Practical I :P Flashcards
Heterozygous
Having 2 different alleles of a particle gene / genes
Homozygous dominant
A genotype where an individual inherits 2 copies of a dominant gene
Homozygous recessive
2 copies of the same recessive allele
5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
- no mutations (no new alleles are generated)
- random mating (organisms mate randomly with no preference)
- no gene flow (no individuals / gametes enter or exit a population)
- very large population size (effectively infinite in size)
- no natural selection (all alleles confer equal fitness)
How to calculate allele and genotypic frequencies of dominant , recessive, and heterozygous alleles?
(Search up and practice)
P+q = 1 (alleles)
P^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 (genotypes)
What are the 3 domains of life?
Domain bacteria, archaea, & eukarya
Compare & Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (size, division, chromosomes…)
Pros:
- cell represents the entire organism
- ribosomes & DNA, but no membrane-bound organelles
- predominant biomass on the planet
Eus:
- larger & more complex organisms as well as microorganisms
- well defined nuclear membrane and numerous membrane bound organelles
3 basic shapes of prokaryotes, flagella, and peptidoglycan
- cocci (spherical)
- bacilli (rod shaped)
- spirilli (spiral shaped)
(Others)
Chains - strep
Clusters - staph
What are the steps of the Gram staining procedure?
Gram stain - tool for identifying specific bacteria based on the differences in cell walls
- Crystal violet (20 secs)
- Rinse with water (2 secs)
- Cover with gram’s iodine (1 min)
- Decolonize for 5 - 15 secs
- Rinse w water for 2 secs
- Counterstain w Safranin for 20 secs
- Rinse with water for 2 seconds
- Blot dry with bibulous paper
What’s the difference between gram negative and gram positive?
Gram +
- bacteria have simpler cell walls, with large amounts of peptidoglycan
- thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram -
- bacteria have more complex cell walls and less peptidoglycan
Interpret bacterial sensitivity assays
antimicrobial
- chemical that inhibits / kills microbes
- antibiotics (fight bacterial infections) & disinfectants
Disinfectants
- used to control bacterial growth on inanimate objects
- not suitable because of their toxicity to living tissue
Antiseptics
- used on living tissues (ie skin)
- Hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, mouthwash, iodine
Cell wall (peptidoglycan) breakdown & inhibition of protein synthesis
- gram staining
Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique
- used to determine antimicrobial activity of chemical compound
- lack of microbial growth indicate zones of inhibition
What is the aseptic technique?
Free from contamination from microorganisms
~ ex: wiping bench with disinfectant alcohol, using sterile loops when transferring cultures, flaming culture bottle necks to prevent contamination, washing hands thoroughly
Protista: Protozoa (compare locomotion of each)
Protozoans: single cell heterotrophs, prey upon other bacteria/protozoans, phagocytosis and absorption of nutrients
Ameboid protozoans: phylum rhizopoda
- pseudopods to move and feed
Ciliated protists: phylum ciliophora
- numerous short cilia to beat prey to gullet & to move
Rhizopoda
Amoeba, phagocytosis, pseudopods, contractile vacuole
Ciliophora
Paramecium, cilia, contractile vacuole, micro and macro nucleus
Macronucleus
- controls everyday cellular functions
Micronucleus
- regulate sexual reproduction
Euglenoids
- Phylum Euglenophyta
- single celled algae
- chloroplasts
- heterotrophic / photosynthetic-heterotrophs
- animal like flagella
- light sensitivity eyespot
- not a rigid cell wall, flexible membrane instead
Protista Algae
- phylum chlorophyta
- unicellular, colonial, filamentous, & multicellular forms
- related to photosynthetic plants
- cell wall structure , photosynthetic pigments & metabolic pathways, starch as storage form
Phylum Bacillariophyta
- diatoms
- 1/2 of the primary productivity, 1/4 of O2
- most numerous after plants
- possess chlorophyll, but yellow due to carotenoids & xanthophylls (golden algae)
- diatomaceous earth
Chlorophyta : the 3 types of algal cellular organization?
