Practice Management from Chegg Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
Construction Manager as constructor CMc-Characteristics not definition
A
single agreement w owner covering constructionwork broken up into pre construction phase and construction phasecan ONLY use cost plus fee w or w/o gmpused for quick construction time/ complicated building standards and materials or many unknownsoffers construction expertise, cost estimates and schedulingTime then cost and risk
2
Q
Construction Manager as Adviser CMa-Characteristics not definition
A
Const Mngr can either be contractor or third party independent who represents owner CMa advises on construct ability No competitive bidding w CMa so price is higher
3
Q
CMa 3 types of fee structures ??
A
Fixed Price or Stipulated SumCost Plus fee w gmpCost Plus w/ out gmpW fixed fee if project is under budget owner doesn’t benefitW cost +fee GC states gmp. If cheaper owner doesn’t benefit
4
Q
AIA A701
A
Instructions to Bidders
5
Q
AIA B101
A
Standard form of agreement between Owner and Architect
6
Q
AIA C401
A
Standard form of agreement between Architect and Consultant
7
Q
AIA A305
A
Contractor Qualification statement
8
Q
AIA G701
A
Change Order
9
Q
AIA G702
A
Application for certificate of payment
10
Q
AIA G704
A
Certificate of Substantial Completion
11
Q
Fast Track Delivery Method
A
Project uses multiple contracts Project uses a Construction MngrMore expensive but shorter loan funding quicker construction time frameUsed when schedule is very tightA and E drawings issued in stages or bid packages
12
Q
Cost Plus Fixed Fee
A
used when a project is very complicated with many unknowns
13
Q
Bridging
A
Hybrid between Design Build and Design Bid Build where Arch acts as PM or advisor to owner.
14
Q
Design Assist Project Method
A
1 Sub contractor is included early to assist on a specific portion of the building2 Takes slightly longer so specific design details can be developed3 used in projects that are complex w vendors being used earlier
15
Q
IPD Integrated Project Delivery
A
1 All team members work alongside one another from DD throughout move in. 2 Best design and efficient cost because everyone works together from beginning so there’s no adversarial relationships3 similar to Design Building except in IPD client can have multiple contractors when in DB only uses 1 prime contract4 Owner, end user, arch, engineer, GC and subs all involved early5 Shared Risk/Reward by all6 Indemnification of litigation for those on project team
16
Q
CMa vs CMc
A
Construction manager as advisor price can go higher because design work is not completedCMc can only price project using cost of work plus fee w or w/out gmp
17
Q
GC insurance requirements are located in which AIA Document
A
A201 General Conditions
18
Q
Construction Manager as Advisor and Architect work together as……
A
A Joint Enterprise
19
Q
CM Advisor is in charge of ….
A
Schedule and change orders
20
Q
In Bridging (DB/DBB) Architect acts as an…..
A
Agent or Project Manager to owner
21
Q
Net Billings are exclusive of??
A
Expenses and Consultants
22
Q
Design Bid Build
A
1 Linear method 2 lowest bid wins3 lesser quality construction and longer timeframe4 natural conflicts
23
Q
Design Build
A
Experienced owner due to establishment of performance and quality parameters Typically Contractor control w Architect contracted underneath Design packages sometimes phased to move fasterArchitect has les control over design due to subs and GC being engaged early w expertise in their areas
Uses form C-441
24
Q
AIA A133
A
CMC scope of work and responsibilities
25
Architect led CmA
1 Fee structure is Gmp, hourly or lump sum 2 Faster completion time3 Big financial rewards4 Risk then Quality
26
Architect led Design Build
Greatest risk to Architecture firm running design, project management and construction. Form C-441 is used
Risk then Cost
27
Stages of Development
Feasibility studies and Acquisition, design, financing construction , marketing and leasing. Then operations and management
28
D200
Project Checklist
29
Net Cash Income =
Received Cash minus spent cashRC-SC
30
Net Profit Formula is?
Recieved Cash minus Spent Cash
31
Total project fee =
Net Architect fee plus all consultants. Then take just consult fee and divide into total project cost. Should be (26-35%)
32
Finding Break Even cost of employee??
Net Revenue / TL =Multiplier then BE Rate* Hourly Rate
33
*Net Operating Revenue Formula is?
Fees billed plus reimbursable expenses minus outside consultants minus project related expensesFB+RE-OC-PE
34
Total Expenses include what within a firm? Formula
Employee salary plus Over Head
ES+OH
35
Utilization Rate Formula is?
TDL / TL
36
Break Even Rate Formula is ?
Overhead Rate plus 1
37
Break Even Rate calculates ?
Total cost of operations per dollar spent on direct laborTCO:1$ on DL
38
***Overhead Rate Plus 1 gives you what?
Break Even Rate
39
Overhead Rate Equals??
Total Indirect Expenses divided by total direct laborTIE/TDL
40
Utilization Rate Formula is?
Total Direct Labor divided by Total Labor
41
GMP Guaranteed Maximum Price
Used when scope clearly defined Cmc prepares cost estimate the he gets paid at end of construction
42
Unit Prices
Used w unknown site conditions existised for excavation work or projects w repetitive systems (hotels)
43
Cost plus fee
Used when owner doesn’t know exact scope of his needs and design services early in project so construction can move forward
44
Stipulated Sum
Used at the end of a competitive bidding process for a public funded project this is fee owners agree to pay
45
Net Multiplier Formula is?
NOR divided by total direct labor
46
To find % of TDL to NOR
TDL divided by NOR
47
AIA B105
Agreement for small residential projects
48
AIA B104
Agreement for small to midsize project’s limited scope and complexity
49
AIA B101 & B103
Agreement for midsize to large projects and more complicated
50
AIA B200
Scope of Services Document
51
Aia B103
Contains good cautionary language for the fast track project delivery method
52
Construction Manager as Agent
like Cm Advisor they may just assist w constructability of a project but may also work during construction. Typically work for a fixed fee. Risk then time are main focus
53
Current Ratio Formula is?
