Practice Exam Flashcards
What is a hypertonic solution?
Is one that loses fluid across a semi-permeable membrane.
What are the significant forces in Starling’s Law of Capillaries?
- Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
- Blood Osmotic Pressure
- Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
- Interstitial Osmotic Pressure
Which statement about the function of sodium is NOT correct?
Controls contractility of cardiac muscle.
What will dehydration (hypovolaemic shock) cause?
- Release of ADH and thirst stimulation
- Concentration of the urine
- Increasing osmolality
- All of the above
Choose the CORRECT statement concerning vein anatomy.
The cephalic vein runs down the thumb side of the forearm.
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium.
What is the volume expanding effect of administering 1000 ml of 0.9% NaCl one hour later?
Approximately 500 ml.
Which of the following is a crystalloid solution?
Normal Saline.
What does osmolarity refer to?
The number of solute particles dissolved in a solution.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Is one that gains fluid across a semi-permeable membrane.
What are two changes in anatomy of the elderly that may adversely affect IV cannulation?
- Sclerotic/brittle veins
- Reduced skin turgor
What is the difference between infiltration and extravasation?
Infiltration is leakage of fluid into interstitial space; Extravasation is infiltration causing cellular destruction.
List two methods of engorging the external jugular vein.
- Trendelenburg position
- Bearing down
List two complications associated with external jugular vein cannulation.
- Pneumothorax
- Air embolus
What is an electrolyte?
A compound that dissociates when in water, breaking into positively and negatively charged ions.
Compare and contrast features of fluid resuscitation using crystalloid solutions with using colloid solutions.
Crystalloids: Low molecular weight ions; Colloids: High molecular weight substances.
What is the definition of a buffer?
System that resists changes in pH.
How does the protein buffer work?
Amino group accepts H+ and Carboxyl donates H+ in acidosis and alkalosis.
What is Starling’s Law of Capillaries?
NFP = BHP - BOP.
How does hypovolemia affect NFP?
Reduced volume = Reduced BHP, leading to a fall in NFP.
What are symptoms of phlebitis associated with IV cannulation?
- Pain near site
- Redness
- Itching
Describe the principle of fluid resuscitation.
Fluid resuscitation aims to rapidly restore intravascular volume.
How would you manage pain for a casualty with an amputated hand and burns?
- Interim pain relief - Methoxy
- IV access
- IV Fentanyl - First dose 50mcg
What is the heart rate indicative of in a patient with shock?
Tachycardia indicates compensation.
What stage of shock is indicated by dropping BP and LOC?
Decompensated shock.
What drip rate is required to give 150ml of 5% dextrose in 20 minutes using a standard 20gtt/ml giving set?
Drips per minute = 150 drip/min = 2.5 drips/sec.
What is molarity?
The number of moles per solute in 1 litre
What is osmolarity?
Osmotic concentration is number of particles present after being dissolved in 1 lite of water
What is tonicity?
Measure of the osmotic pressure gradient between two solutions
