Practice Exam 1 Flashcards
Sn1 reactions
Tertiary alcohols, carbocation and varied stereochemistry. 2 products
Sn2 reactions
Primary and Secondary alcohols, INVERTED stereochemistry and only 1 product
Chromatography TLC and Paper
TLC- gel Paper-celullose Stationary phase is more polar If water is stationary phase then since you know water has hydrogen bonding the mobile phase that “sticks” the most to the stationary phase will be the one with more hydrogen bonding. Also, if more polar sticks more. Non polar travel further
Gas chromatography
Smallest molecular weight and weakest intermolecular forces will travel the fastest
Forming an Ester Who loses OH
Ester: COOH + ROH Carboxylic Acid loses OH
Enzymes affect chemical reactions by stabilization of
the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction
To decrease the ionization of CH3COOH (acetic acid) [weak acid btw]
Add a strong acid like HCl, which will increase the H+ in solution and decrease the amount of CH3CO2H that ionizes
Strong acids
HCLO4 perchloric acid HCl, HBr, HI H2SO4 HNO3
Einstein-Plank Equation
E= h*f= h*c/lambda
Standard Atmospheric Pressure
760mmHg
9L/ 10 min
9000ml/10 min—> 900/min
Peptide bonds
Planar bond, can have double bond character due to resonance
Peptide Bond
N—–C Lose a water molecule when forming a peptide bond
AA abreviations Asp Asn Arg
Aspartic Acid (Acid) Asparginine (3N’s) Arginine (basic)
What is special about the side-chains of aa?
Their net charge responds to pH
Octohedral compounds
d2sp3
Ideal gas
Intermolecular forces and individual volume are negligible
Different colors related to wavelength
Different wavelengths bc molecules have different structures
Phosphate groups come from
ATP
Lipase enzyme
Hydrolisis of tryacylglicerides
Glycogen
large molecule composed of alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Beta decay
Converts a neutron into a proton (add +1 to atomic number) X——> X (+1) + Beta
Alpha decay
A (mass number) loses 4 Z (atomic number) loses 2
X—–> X (-4,-2) + alpha
Positron decay
Converts a proton into a neutron ( subtract -1 to atomic number)
What is the bond in glycogen that characterizes branching
alpha-1,6- glycosidic bond
Gamma decay
Emission of photons by the nucleus
Entropy
Positive= more disorder Negative= less disorder Is positive if s+l= gas Lowest to highest solids< liquids < gases
If solid catalyst is finely ground before adding it to a reaction mixture then
The rate will be faster because a greater surface area of catalyst will be exposed (it increases the amount of catalyst available to a reaction)
Factors that affect the reaction rate
Rxn concentrations, temperature, medium, catalyst
Redox Reaction
A more electronegative atom is likely to be oxidized
E<span>0</span>
If greater than zero than spontaneous (positive)
Units of Power
J/s
N*m/s
W
ft*lb/s
kg*m2/s<span>3</span>
Index of refraction
When light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction it bends towards the normal
When light enters a medium with a smaller index of refraction if bends awaay from the normal
n= c/v
Converging
Concave mirror
Convex lens
Is positive
positive focal point
image is upright
real
Diverging
Convex mirror
Concave lens
Is negative
neg focal point
image is inverted
virtual
Intensity of electromagnetic radiation
The intensity of a beam of electromagnetic radiation is the energy it delivers per second. The energy of the beam of electromagnetic radiation is delivered by the photons. Therefore the intensity depends on two things:
The number of photons that are arriving per second
The amount of energy carried by each photon
Common Ion Effect
Must be a saturated solution
A common ion is introduced and causes the reaction to shift back to a solid state to precipitate
DNA backbone
Sugar plus phospate
Denaturation
breaks hydrogen bonds
(boiling)
Annealing
Allowing sample to cool to be brought back together
Replication
of DNA
Happens during S phase of mitosis
Central dogma
DNA-RNA-Protein
Directionality of DNA replication
Read up 3’———5’
Write down 5’——3’
Leading strand directionality
3’——5’
complimentary will be synthesized 5’——3