Total current assets divided by total current liabilities. >1 is healthyTCAss/TCL (short term/quick)
54
Solvency Ratio
Total Current Assets/Total Current Liabilities over Long Term
55
Statute of Limitations begins? Statute of repose begins?
A statute of limitations is usually triggered when the defect is discoveredUsually, the statute of repose begins on the date of substantial completion
56
Primary and Secondary Concerns for DBB, DB, CM Advisor, CM Agent, CMC
Design-Bid-Build: Cost (Primary) and Risk (Secondary)Design-Build (Standard): Risk (Primary) and Cost (Secondary)CM-Adviser: Risk (Primary) and Quality (Secondary)CM-Agent: Risk (Primary) and Time (Secondary)CM-Constructor: Time (Primary) and Cost and Risk (Secondary)
57
Profit and Loss Statement utilizes what ratios
Utilization, profit to earnings, Net Multiplier and Overhead rate
58
Healthy Overhead Rate is
1.3-1.5
59
A141
Form of agreement between owner and design builder
60
What is NOR per Employee
Total Revenue/ # Employees
61
Definition of overhead rate
Measures the cost of operations
62
Definition of utilization rate
Amount of employees available hours used for billable projects
63
Definition of net multiplier
Represents the actual revenue generated by a firm
64
Definition of break even rate
Measures total cost of operations per dollar spent on total direct labor
65
Net operating revenue Formula
Fees Billed plus reimbursables minus outside consultants minus project expenses
66
Profit to earnings ratio definition
Indicates effectiveness of firm and completing projects with a profit
67
Definition of net operating revenue per employee
Shows how much each architect is bringing into the business
68
**P/E Ratio Formula
Profits / Net Operating Revenue
69
Which ratios are found on a profit and loss statement
Utilization RateP/E RatioNet Multiplier Overhead Rate
70
Quick Ratio Formula
Total cash + acct receivable + Revenue divided by total liabilities TC+Acr+R/TL
71
(3) tiers in AIA Code of Ethics
ethical standards, cannons, Rules of Conduct
72
Accounting method used by sole practitioner
Cash basis report
73
S Corporations 3 characteristics
Limited to 100Does not pay income taxes stockholders may be personally liable for negligence
74
AIA 195
Standard agreement between owner and contractor for Integrated Project Delivery
75
AIA A101 SP
Owner Contractor agreement for Sustainable Projects
76
AIA A102
Owner Contractor Agreement for cost plus fee w gmp
77
AIA A103
OWNER CONTRACTOR AGREEMENT FOR Cost plus fee w no gmp
78
Healthy Net Multiplier is greater than what #?
> than 3
79
AIA A132
AIA Contract CM as Advisor
80
Grossing Factor
Rentable area / Usable Area
81
How to convert a Net Multiplier into break even rate?
Overhead rate +1 is break even break even divided by inverse (opposite) of target profit %
82
Negotiated Bid gets you higher? Competitive bid gets you lower ?
Quality cost
83
Which term represents the most temporary working agreement
Strategic Alliance or Joint Venture
84
Examples of Pass through tax entities
LIMITED LIABILITY CORPORATION AND LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP (both pay taxes separately from corporations
85
Profit and Loss Statement Formula
Fees Billed - Outside Consultants
86
3 Indicators found on a Balance Sheet
Liquidity, Return on Equity and Current Ratio
87
What is SPI? How is it calculated?
Scheduled performance index. TCFx%C = X then Fees of /X
Total contract fee times percentage complete =X Then fees paid / X
88
What is a responsive bid?
Responsive Bid is a bid that covered entire scope of work in their bid
89
What should contractors include w application for payment?
Change order summary $ for completion of project Retainage in place Retainage for stored materials Certificate subs paid
90
What is used by most firms for profit and loss statements?
Accrual Basis Accounting
91
Cash Basis Accounting vs Accrual Basis Accounting. Compare. Which is for day to day and which is for taxes?
Accrual day to day, cash for taxesCash is like checking account money in then money received accrual counts money billed but not yet received
92
Current earnings are earnings that are calculated before or after tax deductions
calculated after taxes are deducted from income?
93
What is the fee for an architect time called
Net Billing
94
Compare a prospect job and a suspect job
A prospect job is a job you have more than 50% chance of getting suspect is less than 50% chance
95
A balance sheet has what measures within it?
Solvency, liquidity, leverage and return on equity
96
Solvency ratio is the same thing as this type of ratio
Current Ratio. Same ratios, but current is for shirt. Short term solvency is long-term.
97
Solvency ratio should be in the neighborhood of ??
Solvency rate should be min 1.5 meaning assets are 50% more than liabilities
98
Liquidity is also known as ——— ratio.
quick ratio.
99
What is a pro forma?
A business plan
100
Government projects would typically use what fee structures?
Stipulated Lump Sum or % of construction
101
Assets are???
Assets are $$$$ quickly converted to cash (computers, furniture,accounts receivable)
102
Equity is ???
Equity is Assets minus liabilities equals balance (balance sheet)
103
How do i file an ethical complaint against an architect?
Through National AIA ethics council
104
Most ethical complaints are from???
Most ethical complaints are from other architects and homeowners
105
Efficiency type projects are???
Efficiency type projects are cookie cutter non complicated projects lots of junior staff
106
Experience type are ???
Experience type are hospitals, data centers, hotels, etc more complicated and more talented staff
107
Expertise type firms are???
Expertise type deep knowledge and exceptional talent. Top heavy w talented staff
108
Architect does/does not have fiduciary duty to owner?
Architect does not have fiduciary duty to owner?
109
What phase does the Architect provide cost estimate?
SD DD CD
110
When is Retainage money paid from owner
After substantial completion
111
Standard Architect services include ?? At 1 year after substantial completion
Standard Architect services includes visiting site 1 year after substantial completion
112
Per B101 if there is a conflict the sequence is what?
Mediation then court system unless specified otherwise in contract
113
Is the decision rendered by the IDM legally binding
NO.
114
General Contractor Cost of work includes what?
Contractor materials, contractors labor, contractors profit and contracts overhead
115
AIAB101 allows for consequential damages or liquidated damages.
