Practice multiple choice Flashcards
Which statement about genomes is INCORRECT? Genomes
include all the DNA, RNA and protein in a cell at any point in time
Which statement about the central dogma of molecular biology is
CORRECT? Information is…
passed from DNA to RNA to Proteins
Which statement about RNA compared to DNA is CORRECT? RNA
is prone to some types of degradation whereas DNA is a more stable molecule
Double-stranded B-DNA (the DNA double helix)
Involves the stacking of aromatic base pairs in the centre of the double
helix
Which of the following is the best description of protein tertiary structure?
The
active 3-Dimensional shape of a single protein chain
Enzymes usually bind:
One or a small number of related molecules
When a reaction is at equilibrium:
The energies of the substrate and product will be equal
the semi-conservative model of DNA replication means that:
After replication double-stranded helical DNA will be present as one
original and one new strand
DNA replication involves ______________, whereas RNA transcription
involves _______________. Select the best pair of options.
Initiation at ORI sites / binding of transcription factors at promoter
sites
How does tRNA contribute to the translation of a mRNA nucleotide sequence
to the corresponding protein sequence? The
anticodon in the tRNA base pairs to the codon in the mRNA while the
attached activated amino acid is brought close to the growing protein
chain
Protein synthesis/translation in cells begins at _________________, and
ends with ________________. Select the best pair of options.
The AUG start codon / a stop codon
During DNA replication the strands of chromosomal DNA are _________
unwound and separated before replication starts and the strands are copied
_________.
partly/ both 5’ to 3
Photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport are similar because they
both produce ______ and ______, and different because only
photosynthetic electron transport produce ______.
a proton gradient across a membrane / ATP / O 2
An important difference between C4 and CAM photosynthesis is that
C4 photosynthesis separates electron transport and the Calvin cycle in
space while CAM photosynthesis separates them in time
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
During photosynthesis, electrons are transferred from H2O to CO 2,
while during respiration electrons are transferred from glucose to H2O
The Krebs cycle produces
NADH, CO 2 and FADH2
The products of the photosynthetic electron transport chain are
O 2, ATP, NADPH
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules, involves a decrease in
atomic order, an increase in entropy and NADH
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? In plant cells, the
electron transport chains produce proton gradients in the cristae of
mitochondria
At low CO 2 concentrations, Rubisco..
Can act as an oxygenase, when it reacts with O 2 to produce a 3-carbon
and a 2-carbon product
An important difference between C4 and C3 photosynthesis is that
PEPC is the initial carboxylating enzyme in C4 photosynthesis
The production of ___________________ from ________________ is an
example of _____________________ metabolism.
glucose / glycogen / catabolic
Amino acids in the lumen of the small intestine are actively absorbed through
______________ tissue cells which are located on a/an ____________ and
the amino acids are transported into a capillary.
epithelial / villus
An important step in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic
cell was the _________________ of _____________________ to form the
nucleus and ____________________.
invagination / the plasma membrane / endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both ______________ but only prokaryotic
cells can have _____________________ and ___________________ .
have a contractile ring that separates a dividing cell / pili / a capsule
In a __________________ cell __________________ is imported via
_________________ and transported to the _________________ .
macrophage / low density lipoprotein / endocytosis / lysosome
In a nerve cell __________________ is/are transported from the
________________ to the _________________ of the cell and this process
is powered by ATP that phosphorylates the transporter proteins thus causing
a(n) _______________ and a conformational change.
sodium ions / cytoplasm / exterior / change in the interaction between
R groups
The _______________ of epithelial cells is/are directly attached to
________________ that is/are _____________________ .
basal aspect / the basal lamina / composed of connective tissue
The blood vessels are always lined with ______________.
_________________ is found in every hollow organ except the heart
epithelium / smooth muscle
Pasteur’s experiment with swan-necked flasks was used to prove:
That there is no “life force” in the air
Which of the following statements regarding the most recent version of the
tree of life is INCORRECT?
There are three major groups, the bacteria, the animals and the plants
Bacteria help ruminants digest cellulose but they also
produce methane, which is a greenhouse gas
Which of the following statements regarding fermentation is INCORRECT?
it can be done by yeasts but not bacteria
Pollutant-degrading bacteria typically belong to which of the following
nutritional types?
Heterotrophs
Which of the following statements regarding microbial biodiversity is
CORRECT?
Many microbes are only known about through DNA sequencing
Yeasts have which of the following advantages over bacteria for cloning
genes?
Better capacity to express cloned eukaryotic gene
What valuable resource do the Archea offer for biotechnology? They
make thermostable enzymes like DNA polymerase
Succession is a theory about how ecological communities change over
time. After a community has been disturbed, what are the three main
models that describe how succession might proceed?
Inhibition, tolerance and facilitation
In order to determine if an animal is foraging optimally in a landscape
consisting of two types of food, low and high quality, what is the most
important piece of information to know? The
relative abundance of the two resources
Which of the following lists contain taxa that are uniquely (all members of
the taxa belong to the same category) a true predator, a grazer, and a
parasite (in that order)?
