Practice Exam II Flashcards
Which of the following respiratory parameters/responses is increased during volatile anesthesia?
- Ventilatory response to hypoxemia
- Respiratory frequency
- Ventilatory response to CO2
- Airway resistance
Respiratory frequency
Volatile inhaled anesthetics produce dose dependent and drug specific effects. Respiratory frequency is increased while ventilatory responses to CO2 and hypoxia are diminished and airway resistance is decreased.
Supplying ungrounded power to the operating room requires the use of a:
- line isolation monitor
- ground fault circuit interrupter
- line isolation transformer
- case-to ground conductor
line isolation transformer
The line isolation transformer uses electromagnetic induction to induce a current in the ungrounded winding of the transformer. No direct electrical connection exists between the power supplied by the utility company and the power induced by the transformer and supplied to the operating room.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that waste anesthetic gas exposure to volatile anesthetic agents not exceed:
2 ppm
NIOSH recommendations are: nitrous oxide
A graph depicting the ventilatory responses to CO2 under different conditions is shown (Click here to display graph). By dragging & reordering the selections in yellow, match the condition with the associated graph trace.
A
B
C
D
Fentanyl
Asleep, Normal
Metabolic Acidosis
1 MAC Isoflurane
Metabolic Acidosis—>A
Asleep, Normal—>B
1 MAC Isoflurane—>C
Fentanyl, 10 mcg/kg—>D
Respiratory alkalosis is always characterized by:
- PaO2 greater than 90 mmHg
- PaCO2 less than 35
- pH less than 7.40
- PaCO2 greater than 45
PaCO2 less than 35
Respiratory alkalosis results from an increased alveolar minute ventilation and is always associated with decreased PaCO2.
The class of drug with the highest incidence of hypersensitivity is:
- propofol
- depolarizing muscle relaxants
- antibiotics
- protamine
antibiotics
Although rare, allergic reactions to antibiotics exceed any of the other agents used in the OR.
After an episode of masseter muscle rigidity, the percentage of children that develop MH is approximately:
20%
Masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) has been associated with MH. MMR is most commonly seen in children between 8 and 12 years of age. In about 20% of cases, frank MH supervenes immediately after MMR.
The most rapid reversal of neuromuscular blockade can be achieved with the use of:
- pyridostigmine
- physostigmine
- neostigmine
- edrophonium
edrophonium
Edrophonium is faster then neostigmine, which is faster than pyridostigmine
Despite constituting only about 2% of total body weight, the percentage of cardiac output received by the brain is approximately:
15%
The high metabolic rate of the brain accounts for the disproportionately large blood flow. The overall metabolic rate for the brain in a young adult is about 3.5 ml O2 per minute per 100 gm of brain tissue.
Fire in the respiratory circuit of the anesthesia machine has been reported when desiccated carbon dioxide absorber is used with:
- desflurane
- sevoflurane
- isoflurane
- nitrous oxide
sevoflurane
In 2003, Abbott laboratories advised of a situation where fire and/or extreme heat in the anesthesia circuit occurred with the use of sevoflurane and desiccated carbon dioxide absorbent. It should be noted that this event is different than the production of carbon monoxide from desiccated carbon dioxide absorbent, which is more common with the use of desflurane.
Complications of positive pressure ventilation in a patient with a bronchopleural fistula include:
- air entrapment within the healthy lung
- tension pneumothorax
- hyperventilaton of the healthy lung
- decreased alveolar ventilation
- hypocarbia
- contamination of the healthy lung if empyema exist
tension pneumothorax, decreased alveolar ventilation, contamination of the healthy lung if empyema exists
Problems associated with the use of conventional positive pressure ventilation in patients with bronchopleural fistula (BPF) are largely the result of loss of alveolar ventilation to the fistula. This can result in tension pneumothorax and/or elevated CO2. In addition, if empyema also exists, positive pressure ventilation may spread the infection into the healthy lung. Air entrapment within the lung and hyperventilation are not associated with BPF and positive pressure ventilation.
Approximately twenty-four hours after a laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, your patient exhibits left foot drop. The probable cause of this injury is due to damage of the:
- saphenous nerve
- common peroneal nerve
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve
common peroneal nerve
The common peroneal nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in the lower extremity. It is typically injured in lithotomy position when pressure is exerted laterally on the fibular head by the vertical bar of the stirrup. It manifests as foot drop, loss of dorsal extension of the toes, an inability to evert the foot, and sensory loss in the dorsal area of the foot.