Liquidated Damages
116
What are the differences between the Liquidated Damages and Consequential Damages
Liquidated damages are a cost of the delay per day of the delay caused by the contractor agreed on before the project. consequential damages are any additional cost that could have been impacted. Consequential are loss of “potential business” if u had moved in on time
117
An overlay district may offer a density bonus for using what?
Photovoltaics
118
who approves a planned use development
Zoning Board
119
PUD is initiated by who? Overlay is initiated by who?
Pud-Developer initiative Overlay - City Initiative
120
Master format classifies by ?
Materials
121
Free float time is delay of an ___________ activity. Total float time is total slack available for ________ project
Individual Entire Project
122
What are developed as part of programming phase?
Adjacencies. Budget. Project Goals. Building types
123
Describe Plat vs metes and bounds survey.
Plat (cities) Metes and Bounds (rural or ancient)
124
Life cycle analysis reviews ???
Life cycle analysis reviews impacts from raw material extraction through installation and maintenance
125
Life cycle costing is ???
Life cycle costing is economic analysis used in selecting alternates
126
Life cycle costing is a ???
Life cycle costing is a one time decision
127
Architect should design for ???
Architect should design for safety health welfare and human dignity
128
Net worth = ??
Net worth = Assets minus Liability
129
Cash flow statement show ???
Cash flow statement show the month to month financial situation of affirm
130
Project Manual includes what??
Project Manual includes bidding rqmts, contract info, general conditions and specifications
131
If during a bid a GC wants to introduce a cheaper material they can request a ???
Substitution
132
When should an Architect issue an addendum?
Before owner contractor agreement is finalized
133
Limited partnerships Don’t employ?
officers or directors
134
Architect and Contractor must sign a?? prior to commencing a project
memorandum of understanding prior to commencing a project
135
How do you increase Net Multiplier? By Increasing the ?? and increasing ??
By Increasing the overhead rate and increasing target profit percentage
136
??? /??? =Net Multiplier
Break Even Rate (OH+1) /Opposite Target Profit %=Net Multiplier
137
If a Building comes in over budget what costing method requires the Architect revise drawings at their own expense?
% of construction cost method
138
If an architect instructs on Construction means and methods, he is violating the ?
B101
139
what requires Architects assist interns in obtaining licensure ??
AIA code of ethics
140
The best fee structure for a hotel or any unit based construction project is ??
Stipulated Sum
141
In order to find A firm’s liquidity you are actually looking for its??
Quick Ratio (Total Cash + Acct Receivable plus revenue billed / Total Liabilities)
142
How do you find Target Profit Percentage?
Break Even Rate / Net Multiplier (then use opposite for inverse)
143
If your main concerns are employees, that can someday run your company and tax liabilities. What is your preferred business structure? limited liability, corporation or C corporation
C Corporation is best if you want employers to run your company someday but if you want to avoid double taxation and LLC is best
144
If an Architect has responsibility to do something it’s what type of ethics?
Duty
145
If an Architect follows rules codes and laws it’s what type of ethics?
Contract
146
If an Architect must consider outcomes it’s what type of ethics?
Results
147
If an Architect is being pressured or stressed, showing self control it’s what type of ethics?
Character
148
A Operating budget plan includes what items
Fees billed, billed reimbursables, consultants and project related expenses
149
Profit and Loss Statements formula??
Fees Billed minus outside consultants
150
The equal pay act, Erisa, National Labor Relations, osha requires how many employees be a part of the company?? Age discrimination, and civil rights act require how many employees be employed?? family leave act requires how many employees be employed before its active??
0…..15…….50
151
A general obligation bond is backed by who and by what type of revenue
 city or state and general tax revenue
152
What is a tort?
It’s a civil claim against another party due to injury
153
What governs architecture?
Regulations
154
What types of insurance does a B101 require the architect to obtain?
Professional liability, automobile, general liability, and Worker’s Comp.
155
Using a top down budget approach on a new project would be using what??
Historical data from a similar project with similar scope
156
What are two essential components of a financial management system?
Annual budget and profit plan
157
B 105 is for what?
Small residential projects
158
In a C corporation, business owners pay taxes _________ from their shareholders
Separately
159
What is a statute??
A written law
160
What is a restrictive covenant?
Restricts the use of a property. It’s enforceable if it’s in the interest of the public.
161
What laws would impact both large and small firms?
The equal pay act, osha, Employee Retirement Act and National Labor Relations Act
162
ABI index is typically in what ranges
Contraction 40 to 45
Late contraction 45 to 50
Late expansion 50 to 55
Early phase recovery 55 to 65
163
In order to minimize the sheets in a construction document set, an architect can recommend???
Reduction of redundancy
Default scheduling
Instructional systems
164
What do outline specifications provide?
Material description, product, data, and quality level
165
What is a canon?
It’s a broad principle of conduct
166
Which document protects the architect from copyright infringement
It’s the a 201 general conditions
167
Gantt Chart is what??
Describes different tasks and resources
Overview of project
168
Critical Path Chart
Longest sequence of events that must be finished on time in order for entire project to be completed. Calculates the complete project duration based on time it takes to complete individual tasks. Delay in Critical Path delays entire project
169
Calculating Cubic Yards??
Length x Width x Depth (inches/12) Divided by 27=
X cost per cubic yard
170
Break Even Multiplier
Overhead + 1
171
Overhead Multiplier
TIE/Direct Labor
172
Negotiated Select Team
Subset of DBB but fabrication starts early and prioritizes quality then cost
173
Direct Salary Expense Multiplier
Direct Salary +Overhead (Indirect Salary + Benefits) + Profit /DS
174
Revenue Factor? (New) also called payroll multiplier.
Utilization Rate X Direct Salary Expense Multiplier (DSEM IS Direct Salary +OH+ Profit
175
Davis Bacon Act
Prevailing Wages and Public Works
176
Slowest type of Bid
Invited Bid. This is due to the detailed examination and qualifications of contractors
177
What protects owner from defaulting Contractor (2)
Bid Bond or Performance Bond
178
Contractor warranty length is typically?
