pressure falls
  5. sympathetic vasodilator fibers play a role in the observed response
A

blood flow will be transiently increased above the preocclusion level

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22
Q

(In a hot environment, which of the following occurs to help decrease body temperature:Increased dead space ventilation)

The horse in the question above has a significant right-to-Ieft intrapulmonary shunt:

  1. True
  2. False
A
  1. True
  2. False
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24
Q

A healthy adult horse is anesthetized and breathing 2% isoflurane in 98% oxygen. An arterial blood gas reveals the following: P02= 98 mmHg; PC02= 65 mm Hg; pH = 7.3. True or False: This horse is hypoventilated.

  1. True
  2. False
A
  1. True
  2. False
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24
Q

Which of the following IS a characteristic of the normal mammalian trachea:

  1. Complete cartilage rings
  2. Submucosal glands
  3. Squamous epithelium
  4. Phagocytic epithelial cells
A
  1. Complete cartilage rings
  2. Submucosal glands
  3. Squamous epithelium
  4. Phagocytic epithelial cells
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24
Q

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to pulmonary mechanics:

  1. The lung parenchyma limits total lung capacity.
  2. Airway resistance is decreased in small airways when lung volume is decreased
    below normal.
  3. Pleural pressure may become extremely negative during forced exhalation
  4. Small alveoli are less compliant than large alveoli.
A
  1. The lung parenchyma limits total lung capacity.
  2. Airway resistance is decreased in small airways when lung volume is decreased
  3. below normal.
  4. Pleural pressure may become extremely negative during forced exhalation
  5. Small alveoli are less compliant than large alveoli.
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25
Q

Most physiological control sysytems are _____ feedback contreol systems.

A

Negative

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26
Q

Central chemoreceptors:

  1. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid oxygen tension.
  2. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid carbon dioxide tension.
  3. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid pH.
A
  1. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid oxygen tension.
  2. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid carbon dioxide tension.
  3. Respond directly to cerebral spinal fluid pH.
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27
Q

In the microcirculation, which of the following are controlled least by sympathetic nerves?

  1. small arteries
  2. large arteries
  3. terminal arterioles
  4. muscular venules
  5. large veins
A

terminal arterioles

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28
Q

Regarding alveoli in a gravitationally dependent region (‘bottom’) of the lung versus alveoli
at the ‘top’ of the lung.

  1. More ventilation is directed to alveoli at the top of the lung.
  2. More perfusion is directed to alveoli at the top ofthe lung.
  3. Alveoli at the top ofthe lung are less compliant than those at the bottom of the lung.
A
  1. More ventilation is directed to alveoli at the top of the lung.
  2. More perfusion is directed to alveoli at the top ofthe lung.
  3. Alveoli at the top ofthe lung are less compliant than those at the bottom of the lung.
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29
Q

In a lung unit (alveolus) with a high ventilation: perfusion ratio (V/Q > 1):

  1. The oxygen tension in the capillary blood will have a decreased oxygen tension relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1.
  2. The carbon dioxide tension in the capillary blood will have an increased carbon dioxide tension relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1.
  3. The pH will be higher in the capillary blood relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1 .
  4. The hemoglobin saturation will be much higher in the capillary blood relative to an alveolus with a V/ =1.
A
  1. The oxygen tension in the capillary blood will have a decreased oxygen tension relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1.
  2. The carbon dioxide tension in the capillary blood will have an increased carbon dioxide tension relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1.
  3. The pH will be higher in the capillary blood relative to an alveolus with a V/Q=1 .
  4. The hemoglobin saturation will be much higher in the capillary blood relative to an alveolus with a V/Q =1.
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29
Q

The basic rhythm of ventilation originates in:

  1. The dorsal respiratory group/rhythm generating in medulla.
  2. The ventral respiratory group.
  3. The pneumotaxic area.
  4. The fourth ventricle.
A
  1. The dorsal respiratory group/rhythm generating in medulla.
  2. The ventral respiratory group.
  3. The pneumotaxic area.
  4. The fourth ventricle.
30
Q

The primary effect of Kyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis is on movement of ____ ions across the cell membrane

32
Q

Which of the following is likely to decrease flux of fluid out of the pulmonary capillary bed?