During cardiopulmonary bypass, carbon dioxide elimination is controlled by:
- the FiO2
- the direct contact of blood with the fresh gas
- the fresh gas flow
- the pump output
the fresh gas flow
Both the membrane and bubble oxygenators depend on the total fresh gas flow to determine carbon dioxide elimination. Oxygenation is determined by the FiO2.
In the figure below, proper needle placement for a posterior approach to a popliteal fossa block is best represented by:
(Make your selection by clicking on the appropriate part of the figure)
For the posterior popliteal fossa block, the patient is positioned prone. With the knee slightly flexed, a triangle is delineated by the skin crease of the posterior fossa (base), the medial border of the triangle of the semimembranosus muscle and the lateral border of the biceps femoris muscle. In order to block the sciatic nerve before it separates into its 2 smaller components it is recommended that the point of the needle be inserted 7 - 10 cm above the skin crease.
The single greatest risk factor for cardiac surgery is:
- history of congestive heart failure
- previous myocardial infarction
- aortic stenosis
- mitral regurgitation
history of congestive heart failure
Ejection fractions under 40% are associated with increased operative risk and a history of CHF is the single greatest risk factor for cardiac surgery.
As a result of fresh gas coupling:
- tidal volume is less than indicated on the ventilator
- tidal volume is greater than indicated on the ventilator
- tidal volume is accurately reflected by the indicators on the ventilator
- minute ventilation is unaffected by changes in fresh gas flow
tidal volume is greater than indicated on the ventilator
Fresh gas coupling increases tidal volume as a result of the inflow of fresh gas from the machine during the inspiratory phase. Some newer machines have decoupling valves to compensate for the effects of fresh gas coupling.
Insulin release is can occur in response to:(select 3)
- the direct effect of glucose
- presence of amino acids in the GI tract
- beta-adrenergic stimulation
- the administration of anticholinergic medication
- alpha-adrenergic stimulation
the direct effect of glucose, presence of amino acids in the GI tract, beta-adrenergic stimulation
Insulin release is related to a number of events: the direct effect of glucose and amino acids, vagal stimulation, beta-adrenergic stimulation and alpha-adrenergic blockade.
A list of agents used in the treatment of asthma is shown below. By dragging & reordering the selections in yellow, match the agent with its mechanism of action.
Montleukast
Metaproterenol
Ipratropium
Theophylline
Anticholinergic
decrease Leukotrienes
decrease Phosphodiesterase
Beta stimulation
Decreased Leukotrienes—>Montleukast
Beta Stimulation—>Metaproterenol
Anticholinergic—>Ipratropium
Decreased Phosphodiesterase—>Theophylline
In the circuit diagram of an isolation transformer shown below, electric shock can occur if: (select 2)
- the “Hot” line becomes grounded
- “Line 1” becomes grounded
- “Line 2” becomes grounded
- “Line 1” becomes grounded
- the patient becomes grounded
- the patient makes contact with “Line 2”
“Line 2” becomes grounded, the patient makes contact with “Line 2”
In order for electrical shock to occur, the patient must complete a circuit. In this case, the line isolation transformer has isolated the power from ground. However, if “Line 2” becomes grounded, or the patient makes physical contact with “Line 2”, the patient can now complete the circuit and receive a shock.
Agents associated with the induction of the cytochrome P-450 system include:
- ketamine
- narcotics
- propofol
- cimetidine
ketamine
Ethanol, barbiturates, ketamine, and possibly benzodiazepines are capable of enzyme induction, increasing production of the hepatic enzymes that metabolize those drugs. Conversely, some agents such as cimetidine and chloramphenicol can prolong the effects of other drugs by inhibiting these enzymes.
You are asked to evaluate a 16-year-old 68 kg male for correction of scoliosis. The patient’s past medical history is non-contributory. In addition to routine pre-operative testing, you would order:(select 2)
- PFT
- hepatic function testing
- renal function testing
- ekg
- electromyography
- plasma TSH and ACTH levels
pulmonary function testing, electrocardiography
The primary aim of preoperative evaluation of patients with scoliosis is to detect the presence and extent of cardiac or pulmonary compromise. Respiratory reserve is assessed by exercise tolerance, vital capacity, and arterial blood gases. Cardiac studies are performed as indicated to optimize preoperative cardiovascular status. A brief neurologic examination will document pre-existing neurologic deficits. Finally, cervical mobility and upper airway anatomy are assessed to discover any potential airway or positioning difficulties.