1 year
179
Public space is considered ## Ft?
>25 ft
180
Net profit equals??
Profit minus operating expenses minus taxes
181
LLC Describe
Max Flexibility, No board directors required, unlimited owners, no personal tax liability, cannot go public Requires operating agreement
182
S Corporation
US Resident, small corporation, <100 people, Not liable for business liability, Requires board of directors, Many Rules
183
C Corporation Describe
Can go public
unlimited ownership
not personally liable when sued
Liable for amount of investment
board of directors
admin Rules
Legal entity separate from members
Articles of incorporation required
3 levels Stockholders then directors then officers
184
Sole Proprietorship describe?
Simple Easy set up
no paperwork
one owner
personally liable
no protections
Total management control
Business expenses and losses deducted from gross income of business
Raising $$ is dependent on owner credit history
In a soul proprietorship, there is no distinction between the business and the person they are one
185
What are the three tiers of a corporation?
Stockholders (owners), Directors and officers
186
Chargeable Rate Formula??
(Salary) * (Break Even Multiplier) + Profit = Chargeable Rate
187
Change Order
Issued when GC Owner and Arch all agree on changes that alter scope cost or schedule
188
Construction Change Directive
Issued when GC Owner and Arch do not agree on changes that alter scope cost or schedule but work needs to proceed
189
How many gallons per cubic ft of water
7.5 gallons
190
How to convert inches to feet?
1ft / 12” then multiply by inches noted in question
191
Chargeable Rate Formula
Salary x Break Even Multiplier + Profit
192
Wall schedule
CPM Schedule
Bar Ghant Chart
Milestone chart
Wall- Suited for medium to large scale complex projects. Integrates tasks for all parties and is very flexible
CPM- Larger and more complicated projects. Critical path, schedules, activities, durations, and dependencies between activities.
Bar/Ghant- Most often used easy. Work is broken down into Rows on the left-hand side with start and end dates.
Milestone - easiest type of schedule
193
How many days does an architect have to dispute a consultant invoice from receiving it?
10 days
194
If size and budget are not yet established what type of fee structure is most ideal?
% of construction
195
Cost of construction work to owner should exclude what?
Land Acquisition, Architect fees and Contingencies
196
What is negotiated select team?
A hybrid of design bid build in which quality than cost are the main driving factors fabrication starts early
197
What is the complete order of a project from beginning through completion?
RFP, architect selected, pre-design, schematic design, design development, construction document, bidding, contract awarded, Construction administration, punchlist, certificate of occupancy, substantial completion, final completion
198
Describe the difference between open specification, proprietary, and descriptive specifications
Open specifications allow 3 to 5 appropriate materials or products. Contractor can use any of them if the performance is matched.
Proprietary specifications require a specific material or product to be listed and there are no substitutions allowed
Descriptive specification all of the components products and their arrangements are described
199
Describe the difference between performance reference and cash allowance specifications
Performance specifications are similar to open specifications, except instead of listing the specific manufacturer, new list, performance expectations, and requirements
Reference specifications require a certain standard or requirement to conform to a specific testing authority
Cash allowance is just that specific dollar amount that allows a product or system to be proposed if it has not yet been completely figured out
200
If an owner stops paying an architect, the architect can write the owner saying that they have X amount of days to pay or Services will be stopped. Both owner and architect can terminate the contract X days after written notice to the other party that the agreement has been violated. The architect also has the same amount of time to dispute the contractors application for payment.
7 Days
201
If the contractor discovers contaminated soil or asbestos as a concealed existing condition that will change the project, he has X amount of days to tell the owner and the architect. Also, if the architect thinks one of the subs of the Contractor is incompetent or unqualified, the architect has X amount of days to notify the contractor of their objection.
14 Days
202
The owner’s final payment to the contractor is due maximum amount of days after the architect issues the final certificate of payment
30 Days
203
The Architects construction administration services ends X amount of days after substantial completion. Also, if a dispute arises between the owner and architect the claim will sit in mediation for amount of days before advancing to arbitration or litigation.
60 Days
204
If the owner pauses a project for more than X amount of days, the architect can terminate or renegotiate the contract
90 Days
205
Independent float time accounts for what in the schedule
No slack No delay
206
What is retainage?
Money that is owed to the contractor, but intentionally not paid until after substantial completion
207
Schedule of values is controlled by which party
General contractor values are for drywall studs, HVAC foundation, etc.
208
What type of insurance protects your Firm from a wrongful termination suit
Employment practice liability insurance
209
Contractual liability is normally covered under what type of insurance
General liability insurance
210
Matters affecting basic, legal rights and responsibilities of parties to a contract should be handled within what AIA document
The supplementary conditions
211
What do privity laws protect against?
Lawsuits between parties that have no contract. Direct relationships are required.
212
What is the easiest type of corporation to set up?
LLC
213
Project cost accounting tracks what
Revenue expenses, and profit by individual project
214
Project cost accounting tracks what
Revenue expenses, and profit by individual project
215
What does an office earnings report summarize?
Revenue generated, expenses incurred, unbilled services, percentage of completion and profit
216
What does an office earnings report summarize?
Revenue
expenses
unbilled services
% of completion
profit
217
Which document requires the architect to maintain professional liability insurance
B101
218
What’s the difference between professional liability insurance property insurance, and personal Injury insurance?
Professional liability protects the architect against mistakes in the drawings or injuries caused by mistakes in the drawings property insurance protects the Architects building against physical damages, fire, theft, flood, etc. personal injury protection protects the architect from libel, slander or defamation attacks
219
What’s the difference between professional liability insurance property insurance, and personal Injury insurance?
Professional liability protects the architect against mistakes in the drawings or injuries caused by mistakes in the drawings property insurance protects the Architects building against physical damages, fire, theft, flood, etc. personal injury protection protects the architect from libel, slander or defamation attacks
220
Owners insurance requirements are located in which document
A201 general conditions
221
Describe type of maps. Which shows boundaries and ownership? Choropleth, Satellite, Cadastral and Thematic
Choropleth, Census Map
Satellite, Aerial Images
Cadastral boundaries and property ownership
Thematic socioeconomic status
222
Under what business format is an operating agreement required
LLC
223
Schedule of performance is provided by whom. Schedule of values is provided by home.