Chlamydomonas, volvox, Spirogyra
Fungi (structure, mode of reproduction, phyla + example of each)
- mostly decomposers
- break down organic matter and recycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem
- eukaryotic heterotrophs (like animals)
- do not ingest their foods (unlike animals) ; secrete hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex organic molecules
- cell walls contain chitin
- cannot move except by growth or dispersal of their spores
- life cycles are complex; can have both diploid and haploid stages
Phyla:
- chytridiomycota ex.
- zygomycota ex. Rhizopus
- glomeromycota ex.
- ascomycota ex. Yeasts
- basidiomycita ex.
Hyphae , Spore , Mycelium (definitions)
Hyphae - branched filaments of the fungus
Karyogamy , Plasmogamy , & heterokarogamy role of meiosis and mitosis (definitions)
Zygomycota
Mating types, sporanium, gametangia, zygosporangium, rhizopus
Ascomycota
Ascus, conidia, yeast (sacchromyces) vs mold (penicillin)
Basidomycota
Life cycle, basidospores, mating types, basidium, haploid vs diploid
Lichens
What 2 organisms make it up?
- photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus
3 major forms?
- fruticose (shrublike)
- foliose (leaflike)
- crustose (encrusting)
Non-flowering plants : adaptations for plant life on land, photoautotrophs
Compare vascularity, seed vs spores, dominant life cycle, flowering vs nonflowering
Bryophyte
- non vascular plants (ex moss)
- liverworts (Hepaticophyta) / phylum hepatophyta
- mosses (bryophyta) / phylum brophyta
- hornworts (anthocerophyta) / phylum anthocerophyta
Hepaticophyta
Liverworts structures in marchantia, sporophyte vs gametophyte, Anthreidium , Archegonium
Seedless vascular plants
Life cycle
Hapoloid - after meiosis, during spore dispersal until fertilization
Diploid - from fertilization as a zygote, to meiosis before spore dispersal
- lycophyta
Clubmosses (lycophyta)
Horsetails (sphenophyta) - pterophyta
Ferns (pterophyta)
Moss life cycle
Identify sporpphyte and gametophyte, anthridium, archegonium
Which is haploid, which is diploid?
Sporangium?
How are spore produced?
Sorus , rhizoids , antheridium , archegonium (definitions)
Gametophyte, sporophyte, sporangium (definitions)
Equisetum
Strobilus containing sporangium and spores
Gymnosperms (3 phyla)
Phylum coniferophyta
Life cycle
What is heterospory?
Pollen cone & ovulate cone (definitions)
Microspore mother cell & mega spore mother cell (definitions)
Meiosis (def)
Megastore & microspores (Def)
Pollination vs fertilization (Def)
Pollen tube & Pollen (def)
Zygotes, seedling, megagametophyte, leaf structure (Def)
Pollen bearing pine cone structure
Microsporangium
Microsporophylls
Ovulate pine cone
Egg cell, megagametophyte, megasporphyll, microstrobili, megastrobili
Flowering plants
Phylum anthophyta
5 key differences of monocots and dicots (w/ examples)
Peduncle, receptacle, corolla, sepals, (def)
Stamen (anther and filament) - (Def)
Pollen grain (Def)
Carpel (stigma, style, ovary, ovule) - (def)
Angiosperm
Life cycle
Angiosperm: gametophyte vs sporophyte
Angiosperm: cotyledons, embryo, endosperm, zygote, microspore, megaspore, polar nuclei, egg, tube nucleus
Angiosperm: double fertilization, part of flower corn (monocot) section - (endosperm, root, cotyledon)
Identify fruit types. Examples of legume, berry drupe, pome
Legume fruit - pea
Berry fruit - tomato
Aggregated fruit - strawberry
Pome fruit - apple
Plant anatomy: dicot root
Cortex, epidermis, vascular cylinder (phloem, xylem - function of each)
Monocot vs dicot stem
Plant anatomy: dicot root - pith, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, cortex, primary vs secondary growth
Plant anatomy: leaf cross section stoma, vascular bundle
Plant anatomy: stomata - function and structure