When intubating a 10-year-old child, the estimated depth of the endotracheal tube is:
17 cm
A general rule of thumb for measurement of proper placement of the endotracheal tube to the teeth is:
12 + age/2 = ETT cm mark @ lip.
You are asked to evaluate a 76-year-old 58 kg female for severe postoperative nausea and vomiting. The patient’s past medical is significant for Parkinson’s disease treated with L-dopa/carbidopa. The most appropriate medication for nausea control in this patient is:
- prochlorperazine(Compazine)
- scopolamine
- droperidol
- metoclopramide
scopolamine
Parkinson’s disease is a disease of the basal ganglia secondary to a reduction in dopaminergic neurons. Drugs that block dopamine receptors are contraindicated in Parkinsonian patients. Scopolamine has a centrally acting anticholinergic effect that has been shown to be effective in treating postoperative nausea as well as improving mobility in Parkinsonian patients.
In the figure below, the internal carotid artery is depicted by:
picture
During the evaluation a 84-year-old 58 kg female scheduled for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the rhythm strip below is obtained. This strip is indicative of:
ventricular pacing
This rhythm strip demonstrates ventricular pacing as evidenced by the pacer spike immediately preceding each ventricular complex. The absence of a second spike 100 to 200 msec prior to the ventricular pacer spike indicates that this is ventricular pacing only.
Which of the following may facilitate baseline variability of the fetal heart rate?
- atropine
- a premature fetua
- magnesium sulfate
- a healthy, mature fetus
A healthy, mature fetus
The healthy, mature fetus normally displays a baseline beat-to-beat variability which may be minimal ( 25 BPM). Baseline variability has become an important indicator of fetal well-being and represents a normally functioning autonomic nervous system.
Four hours after induction of a 48-year-old 84 kg male having a resection of a glioma, the capnogram below is noted. Possible explanations for this capnogram include:
- hypoventilation
- hyperventilation
- exhaustion of the carbon dioxide absorber
- incompetent inspiratory valve
exhaustion of the carbon dioxide absorber
This capnogram shows a Phase I or inspiratory baseline that is elevated. This indicates that rebreathing is taking place and can be the result of an incompetent expiratory valve, exhausted carbon dioxide absorber, or channeling through the carbon dioxide absorber.
Which of the following cardiac anomalies is commonly associated with Trisomy 21?
- Pulmonic atresia
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- Truncus arteriosus
- Endocardial cushion defect
Endocardial cushion defect
Congenital heart disease occurs in 40% of patients with Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome). The most frequently occurring defects are those which involve the endocardial cushion (i.e. AV canal), and ventricular septal defect.
Corresponding to the arterial waveform tracing below, the maximum flow through the left coronary artery occurs at point: A B C D
D
Left coronary blood flow occurs almost entirely during diastole and is also pressure dependent. After closure of the aortic valve, represented by the dicrotic notch on the arterial waveform, diastolic pressure is the highest while left ventricular pressure is rapidly falling. This is the period of maximal left coronary blood flow.
A 3-year-old patient is undergoing correction of strabismus. During manipulation of the extraocular muscles the patient develops profound bradycardia. Cranial nerves involved in the precipitation of the bradyarrhythmia include the: (Select 2)
- optic nerve
- vagus nerve
- oculomotor nerve
- trigeminal nerve
- abducens nerve
- trochlear nerve
trigeminal, vagus nerves
The oculocardiac reflex consists of trigeminal (V) afferent and vagal (X) efferent pathways. Because of this, it is frequently referred to as the five and dime reflex.
A syndrome of hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and acidosis has been associated with:
- an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor
- a glucocorticoid secreting adrenal adenoma
- hypoadrenalism
- a mineralocorticoid secretin adrenal adenoma
hypoadrenalism
Decreased glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production are associated with hypotension, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and volume depletion.
During CVP insertion, ultrasound guidance is being used. Using the figure below, indicate the most appropriate site of CVP introducer placement.
The red X above indicates the internal jugular vein. Its position relative to the carotid is more lateral and superficial.
