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Green Planet > Practical Revision > Flashcards

Practical Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major groups of plants that will be observed during the practicals?

A

Angiosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, Fungi

Fungi are not classified as plants.

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2
Q

What is the role of field botanists in understanding landscapes?

A

They use plants to read the landscape, determine its use, and identify conservation steps.

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3
Q

How many common plant families will be introduced during the practicals?

A

At least ten commonest plant families.

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4
Q

What ecological process will be studied at Belhaven Bay?

A

Coastal fore-dune zonation and dune succession.

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5
Q

What is the significance of mosses in dune ecosystems?

A

They help in fixing the top soil.

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6
Q

What type of plants are some halophytes in salt marshes classified as?

A

C4 plants.

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7
Q

How long have mosses and liverworts been around?

A

450 million years.

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8
Q

What tools are often required for identifying species of bryophytes?

A

Field lens and sometimes a microscope.

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9
Q

What are the two main divisions of fungi that will be observed?

A

Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.

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10
Q

What are the spore-releasing methods of Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes?

A

Basidiomycetes are spore droppers; Ascomycetes are spore shooters.

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11
Q

What role do many fungi species play in the environment?

A

They are mycorrhizal and support ecosystem health.

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12
Q

True or False: Students can attend the outdoor practicals multiple times at each location.

A

False.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: It is critical that you arrive on time for the practical as the bus will leave without you if you are _______.

A

late

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14
Q

What is required in terms of clothing for the field trip?

A

Decent outdoor walking footwear and weather appropriate clothing.

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15
Q

What are the two main groups of cryptograms?

A

Bryophytes and Fungi.

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16
Q

True or False: Bryophytes are vascular plants.

A

False.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The major divisions of bryophytes include ______, ______, and ______.

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts.

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18
Q

Which group of cryptograms is primarily non-vascular?

A

Bryophytes.

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19
Q

List one characteristic that distinguishes fungi from bryophytes.

A

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while bryophytes have cell walls made of cellulose.

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20
Q

What is the definition of saprotrophs?

A

Saprotrophs are organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter.

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21
Q

True or False: Mycorrhizas are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots.

A

True

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Saprotrophs play a crucial role in __________ by breaking down dead matter.

A

nutrient cycling

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23
Q

What is the primary function of mycorrhizal fungi in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

To enhance nutrient and water absorption for plants.

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24
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a benefit of mycorrhizal associations? A) Improved nutrient uptake B) Increased plant disease resistance C) Decreased soil fertility

A

C) Decreased soil fertility

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25
Q

What role do saprotrophs play in the ecosystem?

A

They decompose organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the soil.

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26
Q

True or False: Mycorrhizal fungi can only associate with one type of plant.

A

False

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: Saprotrophs are essential for __________ in ecosystems.

A

decomposition

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28
Q

What are the two main types of mycorrhizal associations?

A

Ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae.

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29
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of mycorrhizae forms a sheath around the root? A) Ectomycorrhizae B) Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

A) Ectomycorrhizae

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30
Q

What is the significance of saprotrophs in soil health?

A

They help maintain soil structure and fertility through organic matter decomposition.

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31
Q

True or False: Mycorrhizal fungi can improve plant tolerance to drought.

A

True

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: The relationship between saprotrophs and organic material is primarily __________.

A

decompositional

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33
Q

What is the primary source of energy for saprotrophs?

A

Dead organic matter.

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34
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following organisms are considered saprotrophs? A) Fungi B) Bacteria C) Both A and B

A

C) Both A and B

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35
Q

What are vascular plants?

A

Plants that have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients, including xylem and phloem.

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36
Q

True or False: Bryophytes are vascular plants.

A

False

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: Vascular plants include ______ and ______.

A

ferns; flowering plants

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38
Q

What is the primary characteristic that differentiates bryophytes from vascular plants?

A

Bryophytes lack vascular tissues.

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39
Q

Which of the following is a type of bryophyte? A) Moss B) Fern C) Pine

A

A) Moss

40
Q

What is the role of xylem in vascular plants?

A

To transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

41
Q

What are the three main groups of vascular plants?

A

Angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns.

42
Q

True or False: Bryophytes can grow in extremely dry environments.

A

False

43
Q

What defines the reproductive strategy of bryophytes?

A

They reproduce via spores and have a dominant gametophyte stage.

44
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vascular plants? A) Presence of roots B) Presence of flowers C) Absence of seeds

A

C) Absence of seeds

45
Q

What type of environment do bryophytes typically thrive in?

A

Moist and shaded environments.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Vascular plants are typically larger than ______.

A

bryophytes

47
Q

What is a common example of a vascular plant?

A

Oak tree.

48
Q

True or False: Bryophytes have true roots, stems, and leaves.

A

False

49
Q

What is the primary function of phloem in vascular plants?

A

To transport sugars and organic nutrients throughout the plant.

50
Q

What are the two main stages in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

51
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is NOT found in bryophytes? A) Rhizoids B) Leaves C) Vascular tissue

A

C) Vascular tissue

52
Q

What is the significance of vascular tissue in plants?

A

It allows for the efficient transport of water, nutrients, and food, enabling larger growth.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The dominant generation in vascular plants is the ______ generation.

A

sporophyte

54
Q

What adaptation allows vascular plants to colonize land effectively?

A

The development of vascular tissue.

55
Q

True or False: All vascular plants produce seeds.

A

False

56
Q

What is the main component of the bryophyte structure that anchors them to the substrate?

A

Rhizoids.

57
Q

List two observable differences between vascular plants and bryophytes.