Performance is provided by architect
Values is provided by Contractor
224
Are S corporations and C corporations taxed double or not?
S corporations are not taxed double
C corporations are taxed double
225
Describe Type 1A Construction
Commonly found in high-rise buildings
Three hour exterior wall three hour structural frame 2 hr floor ceiling
226
Describe 1B Non Combustible Construction
Typically found in mid rise office building and group R buildings
2 hr exterior wall
2 hr Structural frame
2 hr Ceiling floor assembly
2 hr Ceiling roof assembly
227
Describe type 2A protected noncombustible construction type
Typically found in newer school buildings
1 hr exterior walls
1 hr structural frame
1 hr floor/ceiling roof protection
228
Describe Type 2b unprotected noncombustible construction
Typically used in commercial buildings
Usually constructed of non-combustible materials, but materials have no fire resistance
229
In construction manager as constructor delivery format, when does construction administration begin?
control estimate. Approved
contractors GMP approved
notice to proceed.
230
A restrictive covenant is implemented why?
To protect property owners
231
Explain Type 2B Construction
Most common in commercial buildings. Non combustible materials but materials have no fire rating brick block cmu
232
Explain Type 3A construction
Ordinary construction w brick or block walls
Ext 2 hr
Struct frame 1hr
Roof flooring wooden ceiling 1hr
233
Explain Type 3B construction
Unprotected combustible also known as ordinary construction brick or block walls w wooden roof and floor assembly which is not fire protected
2 h exterior walls
No other ratings
234
Explain Type 4 construction
Heavy Timber all wooden members must be 8” nominal dimensions
Exterior 2hr
Structural frame 1 hr
No ratings on for ceiling
235
Explain Type 5A construction
Protected wood frame no visible wood
Exterior 1 hr
Structural frame 1 hr
Floor and ceiling 1 hr
236
Developing a project budget using a top down approach would mean using what
Historical data from a project of similar scope and size
237
What are the three delivery types that allow pricing to be established before construction documents are started
Construction manager as constructor
Design Build
Bridging, hybrid design build
238
What document defines design services as being standard services versus additional services
AIA B101
239
Describe the difference between SD phase and DD phase
In SD phase, typically you have floor plan reflected ceiling plan roof plan, elevations a few sections, possibly site plan in a narrative of possible building systems
In the DD phase, by the end of it, you should have the layout refined building systems, selected scope, size and scale should be nearly completed
240
Design quality during programming can be controlled using what for variables?
Controlling cost per square foot
Grossing factor
net assignable areas
budget
241
How long after a project is completed does an architect need to retain the added insurance required for the project?
Years
242
General Partnership
2 or more people
Shared management, profits and risks
Taxes reported on personal taxes the same as personal income
You also pay taxes proportionate with your ownership in the company
Personally liable for debts and liabilities
Easy to form
A partnership offers the same liability protections that a sole proprietorship offers, which is none you are fully liable
243
Limited Partnerships
One general partner and one limited partner
Limited partnership are investing in the business but have no say in management
Limited partnerships have been mostly replaced by the limited liability company
244
X
X. X
Design bid build
245
.X
.X
X. X
CM as advisor risk than quality
246
X
X
X. X
CM as agent risk then time
247
X
X. X
Subs
Construction manager as constructor or constructor at risk time, then risk and cost
248
X
XX
Design build risk then cost
249
X
XX
Design build risk then cost
250
X. X
XX
Bridging design build hybrid risk, then quality
251
X
XX
Integrated project development
252
What is an invited bid?
Contractors are prequalified and selected then given an opportunity to bid
253
What is a phased bid?
Typically used during fast track construction, so that systems with Long lead times can be bid first and fabricated earlier
254
What is a negotiated bid?
A contractor is brought in at the beginning of a project to provide feedback then after CDs, the bid is negotiated between owner and contractor
255
How does Uni format organize specifications?
Organization is done by systems, stairs, walls, foundations, etc.
256
Considering sustainable design alternatives should be considered during what phase
SD phase
257
Completing a project manual should occur within what phase
Construction phase
258
Which items are part of a phase deliverable checklist?
Plans scale, drawings, and sections
259
Design phases are ordered from the one with the largest fee to the smallest for a typical design bid build project. What is the order of phases? From largest to smallest
Construction Documents, Construction Administration, Design Development, Schematic Design then Bidding Negotiations
260
Occurrence type insurance policy cover incidents that occur when. What if claims are made after cancellation?
Occurrence type insurance covers all incidents that occur when the policy is in effect, regardless of when a claim is made. Further, if a claim is made when this policy is not active, you will still be covered.
261
Describe a claims made insurance type coverage. Will it cover you after the insurance has been canceled?
Claimed made insurance type policies will cover claims that are made if the policy is in place when the error occurs and if it is in place when the claim is made
262
When submitting for the owners approval a schedule for performance of his or her services what should the architect include?
Commencement of Construction
Substantial completion
Allowance for owners review
allowance for submission by AHJ
263
In IPD do u have a General Contractor or Construction Manager
Both GC and CM
264
What are the only phases of a project that require owners review and approval
SD DD CD
265
Performance specifications and sustainability targets are created in what IPD phase?
Criteria Design Phase
266
Under C401 if engineer delays schedule whose fault is it?
Architect
267
What type of chart should be used for projects w less than $35,000 and very few tasks?
Milestone Chart
268
What phase does the architectural structural mechanical electrical and plumbing designs developed as well as producing specifications?
Design Development
269
Example of soft costs?
Any expenses not directly tied to construction. Arch Engineering etc.
270
Describe a brown field site and a Greenfield site
A Brownfield site is a site that was previously developed for commercial or industrial uses and possibly contains hazardous soils. A Greenfield site is undeveloped land typically within a suburban area.
271
Creating performance specifications and confirming sustainability targets happens in what IPD phase?
