Practice Exam 1 Flashcards
Which of the following is true about the origins of vaccination?
a. The first vaccine was created against smallpox.
b. The first vaccine was created using the vaccinia virus
c. The first vaccine was created against variola
d. A & B
e. A, B, & C
e. A, B, & C
Commensal species:
a. Typically do not cause harm to the host
b. Likely become killed off from a round of antibiotics
c. Can be present in many different parts of the body
d. A & B
e. A, B, & C
e. A, B, & C
What are the four gram positives?
Teichoic acids (T.A) & Lipoteichoic acids (L.T.A)
1. Bacillus
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus
4. Mycobacterium (kinda)
What are the four gram negatives?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
1. E. Coli
2. Pseudomonas
3. Salmonella
4. Shigella
What are the 2 viruses mentioned on the gram (+) and (-)?
- HIV
- Influenza
What color does gram positive (+) stain?
Stains purple
What color does gram negatives (-) stain?
Stains pink
Which gram-positive pathogen would be expected to have teichoic acids present in their cell wall?
a. E. Coli
b. Staphylococcus
c. Salmonella
d. HIV
e. Influenza
b. Staphylococcus
When is the innate immune system activated?
a. Before the adaptive immune system is activated.
b. Before the pathogen has breached a physical barrier
c. Only during a secondary immune response (I.e not during a primary immune response)
d. A & B
e. B & C
a. Before the adaptive immune system is activated.
Which of the following correctly describes inflammation?
a. Inflammation occurs when a pathogen gains entry through a surface wound.
b. Inflammation of the infected tissue typically only results in swelling.
c. Inflammation only results due to infections that are caused by pathogens.
d. Inflammation typically results in decreased vasodilation & decreased vascular permeability.
e. All of the above correctly describes inflammation.
a. Inflammation occurs when a pathogen gains entry through a surface wound.
T/F: Vaccines are efficient in providing protective immunity against a specific pathogen, specifically by stimulating the adaptive immune response in a manner that results in immunological memory.
True
T/F: Clonal selection and clonal expansion are both observed in the innate immune response to an infection
False
T/F: Lymphocytes are unique in that they only function in adaptive immune responses
False
Which leukocyte, containing cytotoxic granules, would you expect to observe interacting with cells that are infected with viral particles?
a. Neutrophils
b. NK cells
c. Basophils
d. Eosinophils
b. NK cells
The most abundant leukocyte found in the blood are ______, whereas ________ are considered the least abundant.
a. Neutrophils ; lymphocytes
b. Lymphocytes ; neutrophils
c. Lymphocytes ; basophils
d. Neutrophils ; basophils
d. Neutrophils ; basophils
Which of the following immune cells are specialized to capture, engulf, and kill microorganisms?
a. Macrophage
b. Neutrophil
c. Monocytes
d. A & B
e. A, B, & C
e. A, B, & C
Dendritic cells:
a. Present antigen to T cells to activate them
b. Can be found in secondary lymphoid tissues
c. Use only one type of receptor to recognize pathogens
d. A & B
e. A & C
d. A & B
T/F: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes both arise in the bone marrow and they both remain there to undergo their maturation before migrating to organized secondary lymphoid tissues
False ;
B cells mature in the bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus
Mast cells:
a. Release histamine and other active contents from their granules
b. Kill other cells infected with certain viruses
c. Arise from the myeloid progenitor
d. A & C
e. A, B, & C
d. A & C
Which of the following is true about T-cell receptors?
a. They are high specific.
b. They are secreted after a T cell has been activated.
c. They are comprised of 4 chains.
d. They can be expressed as a soluble form.
e. All of the above are true.
a. They are high specific.
Which of the following pairs is matched incorrectly?
a. Antigen : foreign substance of many different types
b. BCRs : immunoglobulins
c. Helper T cell : kills pathogen-infected cells
d. Plasma cell : involved in antibody secretion
e. T-cell activation : cell division and differentiation are both observed
c. Helper T cell : kills pathogen-infected cells
All of the following are examples of secondary lymphoid tissues, except:
a. Bone marrow
b. Lymph nodes
c. Spleen
d. Peyer’s patches
e. A & B
a. Bone marrow
Which of the following is true about a draining lymph node?
a. It is the site where mature lymphocytes can encounter pathogens.
b. They typically increase in size during an infection.
c. They can be referred to as “swollen gland”
d. It is the site where lymph-bone antigens are encountered by lymphocytes.
e. All of the above are true.
e. All of the above are true.
In order of activation (quickest to longest to be activated), which of the following describes the correct order for the three different complement pathways?
a. Classical > Lectin > Alternative
b. Alternative > Lectin > Classical
c. Classical > Alternative > Lectin
d. Alternative > Classical > Lectin
e. Lectin > Alternative > Classical
b. Alternative > Lectin > Classical
T/F: During its activation the classical complement pathway is able to utilize part of the adaptive immune system
True
Complement proteins can be found in:
a. Blood
b. Lymph
c. Extracellular fluid
d. A & B
e. A, B, & C
e. A, B, & C
Identify the membrane-bound form of the C3 convertase for the alternative complement pathway
a. iC3
b. C3b2Bb
c. iC3Bb
d. C3bBb
d. C3bBb
Identify the membrane-bound form of the C3 convertase for the classical complement pathway
a. iC3
b. C3b2Bb
c. C4b2a
d. C3bBb
c. C4b2a
The initial protease for the alternative pathway is _______, whereas _________ is the initial protease for the lectin pathway.
a. Factor B ; Factor P
b. C1s ; Factor P
c. C1s ; MASP
d. Factor D ; MASP
d. Factor D ; MASP
When C3bBb is formed on a human cell-surface, it can rapidly be disrupted by the action of:
a. Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)
b. Properdin (Factor P)
c. Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP)
d. A & B
e. A & C
e. A & C
CR-1 can:
a. Act as an opsonin
b. Expect to be found on the surface of a pathogen
c. Induce phagocytosis by binding to C3b
d. A & C
e. None of the above
c. Induce phagocytosis by binding to C3b