  1. Increased left atrial pressure
  2. Decreased plasma albumin concentration
  3. Capillary endothelial damage
  4. Decreased interstitial fluid oncotic pressure
A
  1. Increased left atrial pressure
  2. Decreased plasma albumin concentration
  3. Capillary endothelial damage
  4. Decreased interstitial fluid oncotic pressure
33
Q

Which of the following signaling potentials are found in all neurons and skeletal muscle cells
but not in other types of cells (~.g. skin, blood cells)?

  1. Resting potentials.
  2. Action potentials.
  3. Receptor potentials.
  4. Membrane potentials
A
  1. Resting potentials.
  2. Action potentials.
  3. Receptor potentials.
  4. Membrane potentials
34
Q

Which are the vascular sites where smooth muscles exist and are regulated more by local factors compare to other sites that are regulated less by local factors (answers are ranked in order of smooth muscle most regulated by local factors > smooth muscle least regulated by local factors).

  1. capillary> small resistance artery > arteriole > terminal arteriole.
  2. terminal arteriole> small resistance artery > large resistance artery.
  3. small resistance artery > arteriole > terminal arteriole > capillary.
  4. small resistance artery > arteriole > precapillary sphincter > capillary.
A
  1. capillary> small resistance artery > arteriole > terminal arteriole.
  2. terminal arteriole> small resistance artery > large resistance artery.
  3. small resistance artery > arteriole > terminal arteriole > capillary.
  4. small resistance artery > arteriole > precapillary sphincter > capillary.
35
Q

Which of the following volumes is smallest:

  1. Vital capacity
  2. FRC
  3. Tidal volume
  4. Total lung volume
A
  1. Vital capacity
  2. FRC
  3. Tidal volume
  4. Total lung volume
35
Q

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to pulmonary mechanics:

  1. Inflation of the lung with saline increases static compliance of the lung.
  2. Hysteresis is only observed when the lung is inflated with-saline.
  3. In the normal pulmonary system, maximum volume of inhalation is limited by the chest wall.
  4. The majority of work associated with breathing is spend overcoming the effects of airway resistance
A
  1. Inflation of the lung with saline increases static compliance of the lung.
  2. Hysteresis is only observed when the lung is inflated with-saline.
  3. In the normal pulmonary system, maximum volume of inhalation is limited by the chest wall.
  4. The majority of work associated with breathing is spend overcoming the effects of airway resistance
36
Q

Which of the following is true regarding lung volumes:

  1. Functional residual capacity is the amount of gas left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
  2. Exhaled and inhaled tidal volume are different.
  3. Vital capacity is larger than total lung volume.
  4. Dead space ventilation is functional residual capacity minus tidal volume.
A
  1. Functional residual capacity is the amount of gas left in the lungs after a rnax-imalexhalation.
  2. Exhaled and inhaled tidal volume are different.
  3. Vital capacity is larger than total lung volume.
  4. Dead space ventilation is functional residual capacity minus tidal volume.
37
Q

The greatest percentage of the fluids in a typical mammal is contained in the** (intracellular fluid/extracellular fluid)**

A

intracellular fluid

38
Q

Select the capillaries with the lowest hydrosdtatic pressure (Pc) found in a normal resting dog.