Criteria Design phase
272
What is Rough Order of Magnitude estimate
Very basic high level estimate just a rough ballpark prediction of price
273
According to the maclearny curve which phase of an IPD project requires the least staffing. Criteria, design, detail, design, implementation Construction or close out
Implementation Construction
274
What must an architect do before proceeding to the construction document phase?
Update the estimate cost of work
Obtain the owners approval
Submit diagrammatic layouts of building systems
275
In DBB an Architect is hired to design a historical building. After the design the Architect is organizing which documents the contractors will base their bids from??
Specifications and Preservation Assessments
276
Name 3 aspects of a window that necessitates windows water extraction
Weeps, head flashing and sill pan end dams
277
Insurance and scope of an architect services are covered under which document??
Copyright infringement is covered under which document
B101
A201
278
There is a delay in construction, and the contractor needs more time who has responsibility to pay for that
Contractor or owner depends who is at fault most likely Contractor
279
RFS???
Request for services
280
Name four ethical obligations that architects have in relation to the public
Upholding law in their professional activities
Render public interest services
Involved in civic activities
Strive to improve public appreciation of architecture
281
According to the code of ethics and architect, should do what three things
Improve their knowledge and skill
Render pro bono services
Maintain client confidentiality
282
When setting up an architecture firm, which four factors should an architect mostly consider
Size
Risk
Taxes
Ease and cost of set up
283
If the owner of a high-rise building issues, constant owner directed design changes, and major discrepancies are found to be in the drawings between the architectural and mechanical floorplan who bears the responsibility
In the C401 it notes consultants must coordinate their work services provided by the architect. It is the mechanical engineers’s fault
284
Why would a client choose integrated project DELIVERY and what are the benefits?
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a collaborative approach to project delivery that brings together the owner, architect, contractor, and key stakeholders under a single contract, aligning their interests and creating a project-first mindset.
Clients choose IPD for a variety of reasons, primarily focused on achieving better project outcomes, minimizing risks, and maximizing value. Here's a breakdown of the main drivers:
285
Compare standard design phases with integrated project delivery phases
CCCDIC
Programming equivalent to conceptualization
Schematic design is equivalent with concept design
Design development is equivalent to criteria design
Construction documents is equivalent with detailed design
There is no separate phase for bidding negotiations
Construction administration is equivalent with implementation construction
Close out Action is equivalent with close out
286
What is a prime professional?
prime professional is the individual or firm that has the primary contractual responsibility for the design and coordination of a project.
287
Exempt or Non Exempt employees get paid overtime?
Non Exempt employees are paid OT wages Exempt employees are salary
288
The standard of care is noted in which documents?
B101 and C401
289
Breach of Contract
When a party to a contract does not follow through with the responsibilities outlined in the contract
290
Americans With Disabilities Act. Describe
A civil rights law enacted in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities requires accessibility standards
291
What is a Professional code of conduct?
A set of rules governing the behavior of professionals as they carry out their work
292
What’s another name for a bar chart and what does it represent or show?
A bar chart is also called a Gantt chart and is used to graphically, depict, sequence, and overlap of project tasks or phases
293
Explain in detail what a critical path method is
A scheduling process in which all tasks necessary for the completion of a goal or project are mapped out so that dependencies and time frames can be established
294
Explain, waiver of subrogation
In the context of insurance claims recovery when an insurer pursue repayment from a third-party on behalf of the insured. When you wave this right, you are agreeing that your insurance company will not do this.
295
Define what is scope of work specifically
The full agreed-upon extent of work to be performed, including deliverables and schedule
296
Explain the need for an exterior envelope consultant
Typically, this consultant would be used for a very complicated façade
297
What is model law and regulations? And who are they created by
A guide published by N carb for individual jurisdictions to use as a foundation when creating individual regulations
298
Define what insurance policy is
A document detailing the terms and conditions of a contract for insurance
299
Define what a named peril insurance policy is
It’s an insurance policy that only covers specific claims or types of damage as listed within the insurance policy
300
Doesn’t all risk insurance policy cover every type of claim
In all risk policy covers every potential type of claim except for those specifically excluded within the policy
301
Explain what an insurance endorsement and exclusion means
This term specifically lists certain types of claims that are not covered under the policy and for coverage of those claims you would need to purchase additional coverage
302
Explain what an insurance premium is
It’s the amount that an insured person pays typically on a monthly basis in exchange for their insurance coverage
303
Define what a certificate of insurance shows
It’s a document that describes the type and amounts of coverage that you or a firm has as well as the date of coverage
304
What does it mean to be a certificate holder?
Someone who is in receipt of a certificate of insurance such as the client having a certificate of insurance does not mean that you are insured it’s just proof of insurance by company listed
305
What is prior act coverage?
A type of insurance that provides coverage for actions that were made before a new policy was in place
306
Explain, commercial general liability insurance
It’s a type of insurance that covers claims that occur when an injury occurs at your place of business (not employees) or when someone’s property is damaged as a result of what you do
307
Define fidelity bond insurance
Type of insurance policy that protects a firm financially from potential employee theft
308
What does an umbrella insurance policy do and what does it exclude?
Broad type of insurance that goes above and beyond all of your existing policy coverages. Umbrella coverage, excludes, professional liability issues.
309
Define equal employment opportunity act
A law that requires employers to treat all candidates for a job fairly and not discriminate between disability status, age or other protected classes
310
What are model rules of conduct and who sets them?
Model rules of conduct are published by N carb and explain ethical requirements in order to maintain licensure
311
Explain what the Spearin Doctrine is
A foundational construction law that establishes a liability gap for owners explaining that architects are not required to produce perfect drawings only perform to a standard of care. Beyond that standard of care, Owner is responsible to cost of remedy.
312
What is a negligent referral?
When firm B request information from firm A about employee, but does not receive it. Then employee was fired for fraud A claim can arise against firm A
313
What is an internal candidate?
An employee of the firm who may be considered for a different positionA
314
In a civil trial, do you automatically get to have a jury of your peers?