Block of the median nerve is accomplished by placing the needle adjacent to the:(Select 2)
- flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
- extensor pollicus longus tendon
- flexor carpi radialis tendon
- pisometacarpal ligament
- flexor retinaculum
- palmaris longus tendon
flexor carpi radialis tendon, palmaris longus tendon
Median nerve block is accomplished by placing the needle between the flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus tendons at the level of the proximal crease of the volor aspect of the wrist.
The correct unique pin arrangement for the nitrous oxide E cylinder shown below is position 5 (shown) and:
(Make your selection by clicking on the appropriate part of the figure)
In the pin index safety system (PISS), each cylinder valve has a unique arrangement of pins that corresponds to the intended cylinder contents. The pin arrangement matches holes in the yoke, which is the point that cylinders are attached to the gas machine. Pin configurations are: Oxygen - 2,5; Nitrous Oxide - 3,5; Air - 1,5. The PISS is another means of preventing misconnections.
Advantages of leukodepleted blood products in transfusion therapy include a reduction in: (Select 3)
- alloimmunization
- CMV transmission
- HIV transmission
- febrile reactions
- postoperative bleeding
- hepatitis C transmission
alloimmunization, CMV transmission, febrile reactions
Confirmed benefits of leukoreduction include decreased alloimmunization, prevention of febrile reactions, reduced CMV transmission and reduced inflammatory mediator accumulation during blood storage.
A list of waves & pressure changes seen in a normal central venous pressure tracing is shown below. By dragging & reordering the selections in yellow, match the waves with their corresponding cardiac event.
a-wave
y-wave
v-wave
c-wave
Atrial filling
Ventricular contraction
Atrial contraction
Tricuspid Opening
c-wave—>Ventricular Contraction
a-wave—>Atrial Contraction
v-wave—>Atrial Filling
y-descent—>Tricuspid Opening
The shape of the CVP waveform corresponds to the events of the cardiac cycle. A-waves result from atrial contraction, c-waves result from tricuspid displacement during ventricular contraction, v-waves result from atrial filling against a closed mitral valve, y-descent occurs upon opening of the tricuspid valve, and the x-descent occurs with ventricular relaxation.
Drugs shown to increase both gastric pH and volume include:
- non-particulate antacids
- proton pump inhibitors
- metoclopramide
- H2 receptor blockers
non-particulate antacids
Although the most rapid increase in gastric pH can be achieved with non-particulate antacids such as 0.3M sodium citrate (Bicitra), these antacids also cause an increase in gastric volume. Gastric volume is decreased and pH is increased with H2 blockers. Proton pump inhibitors also increase pH, but have little effect on gastric volume. Finally, metoclopramide can reduce gastric volume, but has little effect on pH.
When using the conventional pulse oximeter, falsely elevated levels of saturation may be seen with the presence of:
- carboxyhemoglobin
- reduced hemoglobin
- methemoglobin
- methylene blue
carboxyhemoglobin
Because the conventional pulse oximeter measures light absorbance at two wavelengths, it can deal with unknown concentrations of only two solutes: oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin. The conventional pulse oximeter interprets carboxyhemoglobin as though it were composed mostly of oxyhemoglobin and produces falsely high levels of saturation.
The oxygen failure cutoff valve:
- monitors nitrous oxide and oxygen line pressure
- ensures supply pressure to the oxygen flowmeter
- ensures the flow of oxygen from the oxygen flowmeter
- ensures oxygen is present in the oxygen pipeline and/or oxygen tanks
ensures supply pressure to the oxygen flowmeter
The oxygen failure cutoff valve, formerly known as the fail-safe valve, ensures only that pressure is supplied to the oxygen flowmeter. It does not ensure adequate flow and does not ensure that a hypoxic mixture is not being used.
Vital capacity in the anesthetized patient is reduced to the greatest degree in which of the following positions?
- supine
- reverse trendelenberg
- prone
- head down lithotomy
Head-down lithotomy
Lithotomy position reduces VC in the anesthetized patient by approximately 18%. Reverse Trendelenburg, supine, and prone positions all reduce VC by approximately 9.0, 9.5, and 10% respectively.