  1. Coronary cap.
  2. Cerebral cap.
  3. Cutaneous cap.
  4. Pulmonary cap
  5. Renal cap.
A

Pulmonary cap

39
Q

Normal hemoglobin saturation in the systemic venous blood is:

  1. 97%
  2. 90%
  3. 75%
  4. 50%
  5. 40%
A
  1. 97%
  2. 90%
  3. 75%
  4. 50%
  5. 40%

Arterial= 97%

40
Q

Which of the following is true regarding bronchioles:

  1. Bronchioles are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
  2. Bronchiolar walls contain cartilaginous support
  3. Bronchioles contribute greatly to airway resistance ih the normal lung
  4. Airway smooth muscle tone has a large effect on bronchiolar diameter.
A
  1. Bronchioles are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
  2. Bronchiolar walls contain cartilaginous support
  3. Bronchioles contribute greatly to airway resistance ih the normal lung
  4. Airway smooth muscle tone has a large effect on bronchiolar diameter.
41
Q

The concentration gradient and the voltage gradient favor movement of ___ ions into the cell.

42
Q

Glomerular filtration would be increased by:

  1. Increased hydraulic/hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries.
  2. Increased osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries.
  3. Selectively constricting the afferent arterioles.
  4. Infusion of angiotensin.
A
  1. Increased hydraulic/hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries.
  2. Increased osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries.
  3. Selectively constricting the afferent arterioles.
  4. Infusion of angiotensin.
42
Q

Receptor potentials:

  1. are graded with the size of the sensory stimulus
  2. are due to opening the same channels that are opened during the action potential
  3. are actively propagated along the cell membrane
  4. are always the same size
A

are graded with the size of the sensory stimulus

43
Q

the Na-K ATPase

  1. uses secondary active transport to move Na+ out of the cell
  2. uses energy in the form of ATP to to move K+ into the cell
  3. moves more Na+ ions into the cell than K+ ions out of the cell
  4. moves an equal number of Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell
A

2 uses energy in the form of ATP to to move K+ into the cell

44
Q

The decrease in a receptor potential during a sustained sensory stimulus is referred to as _____.

A

Adaptation

45
Q

Flow induced vasodilation is an increase in the diameter of an artery which is caused by increased intralumninal flow. This response is best explained as :

  1. shear-stress produced bvy the increased flow through the artery sugnals an increase in endothelial cell Ca++ which activates producition of nitric oxide
  2. the increased flow causes increased stretch of the vascualr smooth muscle cells signaling a relaxation
  3. physiological magic
  4. the increased flow causes release of vascular asmooth muscle derived relaxing factors
  5. the tissue pressure hypothesis, increased flow causes increased filtration and ncreased tissue pressure
A

shear-stress produced bvy the increased flow through the artery sugnals an increase in endothelial cell Ca++ which activates producition of nitric oxide

47
Q

Which of the following elicits the largest increase in blood oxygen content?

  1. Increasing P02 from 20 mmHg to 60 mmHg
  2. Increasing P02 from 60 mmHg to 100 mmHg
  3. Increasing P02 from 100 mmHg to 500 mmHg.
A
  1. Increasing P02 from 20 mmHg to 60 mmHg
  2. Increasing P02 from 60 mmHg to 100 mmHg
  3. Increasing P02 from 100 mmHg to 500 mmHg.
48
Q

Large amounts of oxygen can be released from hemoglobin as a result of a small decrease in
P02 when:

  1. Oxygen tension is low.
  2. Oxygen tension is high.
A
  1. Oxygen tension is low.
  2. Oxygen tension is high.
48
Q

Consider a synaptic contact between two neurons where a neurotransmitter, released by the presynaptic neuron, binds with receptors on the postsyaptic membrane and produces a hyperpolarization (ie an IPSP). This hyperpolarization could be due to entry of \_(1)_ ions into the cell or exit of \_(2)_ ions from the cell.

A

(1) Cl-
(2) K+

49
Q

Myotatic reflex:

  1. Neuromuscular junction
  2. Muscle Stretch receptor and afferent fiber
  3. Alpha motor neuron

We could record receptor potentials and actions potentials at ___.

We could record synaptic potentials at ___ and ___.