No, you have to specifically request to have a jury of your peers in civil cases
315
The hierarchy of laws in the United States is what??
The hierarchy of laws in the United States is……
Constitution
state constitutions
Statutes either fed/state or local executive orders
administrative orders
common law,
contracts and agreements
CSSEACC
316
Can you sue someone to which you don’t have a contract with and if so, how?
You cannot sue someone using contract law that you do not have a contract with, but you can sue someone for an injury through tort law as a civil case
317
When does the contract officially become a contract?
When both parties are in agreement to one another
318
In order to have a lawsuit claim against another party, both parties need to have what to one another?
A duty both parties need to have a duty I will provide you drawings. You will provide me money
319
What is an architect duty regarding the public at large
An architect duty is to provide a building that satisfies health, safety and welfare of the public
320
What if any portions of a mediation agreement are binding?
The mediation process itself is not binding if an agreement is reached with a settlement amount, and a contract is signed from that mediation it becomes binding
321
In order for a contract to be enforceable, what element needs to have taken place
A meeting of the minds or understanding that in agreement has been reached through that contract
322
In architecture, what are the vast majority of contract types that are used between professional and client?
Bilateral contract agreements, which is a contract where one party provides a service another party provides payment for that service or the equivalent.
323
What does it mean when a contract is rescinded?
It means that a contract was legal, but due to non-disclosure of critical facts. The contract can be voided.
324
What are the (4) most important financial documents in an Architectural firm?
Balance sheet, Annual Budget, Profit Loss Statement and Profit Plan
325
What financial document is considered Financial reports? And show current status of firm finances
Profit Loss Statement
326
Which financial documents in an Architectural firm are part of the financial management system? Are they to show present or future?
Annual Budget and Profit Plan
327
Profit =?
Revenue minus expenses
328
Balance sheet represents ???
A firms financial health at a specific moment
329
Profit =???
Net Revenue minus expenses minus miscellaneous
330
Aged Accounts Receivable calculation?
Average Annual Accounts Receivable/365
331
What is the difference and explain between an implied contract and a quasi contract?
And implied contract is I am providing you services you are providing me payment or walking into a grocery store picking up food and paying at the counter. It’s implied you are picking up the food and paying for it. Quasi contract is when a contract is noted by law. For example, going to a doctors office or a veterinarians office. There’s no contract between parties. It is just understood. A service will be provided. A payment will be issued for that service.
332
What does it mean when a contract is rescinded?
It means to go back in time to before the contract was ever agreed upon due to illegality
333
When are acceptances and rejections considered legally binding?
Acceptances are binding once sent rejections are binding once received
334
A balance sheet should be reviewed how often? What is it?
To be reviewed weekly and is a snapshot of financial well being
335
Debt to Equity Calculation is what?
Debt/Total Equity (Assets-Liabilities)
336
Balance Sheet consists of what metrics??
Current Ratio
Quick Ratio
Debt To Income Ratio
Return on Equity
337
Return on Equity calculation is what??
Net Profit/Total Equity
338
Regarding contract law, describe the term consideration
Consideration is anything of value that you’re giving up towards a contract an architect would give up his time a client would give up his money, the time and the money are consideration
339
Define what a Profit Multiplier is?
Revenue /Direct Labor
340
What is the difference between Annual Budget and Profit/Loss Statements?
Annual Budget shows projected budget, Profit Loss shows actual finances
341
What happens in a situation where substantial completion is done with a 10 year statute of repose and a defect is found in the construction with a five-year statute of limitations. If you find the defect one year after a substantial completion how many years do you have to file the claim?
Once the defect is uncovered, the statute of repose which was 10 years goes away if the statute of limitations is five years, you would only have five years to file the claim or the claim becomes invalid
342
If a mom and pop, Business has a contract with a large corporation and decides to sell their company after they sell under what two circumstances could they be sued and become liable or not liable? Delegation versus assignment.
When you assign your company responsibilities to another company, you are selling it and transferring all legal responsibilities to that new company owner and you are therefore not liable. If you have simply delegated to another company you are still partially liable for shortcomings of the company delegating responsibility would be like a long-term buyout of your company where you are still involved.
343
What is the difference between objective and subjective?
Objective means that you interpret language exactly as it was written subjective means that you infer what was actually meant by the language written
344
Which laws take precedent, general or specific?
Specific law always takes precedent if a contract states reasonable amount of time versus 15 days the specific amount of time will always prevail
345
What does a lawsuit seeking reformation trying to have done?
A lawsuit seeking reformation is used to reform a contract to the originally agreed upon terms. If the contract states items A,B & C will be completed, but both parties agree that only items a and B shall be completed. The contract can be revised as long as there’s a meeting of the minds
346
What is the ultimate goal to remedy a breached agreement?
The ultimate goal is for the injured party to be made hole in essence being paid for their services
347
Which document describes the consultants insurance requirements?
C401 Consultants Agreements
348
Explain what restitution damages are
Restitution damages are if one party gets unjustly enriched if you sign a contract for $5000 for a contractor to put a new roof on your house and in the middle of the job, your house collapses due to no fault of the roofer you received half of a new roofand he’s received no money you have become unjustly enriched even though your house is now gone
349
Describe Articles of B101
1. Initial information
2. Arch responsibilities
3. Scope of Services
4. Supplemental services
350
Define what a tort claim is, and if a contract must be breached for a tort claim to proceed
A tort claim is an injury by one party to another, not necessarily physical, but resulting in loss. Tort claims can be to protect the public at large and a contract does not necessarily need to be breached for a tort claim to be brought against a party.
351
Is a tort a civil claim or a criminal claim
A tort can be both civil or criminal. The tort itself is a lawsuit seeking compensation, but it can also result in criminal proceedings in a separate matter.
352
There are two ways to protect intellectual property. What are they?
Copyright and trademark
353
What is an architect duty while visiting a job site?
To become generally familiar with the work and to determine if the work complies with the construction documents
354
What 4 elements are used to manage Risk w new project types?