Owl, limpet, tapeworm
The amount of energy passing through an ecosystem is determined by the:
net primary productivity of the ecosystem
An ecotone can be defined as a
transitional area between two or more habitats or communities
E. transitional area between stages in succession
Which of the following ecosystem orders describes a general trend of
increasing primary productivity?
Deserts, grasslands, forests
European red foxes and feral cats have been introduced to many parts of
the world, but these predators have caused more extinctions of native
mammal species in Australia than in any other large land area. This is most
likely because
Native Australian mammals did not evolve with foxes and cats and
hence have not evolved defences against these predators
A field experiment in ecology can be considered well designed if, at
minimum, it
uses replicated control and experimental treatments
In biology, the concept of ‘evolutionary fitness’ is usually taken to mean
an individual’s relative contribution to the next generation’s gene pool
A group of organisms of the same species living in a geographically distinct
area is defined as a:
Population
An ecologist would use which of the following methods to measure α-
diversity.
count the number of species in a local area
How do you BEST demonstrate your measurements of Lactate
Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity are a quantitative measure of the amount of
enzyme present in the sample
By adding different amounts of LDH enzyme to the reaction and
showing a proportional rate response
When measuring growth of plants in different environmental conditions,
which would be the most representative, most reliable and easiest
measurement?
Leaf area of all leaves per plant
If you place an animal cell in a hypotonic solution, it will
look______________. If you place a plant cell in a hypotonic solution it will
look______________. Select the best pair of options
Lysed / turgid
This question relates to the plates exposed in different locations in Sydney.
What is the most accurate statement about your observations?
Fungal abundance, diversity and morphology was different
Micrococcus luteus was used during a practical class to demonstrate a
pattern of transmission using lollies and handshaking. Which of the
following statements in relation to the use of M. luteus in this experiment is
INCORRECT?
The Micrococcus sp. associated with the normal microflora of the
participants’ hands will not confound the results because students
were asked to wash their hands thoroughly to eliminate all microbes.
A spread plate inoculated with 100μl taken from a 1ml suspension of 10-4
dilution mixture of soil/PBS has a total count of 55 colony forming units.
Calculate the cfu in 1ml of the diluted sample.
5.5 x 10 2 cfu/ml
An ecologist has $850,000 to invest into decreasing the risk of extinction of
a unique population of flightless bird. Using known demographic data of
the population, the ecologist models two possible scenarios, using the
program Vortex, and compared those scenarios to the current population’s
probability of survival (basic model). Based on the model outputs below,
and your understanding of Vortex, where should the ecologist invest the
money?
Rearing chicks in the lab and releasing them in order to reduce
juvenile mortality from 80% to 70%.
You want to estimate the population size of a blue tongue lizards in a
residential precinct using a Peterson’s estimate. Using traps, you capture,
tag and release 12 lizards during your first sampling period. In your second
sampling period you capture six (6) lizards, two (2) of which are marked.
What is your estimate of the population of blue tongue lizards in the park?
36
In one of your practicals, as a class you assessed the impacts of
contamination in Sydney Harbour by assessing differences in
assemblages of benthic infauna at Chowder Bay and Blackwattle Bay.
Which was the BEST conclusions that you should draw form your class
results?
There are differences in the assemblage of benthic infauna at
Blackwattle Bay compared to Chowder Bay, but we cannot be sure
that these differences are due to contamination or another aspect(s)
of the two sites.
How does the conversion of pyrophosphate (diphosphate) to phosphate
molecules help drive the formation of phosphodiester bonds, and other
thermodynamically unfavourable interactions?
This reaction is favourable and provides the energy for an unfavourable (2)
reaction
- AND It uses up products of the first reaction (pyrophosphate) driving the
equilibrium towards formation of more pyrophosphate (and therefore also
phosphodiester bonds).
Describe the similarities and differences of DNA replication on the leading strand
and the lagging strand (you can use sketches to illustrate your answer)
On the leading strands, once an RNA primer has been placed, DNA
polymerisation is continuous in a 5’-3’ direction (2)
- On the lagging strand the DNA is running the wrong direction for
continuous replication, so a series of primers must be put down, the DNA
replicated in pieces, the RNA primer removed and the pieces of DNA filled
in, and ligated (4)
How did eukaryotic cells evolve
The hypothesis that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic association of prokaryotes—endosymbiosis—is particularly well supported by studies of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are thought to have evolved from bacteria living in large cells.
describe the photosynthetic electron transport including the
enzyme complexes and major products
The photosynthetic electron transport chain involves the coordinated action of Photosystem II, plastoquinone, the cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I, and the enzyme ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. The major products of this process are ATP and NADPH, which are crucial for the subsequent dark reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis, where they are used to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
cloning vector amp purpose
Codes for ampicillin resistance
Is a selectable marker, which allows us to “force” the cells to take up the
plasmid and identify the colonies that contain it. Only cells with the amp gene
will be able to survive on an ampicillin plate
cloning vector ori genes purpose
These genes encode replication functions.
They ensure that the plasmid will be able to replicate and therefore to persist in
the host.
Clonging vector the polylinker site
This is the cloning site.
We cut open the plasmid and insert the foreign genes into this site
Draw an outline diagram of a trophic cascade. This should have three levels
predator –> prey –> plant