A

We could record receptor potentials and actions potentials at 2

We could record synaptic potentials at 1 and 3

50
Q

Gray matter is gray because it contains _____

A

nuclei (collections of cell bodies)

52
Q

In obstructive lung disease, respiratory frequency will tend to be _______ than normal.

  1. Higher
  2. Lower
A
  1. Higher
  2. Lower
53
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the nasal cavity:

  1. Large particles are removed from inhaled gas by intertial impaction on the nasal mucosa.
  2. The nasal cavity provides less resistance to airflow than the bronchioles.
  3. Horses will breathe through their mouth during exercise to minimize upper airway resistance.
A
  1. Large particles are removed from inhaled gas by intertial impaction on the nasal mucosa.
  2. The nasal cavity provides less resistance to airflow than the bronchioles.
  3. Horses will breathe through their mouth during exercise to minimize upper airway resistance.
55
Q

Which of the following is a muscle that is most likely to be activated during exhalation:

  1. Extemal intercostalis muscles
  2. Extemal abdominal oblique
  3. Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
  4. Diaphragm
A
  1. Extemal intercostalis muscles
  2. Extemal abdominal oblique
  3. Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
  4. Diaphragm
57
Q

Which factor is the best predictor of the strength of a skeletal muscle during an isometric contraction lasting 3 seconds?

  1. muscle length
  2. the amount of fast twitch fibers
  3. muscle wIdth.
  4. the amount of ATP production
A
  1. muscle length
  2. the amount of fast twitch fibers
  3. muscle wIdth.
  4. the amount of ATP production
58
Q

One example of a mechanism for removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft and, thus, terminating its actions is _____.

59
Q

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the pulmonary circulation:

  1. Pulmonary vascular resistance increases as lung volume increases above normal.
  2. Autonomic control is less in the pulmonary than systemic circulation.
  3. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases as lung volume decreases below normal.
  4. Systemic vasoconstriction leads to increased pulmonary blood volume.
A
  1. Pulmonary vascular resistance increases as lung volume increases above normal.
  2. Autonomic control is less in the pulmonary than systemic circulation.
  3. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases as lung volume decreases below normal.
  4. Systemic vasoconstriction leads to increased pulmonary blood volume.
61
Q

With regard to fetal physiology:

  1. Fetal aortic blood has higher oxygen tension than maternal aortic blood
  2. Fetal aortic blood has higher oxygen saturation than maternal aortic blood
  3. The blood in the fetal ductus venosis contains a higher oxygen tension than the
    fetal aorta
  4. Fetal hemoglobin has a right-shifted oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve compared to maternal blood
A
  1. Fetal aortic blood has higher oxygen tension than maternal aortic blood
  2. Fetal aortic blood has higher oxygen saturation than maternal aortic blood
  3. **The blood in the fetal ductus venosis contains a higher oxygen tension than the **fetal aorta
  4. Fetal hemoglobin has a right-shifted oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve compared to maternal blood
61
Q

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to equine respiratory physiology/anatomy:

  1. Horses breathe through their mouth during exercise to minimize resistance to gas flow
  2. The nasal cavity filters small particles (
  3. Exhalation is active in the normal horse breathing quietly
  4. Unlike most mammals, the equine visceral pleura is adhered to the parietal pleura over the entire chest wall.
A
  1. Horses breathe through their mouth during exercise to minimize resistance to gas flow
  2. The nasal cavity filters small particles (
  3. Exhalation is active in the normal horse breathing quietly
  4. Unlike most mammals, the equine visceral pleura is adhered to the parietal pleura over the entire chest wall.
62
Q

A dog is brought tro your clinic. You observe that the dog has an enlarged abdomen and swelling of its limbs and paws. You determine from the client that the dog has malnutrition. The most likely cause of the enlarged abdomen is:

  1. Abdominal hemorrhage
  2. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  3. decreased concentraion of plasma proteins
  4. increased concentration of plasma proteins
  5. intestinal gas
A

decreased concentraion of plasma proteins

64
Q

Reabsorption of glucose:

