Practice Flashcards
Qualitative describes their people as?
Participants, ticipants, volunteers, members and informants
How many samples are in Qualitative? and what are they?
3- Convenience, Snowball, Purposive
What is convenience sample?
Qualitative, participants ready and available
What is a snowball sample?
Qualitative, Recommendations from other participants
What is a purposive sample?
Qualitative, Intentionally selected
What is the goal in a qualitative study?
To increase understanding of population of interest, collecting info to get a big picture
What are 4 problems with sampling in qualitative?
Subject withdrawl, Lost to follow up, exclusion/ inclusion, Incomplete data
What is selectivity?
certain subjects volunteer
How do you construct variables in qualitative?
Unstructured interviews, participant observations, group interviews, journalling, photos, free write
What is a research design?
Overall plan for acquiring new knowledge or confirming existing knowledge
What are the 4 research designs in qualitative?
Phenomenology, Ethnography, Grounded theory, Historical
What is phenomenology?
Developing understanding of experiences as perceived by those living the experience through instructed interviews
What is ethnography?
Researcher embeds in culture to describe phenomenon
What is grounded theory?
study interactions to recognize links to develop theory
What is historical?
answer questions about past to help with future
What is Rigor?
Collection of data to insure quality of data
What are 4 tools researchers use to make sure rigor is occurring in qualitative?
Trusthworthiness, confirmability, transferability, credibility
What is trustworthiness?
To establish a trusting relationship with participant to ensure honesty from them
What is confirmability?
consistency and repeatability in decision making. Uses audit trail to go back on documentation.
What is transferability?
confirmed or seem applicable for a different group or setting where data was collected
What is credibility?
confidence in the research has the full truth. Uses member checks and triangulation
What is member checks and triangulation?
Feedback from participants about the data and one ore more source of data to include different views or look at phenomenon
What is content analysis?
the process of understanding, interpretation, and conceptualizing the meanings of qualitative data.
What is a categorization scheme?
is an orderly combination of categories carefully defined so that no overlap occurs
What is conceptualization? and where do you find it?
a process of creating a picture of an abstract idea
In qualitative, discussions section (quant says examine)
What is generalization ? and where do you find it?
is the ability to apply a particular study’s findings to the broader population represented by the sample
In quantitative, discussion section
What is inferential statistics ?
concepts based on significance and probability
explain or predict variable or variables
What is descriptive statistics?
Allows us to know and explain variables that we are interested in learning
What is non probability sampling?
approaches that do not necessarily ensure that everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being included in the study
What are examples of non probability samples?
convenience, purposive, quota, and matched
What is a sampling frame?
People that meet the criteria for the subjects in a sample, and can be included
What is quota sample?
every member does not have an equal chance of being in the study. Goal is to make the sample more representative from the population
What is a matched sample?
researcher intentionally selects subjects who important characteristics are the same or matched
What is probability sampling?
ensures every member of the population has an equal opportunity to be in the study
What are examples of probability sampling?
stratified random sample, cluster sampling, and systemic sampling
What is simple random sampling?
Taking populations number and name down, then using a device to select numbers and those participants are chosen
What is stratified random sample?
Dividing population into groups then choosing members within each group randomly selected.
What is cluster sampling?
Occurs in stages, starts with selecting groups, then sampling smaller groups until individual selected
What is systematic sample?
Same as random, however, instead of using a device they use a selected fixed interval (e.g every tenth)
What is a sampling unit?
is the element of the population that will be selected and analyzed in the study. (e.g. hospitals, community)
What is generalizability?
the ability say that the findings from a particular samples can be applied to a more general population
What is power analysis, and why is it important?
It allows qualitative researches to know how large a sample size should be. It is important because of the inferential statistics, to determine that it is not chance alone.
What is the goal of sampling in quantitative?
To acquire a sample as close as to the population, and for the findings to be generalized
What is an operational variable?
a variable that is described in specific concrete terms
What is theoretical variable?
a conceptual description of a variable
What is an instrument and who uses it ?
It is a device that specifies and objectifies the process of data collection ( quantitative)
What is a questionnaire ?
an instrument that is completed by a study subjects
What is a scale?
a set of written questions or statements that measures a specified variable (e.g of three questions that ask the subject to rate how often they experience pain in different situations)
What is an item?
The individual question or statements that comprises a scale
What is interrater reliability ?
Agreement between two or more independent data collectors about the results of their data collection process
What is test- retest reliability ?
Consistency in answers on tests when we would not expect the real answers to have changed
What is reliability ?
the consistency with which a measure can be counted on to give the same result is if the aspect being measured has not changed.
what is validity?
How accurately a measure actually yields information about the true or real variable being studied.
What is content validity?
The comprehensiveness and appropriateness of the measure to the concept it i intended to measure
what is Criterion- related validity
The extent to which results of one measure match those of another measure that examines the same concept
what is Construct validity
The extent to which a scale or instrument measure what it is supposed to measure
What is internal validity?
extent to which we can be sure of the accuracy or correctness of the findings in a study
What is external validity?
to which the results of a study can be applied to other groups or situations
What are threats to internal validity?
History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, selection bias
Why is history a threat in internal validity?
Could be a threat such as hurricane, earthquake, tsunami
Why is maturation a threat in internal validity?
refers to the change in the dependent variable, because of time
Why is testing a threat in internal validity?
changes to dependent variable that result because it is being measured (asking a pt about there depression causing more depression)
Why is instrumententation a threat in internal validity?
changing the measures from one to another (PO meds to IV)
What is mortality and selection bias threat in internal validity?
Mortality is the death of someone and selection bias is…..
What is reactivity effects?
When participants are aware they are being studied causing answers to change so they don’t get judged
What is the hawthorne effect? External or internal?
That people change being studied, same as reactivity
What is novelty effects? External or internal?
a threat to external validity that occurs when the knowledge that what is being done is new and under study somehow affects the outcome, either favourably or unfavourably
What is experimental effects? External or internal>
some characteristic of the researcher or data collector influences the study results
What are the broad factors to categorize qualitative design?
Time, control and function
What designs in quantitative are under time?
Retrospective, prospective, cross sectional, longitudinal and repeated measures
A study that collects data at one point in time is what?
Cross sectional
A study that collects data at different time points is what?
Longitudinal
A study that uses a repeated measure, and repeated measurements at several points in time is what?
Repeated measures
What quantitative research study lacks a control group or a random assignment that also manipulates the independent variable
Quasi- experimental design
Pre test posttest is what?
A quantitative research design that includes observations before and after the intervention
What is a theoretical framework?
It is looking at the the theories and concepts, understanding of why a phenomena exists
What is conceptual framework?
A structured comprised of concepts and relationships, explains why the phenomena exists
What is inductive knowledge?
Pulling observations and facts generated through research to pull a theory together
What is deductive knowledge?
developed by proposing a theory regarding a phenomenon, starts with a whole and breaks it down.
What is in the introduction part or a research report?
Lit review, theory, hypothesis and research question
describes gap of knowledge and explains what is in the research process,
What is in the methods section?
Describes the process of implementing the study
Qual/ Quant, mixed measures, sample, procedures
What is in the results section?
The specific information gathered in the research study
Data, data analysis, themes, descriptive results, significant, multivariate
What is in the conclusions?
describes the decisions or determinations that can be made about the research problem
Limitations, implications of practiec