Avoid
Assume
Transfer
Control
355
Define what the term agent means in architecture
An agent is one person working on behalf of another an architect would be the agent of the owner
356
Define what the term agent means in architecture
An agent is one person working on behalf of another an architect would be the agent of the owner
357
Definition and formula for Aged Accounts Receivable
Shows how long after invoicing it takes to receive payment. Formula is Accounts Receivable / (net operating revenue/365 days)
358
Formula for Debt to Equity Ratio?
Debt/Equity X 100 Goal is <35%
359
Formula for Return on Equity
NOR - Expenses / Equity X 100
360
A corporation is viewed as what?
Corporations are viewed the same as people it’s an individual entity
361
A corporation is viewed as what?
Corporations are viewed the same as people it’s an individual entity
362
Explain the rights of a stock owner, a director and an officer of a legal corporation
A stock owner can vote a director acts as an agent of the company as well as officers act as an agent and fiduciary of the corporation
363
What are the taxation benefits of a sole proprietorship or partnership versus a corporation?
Sol proprietorships and partnerships get taxed one time as one individual owning the company a corporation is viewed as a separate entity, so it gets taxed one time as the entity and another time as the individual
364
What is the definition of substantial completion?
Substantial completion is when a building is ready to be used for its intended purposes, but not necessarily completed
365
What’s the difference between additional services and supplemental services?
Additional services are if you want a larger house than what was agreed upon supplemental services are if you request your building to be lead, certified or landscaping services
366
What’s the difference between an exclusive and a non-exclusive license issued by an architect with drawings
An exclusive license means a custom home cannot be used again by the architect for another client. A non-exclusive license means the architect can use that same design for another client.
367
Which AIA document would be used in an agreement between two Architects
C101
368
If a consultant of an architect is sued, but does not have proper insurance what happens?
It’s the Architects responsibility to require proper insurance be carried thus the liability would transfer to the Architects insurance to pick up
369
If you’re using a lump sum fee contract with a contractor, how transparent is the process?
Not transparent at all the client will not see any receipts or profit. They will just be on a percentage complete payment schedule.
370
In a lump sum contract, why would there be more risk than other forms of payment or agreements?
Because the client agrees to a specific price, the contractor also agrees to that price, but if the contractor can find a way to complete the project for quicker or cheaper, they stand to profit more money, which is very risky for the client
371
Lump sum payment who bears all the responsibility of cost overruns and huge profits if project is completed for less than proposed
General Contractor
372
What happens during the bid process if a contractor realizes he made a mathematical error in his bid before the bid closes or after the bid closes?
If it’s before bid closes, the contractor can withdraw his bid and request the ability to resubmit before deadline. If the deadline has already passed only choice is to remove the bid completely.
373
What is a multi prime delivery set up and what is the role of the general contractor?
In a multi prime set up, there is no general contractor. The owner acts as the general contractor and can have 50 prime contracts with subcontractors.
374
What is the main difference between construction manager as agent and construction manager at risk?
Construction manager as agent represents the owner, but the owner still carries the contracts with all the subs and the risk. Construction manager at risk carries all of the subs contracts and holds all the risk.
375
Describe what a cost and equity analysis is
If a developer buys a piece of land and after building, the development has a total cost of $50 million and a mortgage of $40 million that leaves a $10 million cash equity
376
At what point can a developer request a bank turn over a construction loan to a standard mortgage loan what does the developer need to produce for this to happen?
Certificate of occupancy
377
What document would be used between two Architects?
C101
378
Define what incentive zoning is and what it allows
Incentive zoning allows, a property owner greater development density if they agree to provide a benefit of the community within their development, such as a park or a plaza
379
What three elements can be studied using a building information model
Energy consumption
Project cost
Lifecycle analysis
380
What are three pieces of information the architect needs to obtain from the owner to assess the viability of a project
Budget
Schedule
Program
381
Briefly describe why relationship type behavioral control, and financial control can distinguish between being an employee or an independent contractor
Type of relationship means if you receive benefits or not
Behavioral control is talking about when and where the work is completed. Employees typically have less control.
Financial control means are you reimbursed for expenses or are your supplies your own cost employees get reimbursed for expenses
382
What type of taxes do both employee and employer pay?
FICA federal insurance contributions act
383
If a request for qualifications is provided to an architectural firm what three items typically are submitted
Similar or relevant experience
Previous client references
A letter of interest
384
During a principal negotiation, what takes place?
This negotiation style revolves around finding common ground among parties and solutions that benefit each party involved
385
If an architect is creating a commissioning report for an exterior wall façade prior to construction what four things would they be most concerned with?
Material durability
Barrier issues (water)
Structural support
Joints at system junctions
386
What happens in a partnership if the company is sued and one partner doesn’t have many assets
Each partner is required to pay as much of the judgment as their personal assets allow
387
What types of logs will help an architect manage construction administration
A submittal log
A phone log
388
What percentage of the overall Architects fee for design bid build is for construction documents and bidding
45%
389
The AIA document a 201 general conditions of the contract contains what type of information
This document contains the rules regulations and the duties and obligations of each party
390
What items in the C401 must perfectly match the B101 regarding various consultants
Standard of Care
391
If a client wants an architect to build multiple booths for them and all future projects, what type of pricing method would be the best cost plus fee stipulated or unit price
Unit Price
392
393
An architect is creating their exterior wall, commissioning checklist for use at the end of document phase. What four items should be included.
Specifications
Sections
Elevations
Program requirements
394
What is the calculation for project labor budget?
Net service revenue- direct expense budget-contingency
NSR-DE-C
395
Which party of the contract guarantees and warranties their work?
General contractor
396
What is a Bond?
Purchased by the contractor to protect the owner if the contractor is unable to complete the work
397
Define Affirmative Covenant
An agreement compelling a party to action such as maintenance of a property
398
What is the difference between RFP and RFS?
Request for Proposal is for a specific project and time frame.
A Request for Services is for a project that is ongoing and the work is undefined
399
Negotiated Select Team
Subset or variation of design build build which gc is brought on early before contract documents are complete. Method is typically used on privately funded projects since no bidding occurs