  1. Is dependent primarily on water reabsorption.
  2. Occurs primarily passively
  3. Is decreased in diabetes mellitus.
  4. Occurs primarily in the proximal tubule.
A
  1. Is dependent primarily on water reabsorption.
  2. Occurs primarily passively
  3. Is decreased in diabetes mellitus.
  4. Occurs primarily in the proximal tubule.
65
Q

(A blood sample has an oxygen content of 15 g/dl and a total hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL. What is your best estimate of oxygen saturation? 75%)

Based upon your knowledge of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, and the data from
the question above, the best estimate of P02from the blood sample is:

  1. 30 mmHg
  2. 40 mm Hg
  3. 50 mm Hg
  4. 60mmHg
A
  1. 30 mmHg
  2. 40 mm Hg
  3. 50 mm Hg
  4. 60mmHg
66
Q

Under normal circumstances, chemoreceptor output increases dramatically when oxygen tension decreases to:

  1. 85 mm Hg
  2. 75 mm Hg
  3. 70 mm Hg
  4. 60 mm Hg
A
  1. 85 mm Hg
  2. 75 mm Hg
  3. 70 mm Hg
  4. 60 mm Hg
67
Q

The transcapillary solute exchange of lipid insoluble substances occurs:

  1. only at the venous end of the capillary
  2. only between endothelial ells (in fluid filled channels)
  3. along the entrie length of the capillry
  4. only at the arterial end of the capillary
A

only between endothelial ells (in fluid filled channels)

69
Q

When ausculting the chest wall using a stethoscope, the majority of respiratory sounds heard
are generated:

  1. In the large conducting airways
  2. In the small airways and alveoli
A
  1. In the large conducting airways (turbulent flow)
  2. In the small airways and alveoli
71
Q

Local anesthetics block information transmission in nerve fibers (ie in axons) by blocking _____-gated channels that allow _____ ions to pass through the membrane

A

voltage; Na+

72
Q

What is the most important means by which lipid soluble substances are tranferred between the plasma and the interstitial space?

  1. Active transport
  2. filtration
  3. diffusion
  4. carrier mediated transport
  5. facilitated diffusion
73
Q

For which of the following patricles (X or X+) would it be easiest to get net movement of the particleacross the lipid bilayer ofthe cell membrane from outside to inside the cell (ie to see [particle]out decrease and [particle]in increase)

  1. A small charged particle, X+, where [X+]out > [X+]in
  2. A very large, uncharged molecule, X, where [X]in > out
  3. A large charged particle, X+, where [X+]in > [X+]out
  4. A small, uncharged particle, X, where [X]out > [X]in
A

4, A small, uncharged particle, X, where [X]out > [X]in

74
Q

A blood sample has an oxygen content of 15 g/dL and a total hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL. What is your best estimate of oxygen saturation?

  1. 100%
  2. 85%
  3. 75%
  4. 65%
A
  1. 100%
  2. 85%
  3. 75%
  4. 65%

O2content = 1.34THb + O.003(Pa02)

15=1.34(15)(x)+0.003(104)

x=0.73 …. 75%

75
Q

A cat is sleeping and drams that Fido is chasing it. Mean aortic pressure increased fromm 100 mmHg to 130 mmHg. Renal blood flow increased from 100 mL/min to 140 mL/min when mean aortic pressure first increased. While aortic pressure remained high (130 mmHg), renal blood flow came back down to 100 mL/min. This is an example of:

  1. reactive hyperremia
  2. the renal baroreflex
  3. local autoregulation of renal blood flow
  4. active hyperemia
  5. flow-induced dilation
A

local autoregulation of renal blood flow

77
Q

What is the best estimate of inspired partial pressure of oxygen in an animal at altitude and where barometric pressure is 500 mm Hg?

