Practical Review Flashcards
What are the 3 domains?
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Eukarya
Which domains are under prokaryotes?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Which domains are under eukaryotes?
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals
How many finches died and how many survived after the 1977 drought?
50 died, 50 survived
What does the null hypothesis state?
There is no statistically significant difference.
What does the alternative hypothesis state?
There is a statistically significant difference.
What does a p-value less than the alpha value, 0.05, mean?
The result is statistically significant.
What does it mean when the t-value is less than the critical value? What does it mean if it is higher than the critical value?
If it is less, then there is no significant difference and we fail to reject the null hypothesis. If it is higher, then there is a significant difference and the alternative hypothesis is supported.
Which trait played a role in evolution of the Galapagos Island finches? Why?
Beak size and beak depth because it determined if they were able to compete for food resources and survive in their environment.
What were two hypotheses that were supported from the findings of the Galapagos Islands study on the finches?
All the finches are more closely related to one another than other species on the islands which means they come from a single common ancestor. One population of finches came over to the islands from the mainland and was split into two due to geographic barriers and when they came back into contact, they could no longer mate.
Why couldn’t the Galapagos Islands finches from the different islands mate with each other after coming back into contact?
Each of the finches had different songs and sounds. The males only courted females who had similar beaks and were of similar size.
Which is a sister group from the following domains: eubacteria, archaebacteria, eukarya
Archaebacteria and Eukarya
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Which ecomorph of Galapagos Islands finches suffered after the 1977 drought?
Medium-ground finches
What are the measures of central tendency?
Mean, median, and mode
In the sum of squares, why get rid of the negative differences?
The sum of squares (SS) would equal zero.
Describe a positive skew distribution.
The graph leans towards the left and the categories that the curve describes from left to right are: mode, median, and mean.
Describe a symmetrical distribution.
The graph shows an equal distribution that looks like a normal bell curve and the categories that the curve describes are all in one line down the center, which represents the mean, median, and mode.
Describe a negative skew.
The graph leans towards the right and the categories that the curve describes from left to right are: mean, median, and mode.
What are the features of prokaryotes?
- lack a nucleus
- no membrane-bound organelles
- have circular chromosomes
- are unicellular
What are the 3 bacteria shapes?
Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod), and Spirillum (spiral)
Which structure in a bacteria’s cell wall plays the main role in gram-staining?
Peptidoglycan. Gram-positive cell wall has a thick peptidoglycan layer. Gram-negative cell wall has a thin peptidoglycan layer.
What color is gram-positive and what color is gram-negative?
Gram-positive is violet and gram-negative is pink.
What are the features of cyanobacteria? (blue-green algae)
- aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria
- single, colonial, or filamentous
- chlorophylls and phycobilins
- have been around ~3.5 billion years
- generated oxygen in early Earth
- some fix nitrogen
- some became chloroplasts or plastids
- NOT TRUE ALGAE**
What are true algae?
Eukaryotes
What are the features of gleocapsa (cyanobacteria)?
- unicellular
- cells surrounded by gelatinous coating
- does fix nitrogen but does not have specialized cells for it
- cells look green under microscope, look split in half, arranged in groups of four
What are the features of nostoc (cyanobacteria)?
- cells along a filament
- contain heterocysts (cells that fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants)
- look green and in a long single chain under microscope, heterocysts have two white circles and slightly larger than the other cells
What are the features of anabena (cyanobacteria)?
- looks like nostoc
- filamentous
- associated with azolla (helps fertilize rice)
- has a heterocyst
- looks dark green under microscope, cells along a single long chain, heterocyst is larger compared to heterocysts in nostoc
What is a protist?
Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.
- a paraphyletic group
Define features of alveolates (protista).
- have flattened cavities (alveoli) below plasma membrane
- 3 phyla: dinoflagellata, apicomplexa, and ciliata
Features of dinoflagellata (alveolates):
- free-living
- autotrophic
- unicellular
- armored or naked
- 2 flagella
- 2 grooves
- red tide, brown tide
- some are bioluminescent (ex: ceratium)
- ceratium has one long spike on one end and three spikes on the opposite end and looks like a tan color under a microscope
Features of apicomplexans (alveolates):
- parasitic
- have an apical complex (used to penetrate and enter cells)
- asexual and sexual phases in life cycle
- definitive vs. intermediate hosts
- insect vector = mosquito
- ex: plasmodium - causes malaria
- cells look round, purple-grey, and have dark purple rings in cells under microscope
Ciliates (alveolates):
- heterotrophs
- foragers or suspension feeders
- macronuclues and micronuclues
- sexual reproduction by conjugation
- cilia
- contractile vacuoles
- ex: paramecium, vorticella
features of paramecium:
- 2 contractile vacuoles
- macronucleus and micronuclei in one area
- oral groove
- cilia around the cell