A

Vascular plants have vascular tissue; bryophytes are typically smaller and lack true roots.

58
Q

What is the primary method of reproduction in vascular plants?

A

Seed production.

59
Q

Define bryophytes.

A

Non-vascular land plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

60
Q

What is fore-dune succession?

A

Fore-dune succession refers to the ecological progression of plant communities on the sandy areas in front of coastal dunes.

61
Q

Which types of plants are typically found in C4 photosynthesis pathways?

A

Plants that use C4 photosynthesis include many grasses, such as maize and sugarcane.

62
Q

True or False: C4 plants have an advantage over C3 plants in high-temperature environments.

A

True

63
Q

Fill in the blank: C4 plants are more efficient in _______ conditions compared to C3 plants.

A

high light and temperature

64
Q

What is the primary advantage of C4 photosynthesis in relation to salt-stressed plants?

A

C4 photosynthesis allows for better water-use efficiency and reduced photorespiration under salt stress.

65
Q

Name a common example of a C3 plant.

A

Wheat

66
Q

What does the term ‘C4/C3 plants’ refer to?

A

It refers to the comparison between plants utilizing C4 and C3 photosynthetic pathways.

67
Q

Which type of photosynthesis is generally more efficient in arid conditions?

A

C4 photosynthesis

68
Q

True or False: C3 plants are better suited for cooler climates.

A

True

69
Q

What role does the enzyme PEP carboxylase play in C4 plants?

A

PEP carboxylase catalyzes the first step in the C4 photosynthetic pathway, fixing carbon dioxide.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: C4 plants typically require _______ water than C3 plants.

A

less

71
Q

What is photorespiration, and why is it significant for C3 plants?

A

Photorespiration is a process that occurs when oxygen is fixed instead of carbon dioxide, which reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants.

72
Q

List one advantage of C4 plants in saline environments.

A

C4 plants can maintain higher rates of photosynthesis despite salt stress.

73
Q

What is the main difference in carbon fixation between C3 and C4 plants?

A

C3 plants fix carbon dioxide directly, while C4 plants first convert it into a four-carbon compound.

74
Q

True or False: C4 plants have a higher rate of transpiration compared to C3 plants.

A

False

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ pathway is utilized by C4 plants to minimize water loss.

A

C4 photosynthetic

76
Q

How do C4 plants manage to thrive in high salinity conditions?

A

They possess specialized anatomy and biochemical pathways that enhance their water-use efficiency.

77
Q

What environmental factors typically favor the establishment of fore-dune succession?

A

Factors such as wind, sand availability, and salt spray influence fore-dune succession.

78
Q

What is one characteristic of the vegetation found in fore-dune succession?

A

The vegetation is often composed of salt-tolerant species.

79
Q

True or False: C4 plants can be found in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

A

False

80
Q

Name a key benefit of C4 photosynthesis in a changing climate.

A

C4 photosynthesis provides resilience to drought and heat stress.

81
Q

What type of light conditions do C4 plants prefer?

A

They prefer high light intensity.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary function of _______ in C4 plants is to concentrate carbon dioxide.

A

Kranz anatomy

83
Q

Define ‘salt stress’ in the context of plant biology.

A

Salt stress refers to the adverse effects on plant growth and development caused by high salinity levels in the soil.

84
Q

What is systemic acquired resistance (SAR)?

A

A defense mechanism where plants trigger immune responses after recognizing a pathogen.

SAR allows for enhanced protection against subsequent pathogen attacks.

85
Q

What role does salicylic acid (SA) play in systemic acquired resistance?

A

SA accumulation induces SAR gene expression and leads to the production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins with antimicrobial properties.

PR proteins help in combating pathogen infections.

86
Q

What is the significance of the nahG gene in the experiment?

A

nahG gene allows for testing the importance of SA, as transgenic plants carrying this gene cannot accumulate SA.

These plants break down SA due to salicylate hydroxylase.

87
Q

How is peroxidase activity used in the experiment?

A

Peroxidase activity is measured as a marker for SA-induced resistance.

Increased peroxidase activity indicates a successful SAR response.

88
Q

What disease does Erwinia carotovora cause in potatoes?

A

Blackleg disease.

This disease is significant due to its impact on potato crop yield.

89
Q

What is the function of pectate lyase in E. carotovora?

A

Pectate lyase degrades pectin and other cell wall components, facilitating tissue breakdown and nutrient release.

This enzymatic activity is crucial for the virulence of the pathogen.

90
Q

What experimental setup is used to study E. carotovora infection in potatoes?

A

Potato tuber slices and whole tubers from different cultivars are inoculated with wild-type and mutant strains of E. carotovora.

Control samples are inoculated with sterile water.

91
Q

What is indicated by clear zones around inoculation sites on polygalacturonate agar plates?

A

Enzyme activity of pectate lyase, showing effective degradation of pectin by the wild-type strain compared to the mutant.

The presence of clear zones demonstrates the virulence of the wild-type strain.

92
Q

What are pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins?

A

Proteins produced in response to pathogen infection that have antimicrobial properties.

They play a key role in plant defense mechanisms.

93
Q

True or False: The study aims to reduce reliance on chemical protectants by breeding disease-resistant plants.

A

True.

Insights from the study can inform strategies for developing resistant crop varieties.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The practical exercise primarily focuses on _______ and the role of salicylic acid (SA).

A

plant immunity

95
Q

What is the main goal of understanding plant-pathogen interactions?

A

To address significant global crop losses, with over 20% affected annually.

This understanding can lead to improved agricultural practices.

Green Planet (17 decks)

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