  1. 105 mmHg
  2. 95 mmHg
  3. 85 mmHg
  4. 75 mmHg
A
  1. 105 mmHg
  2. 95 mmHg
  3. 85 mmHg
  4. 75 mmHg

PO2=(PB-PH2O)(.21)

(500-47)(.21)=95.13mmHg

78
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors:

  1. Are located in walls of the cranial vena cava and jugular veins.
  2. Have a small blood flow relative to tissue mass.
  3. Will cause an increase in myocardial contractility, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate when stimulated
A
  1. Are located in walls of the cranial vena cava and jugular veins.
  2. Have a small blood flow relative to tissue mass.
  3. Will cause an increase in myocardial contractility, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate when stimulated
79
Q

Which is TRUE regarding mechanical positive pressure ventilation in the dog:

  1. Alveolar pressure is negative at end exhalation.
  2. Pleural pressure becomes more negative during inhalation
  3. Venous return is decreased by positive pressure ventilation
  4. Alveolar pressure is negative during exhalation
A
  1. Alveolar pressure is negative at end exhalation.
  2. Pleural pressure becomes more negative during inhalation
  3. Venous return is decreased by positive pressure ventilation
  4. Alveolar pressure is negative during exhalation
81
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dead space ventilation:

  1. The trachea is part of the anatomic dead space.
  2. Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused are considered alveolar dead space.
  3. Increased dead space ventilation results in a PC02in exhaled gas that is much less than in arterial blood.
  4. Alveolar dead space gas contains gas with a high partial pressure of C02.
A
  1. The trachea is part of the anatomic dead space.
  2. Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused are considered alveolar dead space.
  3. Increased dead space ventilation results in a PC02in exhaled gas that is much less than in arterial blood.
  4. Alveolar dead space gas contains gas with a high partial pressure of C02.
82
Q

In a typical neuron the concentration gradient and voltage gradient affecting movement of K+ ions across the cell membrane are pushing K+ in opposite directions. WHi force wins? _____ gradient. If we increase gK+ in a typical neuron, which way does K+ move? _____ the cell.

A

Concentration; out of

83
Q

During isovolumic relaxation

  1. the aoric valve is open wile the mitral valve is closed
  2. the mitral valve is open while the aortic valve is close
  3. both valves are open
  4. both valves are closed
A

both valves are closed

84
Q

The aortic valve:

  1. Prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
  2. Opens at the onset of ventricular contraction.
  3. Closes when ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure.
  4. Opens at the onset of isovolumic relaxation.
A
  1. Prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
  2. Opens at the onset of ventricular contraction.
  3. Closes when ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure.(prevents backflow btwn aorta and L ventricle)
  4. Opens at the onset of isovolumic relaxation.
85
Q

Surfactant:

  1. Is produced primarily by type I alveolar epithelial cells.
  2. Contains free arachidonic acid molecules that line up at the air-water interface.
  3. Alters surface tension so that small alveoli tend to inflate large alveoli.
  4. Is, In part, responsIble for hysteresIs.
A
  1. Is produced primarily by type I alveolar epithelial cells.
  2. Contains free arachidonic acid molecules that line up at the air-water interface.
  3. Alters surface tension so that small alveoli tend to inflate large alveoli.
  4. Is, In part, responsIble for hysteresIs.
86
Q

In a typical neuron, the dendrites should be thought of as the (input side/output side) of the neuron.

A

Input side

87
Q

What is one structure that would be considered part of the central nervous system? ( advice “brain” would be too general) _____

A

Cerebral cortex

88
Q

Given a neuron where: VR = -76mV, ENa+ = +53mV, ECl- + -91mV, and EK+ = -87mV. Increasing gCl- will (depolarize/hyperpolarize) the cell as Cl- ions (enter/leave) the cell.

A

hyperpolarize; enter

89
Q

summation is possible with _____ potentials

Veterinary Physiology (2 decks)

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