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Endeavour Bio - practice exam > Practice > Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells derived from fusion of monocytes that release enzymes for breakdown of bone

A

Osteoclasts (clasts = Kill)

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2
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain daily bone metabolism

A

Osteocyte

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3
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lattice work of thin plates of bone

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4
Q

Four primary tissue types are

A

connective, epithelial, skin and blood

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5
Q

Muscle around the mouth

A

orbicularis Oris

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6
Q

Forehead Muscle

A

Occipitofrontalis

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7
Q

Chest muscle

A

pectoralis major

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8
Q

Forearm muscle

A

supinator

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9
Q

Muscle centre of Quad

A

Rectus femoris

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10
Q

Muscle next to tibia

A

soleus

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11
Q

main hamstring muscle

A

Bicep femoris

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12
Q

calf muscle

A

gastrocnemius

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13
Q

Interphase

A

G1- cells grow larger, copies organelles

S Phase - synthesises complete copy of DNA, duplicates centrosome

G2 - Cell continues to grow, makes proteins and organelles

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14
Q

Early prophase

A
  • Chromosomes start to condense
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
  • nucleolus disappears
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15
Q

Late prophase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Chromosomes fully condensed
  • Mitotic spindle continues to grow and starts to capture chromosomes
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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle has captured all chromosomes and lined them up on the metaphase plate ready to divide

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids seperate from each other, each now their own chromosome

They are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongated cell

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18
Q

Telophase

A

Mitotic spindle is broken down

2 new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes

Nuclear membrane reappears

Chromosomes de-condense

Cytokinesis begins

19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to form two new cells

It is a contractile band of filaments made of protein actin that pinches the cell

The pinch crease is known as cleavage furrow

When complete 2 new daughter cells are formed with a complete set of chromosomes

20
Q

Cell junctions

A

Tight junction
Gap junction
Desmosomes

21
Q

Tight junction

A

forms watertight cell and prevents liquid escaping between cells

22
Q

Gap junctions

A

they are channels between neighbouring cells that allow for the transport of ions, water, and other substances

23
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchoring junction, pin adjacents cells together

24
Q

Bone growth in length

A

The epiphyseal plate is the site of bone growth. Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on the epiphysis side of the plate. Cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of the plate. This produces growth in length. Epiphyseal plates close at ages 18-25 therefore cartilage cells stop dividing and bone replaces the cartilage producing the epiphyseal line

25
Q

Describe muscle contraction cycle

A

Myosin heads hydrolyse ATP and become reorientated and energised

Myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridges

Myosin crossbridges rotate toward centre of the sarcomere (contraction)

As myosin heads bind ATP, the crossbridges detach from actin

26
Q

Neuroglia Phagocyte like cell

A

Microgila

27
Q

Form myelin sheath around axons

A

Oligodendrocyte

28
Q

Astrocytes

A

form Blood brain barrier, metabolise neurotransmitters

29
Q

Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body

A

dendrites

30
Q

Axons

A

conduct nerve impulses away from cell body

31
Q

Neuron communication - graded potentials

A

local membrane changes only

32
Q

Neuron communication - action potential

A

Travel long distances, widespread distance in change

33
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

34
Q

All or none principle

A

when stimulus reaches a threshold, action potential is always the same ( a stronger stimulus will not cause a larger impulse

35
Q

During this period a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A

Relative refractory period

36
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

very strong stimulus will not begin another action potential

37
Q

Endorphins belong to

A

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter class

38
Q

elevated ridges on the surface of cerebal cortex are called

A

the gyri - these occur between the sulci

39
Q

Determine stretch or tension in tendons

A

Golgi organs

40
Q

otholitic organs (inner ear) are sense organs for

A

static equilibrium

41
Q

Fight or flight response is the role of

A

Sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

located on the trachea and Releases hormonones involved in metabolism and calcium blood level regulation

A

thyroid gland

43
Q

which gland is classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas

Endeavour Bio - practice exam (1 decks)

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