A 50-year-old male presents for resection of a sigmoid carcinoma. His past medical history is significant for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with metoprolol. After induction and intubation the blood pressure is noted at 76/48 mmHg. The most appropriate vasoactive therapy is:
- phenylephrine- 100 mcg IV
- ephedrine-10 mg IV
- dopamine-7 mcg/kg/min IV infusion
- epinephrine-0.04 mcg/kg/min
phenylephrine - 100 micrograms IV
Management of this patient’s hypotension should be directed at minimizing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Medications with beta-adrenergic effect are contraindicated. Phenylephrine will increase both preload and afterload without increasing myocardial contractility.
The inhaled anesthetic agent causing the greatest decrease in cardiac output is:
- sevoflurane
- isoflurane
- desflurane
- nitrous oxide
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane mildly depresses myocardial contractility and cardiac output. Desflurane causes minimal to no depression in cardiac output and nitrous oxide and isoflurane are not associated with any depression in cardiac output.
Phase II drug biotransformation reactions include:
- oxidation
- hydroxylation
- conjugation
- reduction
conjugation
Drug biotransformation reactions are divided into two groups: Phase I and Phase II. Phase I reactions alter the molecular structure of the drug by modifying an existing functional group, adding a new functional group or splitting the drug molecule. These reactions are hydrolysis, oxidation, or reduction. Phase II reactions consist of coupling or conjugation of compounds to polar chemical groups.
Which stage of labor is characterized by rapid changes in cervical dilation?
- Stage I-latent phase
- Stage I-active phase
- Stage II
- Stage III
Stage I - active phase
The first stage of labor begins with the onset of regular contractions and concludes when the cervix is fully dilated. It is divided into two phases: the latent phase where there is cervical effacement but little dilation, and the active phase which is characterized by rapid changes in cervical dilation.
A 62-year-old male is admitted after an automobile accident and is scheduled for an exploratory laparoscopy. Initial laboratory evaluation is found to be within normal limits except for an ethanol level of 175 mg/dl. From this information, the expected MAC of sevoflurane would be:
- increased from long-term ethanol exposure
- decreased from ethanol intoxication
- unchanged if the patient has a history of ethanol abuse
- unchanged if the patient has no history of ethanol abuse
decreased from ethanol intoxication
This patient has a significantly elevated ethanol level and will experience a decrease in MAC as a result of acute intoxication.
A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation is evaluated preoperatively. Laboratory values include an INR of 2.1. Changes in coagulation in this patient are the result of impaired formation of:
- factors II, VI, IX
- von Willebrand co-factor
- prothrombin and factors V, VII, IX
- prothrombin and factors VII, IX, X
prothrombin and factors VII, IX, X
Vitamin K dependent factors are prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X. Deficiency of vitamin K, or warfarin administration, results in a coagulopathy due to impaired formation of these factors and is easily treated with vitamin K replacement.
During the administration of a general anesthetic with controlled ventilation the following arterial blood gas analysis is obtained:
pH - 7.29, PaO2 - 157 mmHg, PaCO2 - 52 mmHg, HCO3- - 25 mEq/L.
This blood gas is indicative of:
- uncompensated respiratory acidosis
- uncompensated metabolic acidosis
- compensated respiratory acidosis
- compensated metabolic acidosis
uncompensated respiratory acidosis
This patient has a low pH, elevated CO2 and a normal bicarbonate indicating uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
Which physiologic derangement is most associated with the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation?
- Hypocalcemia
- Hyponatremia
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Venous air embolism
Hypocalcemia
During the anhepatic phase of OLT, the liver is removed from the body. The citrate load from large transfusion of blood products is no longer metabolized and results in an acquired hypocalcemia.
You are asked to evaluate a 27-year-old male in the PACU after receiving a general inhalation anesthetic for the repair of a ruptured biceps tendon. The patient’s cardiac rhythm is shown below. Your interpretation of this rhythm is:
- atrial fibrillation
- ventricular tachycardia
- atrial flutter with block
- sinus tachycardia
sinus tachycardia
This is a regular rhythm at about 140/min with each QRS complex preceded by a single P-wave.
After the placement of a double-lumen tube for a left pneumonectomy, diffuse wheezing is detected in both lung fields. During this episode, the major site of resistance to airway flow in the bronchial tree is at the:
- trachea
- large bronchi
- medium-sized bronchi
- small airways
medium-sized bronchi
Increased small airway resistance remains the most common and most important cause of respiratory failure.