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Clincal Toxicology EXAM I > Practical Toxicology Clinical Cases > Flashcards

Practical Toxicology Clinical Cases Flashcards

1
Q 
Vomiting last night.
Vomitus was dark in color
Smelled sweet***
Contained a lot of undigested food
Vomiting continued over night
Vomitus is now slimy
Vomitus is yellow in color
Patient not eating.
Possible diagnosis?
A

Chocolate Toxicity***

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2
Q

****What are the poisonous ingredients in chocolate?

A

Theobromine

Caffeine

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3
Q

Both caffeine and Theobromine are methylxanthines.. these act as…

A 
Stimulants
Diuretics
Blood vessel dilators
Smooth muscle relaxants
*Increase the intracellular calcium
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4
Q

****In chocolate both caffeine and Theobromine are methylxanthines..
Stimulant side effects:

A 
Tachycardia
Premature ventricular contractions
Restlessness/Pacing
Muscle twitching
Hyperthermia
Seizures
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5
Q

****In chocolate both caffeine and Theobromine are methylxanthines..
Diuretic side effects:

A

Excessive urination

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6
Q

****In chocolate both caffeine and Theobromine are methylxanthines..
Blood Vessel Dilators side effects:

A

Hypotension

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7
Q

****In chocolate both caffeine and Theobromine are methylxanthines..
Smooth muscle relaxants side effects:

A

Vomiting

Diarrhea

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8
Q

***What is the progression of clinical signs of chocolate toxicity?

A

1) GI (Vomiting and Diarrhea) may be seen in dogs ingested 20 mg/kg of theobromine and/or caffeine.
2) Cardiotoxic effects may be seen at 40-50 mg/kg
3) Seizures may occur at dosages >60mg/kg

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9
Q

How much chocolate is lethal?

A

LD50 of both caffeine and theobromine is reportedly 10-200 mg/kg
HOWEVER, severe signs and deaths may occur at much lower dosages.
Individual sensitivities to methylxanthines varies.
That explains why some dogs get sicker sooner and why some dogs that eat chocolate never seem to get sick!

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10
Q

Is all chocolate the same?

A

NO
White chocolate is mostly just fat.
Can cause blow out diarrhea and GI signs because the dog is not use to eating that much fat.

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11
Q
  • **The darker the chocolate..

* **Which chocolate is the worst for the patient to ingest?

A

The greater the risk.
White chocolate , milk chocolate, dark semisweet, unsweetened bakers chocolate, dry cocoa powder, cocoa beans, cocoa bean mulch.

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12
Q

If a patient is expected to have GI signs what should you recommend to the client?

A

Could get away with monitoring at home.

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13
Q

If a patient is expected to have CARDIO signs what should you recommend to the client?

A

Should be seen to assess cardio

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14
Q

If a patient is expected to have NEURO signs what should you recommend to the client?

A

HAS to be seen on emergency

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15
Q

What are the toxins in Adderall?

A

Amphetamine

Dextroamphetamine salts

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16
Q

What is the toxic dose of ingested amphetamine for a dog?

A

Clinical signs start as low as 0.1 mg/kg

Seizures occur at doses of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg.

17
Q

***What are the clinical signs associated with Adderall toxicity?

A 
Hyperactivity
Hypersalivation
Hyperthermia
Mydraisis
Tremors
Hypoglycemia
Tachycardia
Increased BP
Ataxia
Repetitive stereotypical behaviors
18
Q

Chewable vitamins contain this very toxic ingredient..

A

XYLITOL

19
Q

**Clinical signs of hypoglycemia (seizures) with xylitol start at…

A

0.1 g/kg

20
Q

****Clinical signs of hepatic failure with xylitol start at…

A

0.5-1 g/kg

**4-6 weeks after ingestion Liver damage is possible!
Blood work to be done 4-6 weeks.

21
Q

What is more dangerous, chocolate or gum?

A

GUM

22
Q 
Mare sweating profusely
Generalized muscle fasciculation's
Lateral recumbency
Unable to rise
Nothing toxic identified in the environment
Mare was dewormed
A

Crushed pills of levamisole
LEVAMISOLE
Common food animal anthelmintic

Toxic dose is 20mg/kg

23
Q 
Pygmy goat 
Depressed
Hypersalivation
Generalized muscle tremors
Abdominal pain + bloating
Head-pressing
Foul play?
A

Azaleas toxic to goats!

24
Q

**Within 6 hours of exposure to Azaleas for a pigmy goat…

A 
Depression
Head pressing
Hypersalivation
Abdominal pain
Bloating

Clincal Toxicology EXAM I (4 decks)

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