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Anatomy & Physiology II > Practical I > Flashcards

Practical I Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

8-13Hz
30-50 uV

eyes closed, no mental activity, regular low rhythm
occipital and frontal cortex

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2
Q

Beta (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

14-30Hz
<20uV

awake/alert and or concentrated; higher frequency more erratic

not prominent on areas of cortical damage

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3
Q

Theta (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

4-7Hz
<30uV
awake, mostly in awake children or sleeping everyone
low: decreased arousal, more sleepy
high: working memory

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4
Q

Delta

A

30-50Hz
integrating information to create a mental picture
perception, consciousness

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5
Q

REM

A

first 5-10 and last 20-50 mins

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6
Q

stage 1

A

light sleep, less beta, alpha, more delta; drowsy and drifting in and out of consciousness

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7
Q

stage 2

A

light sleep, irregular theta, sleep spindles and K complex

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8
Q

stage 3

A

delta shown in 50% of time; deep sleep

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9
Q

stage 4

A

delta; bedwetting, nightmares

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10
Q

REM vs NREM

A

REM: dreaming, irregular breathing HR, BP; rapid eye movement, norepinephrine, cortocoste.; OREXIN released to wakeup

NREM: first 30-45 mins stage 1 and 2; stage 3 and 4 is Slow Wave Sleep; serotonin increases, dec bp, hr, rr, muscle tone

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11
Q

reticular activating sys

A

Hypothalamus times sleep cycle
The supra-chiasmic nucleus regulates the preoptic nucleus inhibiting the brain stem’s RAS putting the cerebral cortex to sleep
The RAS maintains
Awake state
Mediating sleep stages

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12
Q

sleep spindles and K complex

A

Sleep spindles: are short bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
K complexes: sudden increasing in wave amplitude

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13
Q

Procedural memory

A

Skill
Practiced over and over again
Reinforcement memory
Ex: sports

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14
Q

Motor memory

A

Ability to repeat same muscle movement
Different bc you have to remember exact muscle used and control it to repeat the same action)

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15
Q

emotional memory

A

Event associated w a sentiment

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16
Q

Declarative memory

A

facts

Short term limited to 6-7 parts of
Long term
Repetition is what commits to long term

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17
Q

Spinal accessory n. XI (motor)

A

innervates/ pathway: sternocleidomasteoid and trapezius muscles

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18
Q

Hypoglossal n. XII (motor)

A

innervates/ pathway: muscles of tongue

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19
Q

Vagus Nerve X (motor and sensory)

A

innervates/ pathway: motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs

pathology: dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, alt the parasympathetic tone of thorax and abdomen

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20
Q

infraorbital nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: lower lid and upper lip; infraorbital canal

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21
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: diaphragm muscles control breathing, both nerves go from C3-5 then divide into thorax to pass between lungs and heart

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22
Q

suprascapular nerve

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles; suprascapular notch

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23
Q

subscapular nerves

A

innervates/ pathway: subscapularis, teres ,ajor and latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

axillary nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: deltoid and teres major

25
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis muscles

26
Q

radial nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: triceps brachii and all muscles and all muscles on posterior of arm, sensation to lateral posterior surface of hand
radial groove of the humerus
pathology: wrist drop- unable to draw wrist up

27
Q

median nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: sensation to the lateral anterior hand
pathology: carpal tunnel, this nerve gets compressed

28
Q

ulnar nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: sensation to the anterior and posterior medial hand, behind the medial epicondyle of humerus
pathology: funny bone

29
Q

long thoracic nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: serratus anterior muscle
pathology: scapula wings out bc it cant be held against the body wall

30
Q

sciatic nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: bicep femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

31
Q

tibial nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscle

32
Q

common fibularis nerve

A

innervates/ pathway:anterior muscles of the leg (not the thigh)
pathology: when damaged posterior leg cant be antagonized … unsynchronized foot drop w each step

33
Q

femoral nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

34
Q

lateral cutaneous

A

sensation to the lateral thigh

35
Q

obturator

A

sensation to the medial leg and medial ankle/ foot

36
Q

sympathetic trunk and ganglia

A

distributes fibers thru the ramus for sympathetic influence into spinal nerves

37
Q

Eyes (tightening)
-close
-far away

A

Close: PARASYMPATHETIC causes ciliary to contract to reduce tension in suspensory ligament, making the lens spherical and pupils contract

Far away: SYMPATHETIC causes ciliary to relax and the suspensory ligaments to contract making the lens flat and pupils to dilate

38
Q

Pupil Dilation
-close
-far

A

close: parasympathetic activation- sphincter contracts and pupil constricts
far: sympathetic activation- dilators contract, pupils dilate

39
Q

rods

A

dim light receptors, peripheral vision , doesn;t provide sharp image

40
Q

cones

A

bright receptors, high accuracy color

41
Q

hyperopia

A

long/ farsightedness, eyes too short, focal point does not reach retina

convex lens

42
Q

myopia

A

near sightedness, eyes are too long, focal point goes past retina

concave lens

43
Q

Retina

A

prevent light from scattering and rods and cones create signals for brain

44
Q

cornea

A

refraction to focus light to retina

45
Q

iris and pupil

A

constrict and dilate of pupil to view things close or far away

46
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus light to retina

47
Q

ear: difference bw outer middle and inner ear

A

outer: pinna, ear wax
middle: MIS, transport vibrations of sounds to inner ear
inner: sound waves into neural signals and balance

48
Q

organ of corti

A

hair cells create signals for the cochlear branch

49
Q

tectorial membrane

A

what hair cells rub against

50
Q

perilymph

A

scala tympani and vestibuli

51
Q

endolymph and organ of cort

A

scala media

52
Q

endo vs perilymph

A

endo: similar to intracellular fluid
peri: like CSF fluid

53
Q

nerves responsible for -ceptions

A

facial nerve and glossopharyngeal

54
Q

thermoception

A

heat

55
Q

proprioception

A

position of body in space

56
Q

nocioception

A

pain receptor

57
Q

5 receptors of taste

A

sweets: sugar and alcohols
salt
sour: hydrogen ions
bitter: alkaloids
umami: meat

58
Q

Granulocytes
Neutrophils:

A

light lavender colored cytoplasmic granules; multi-lobed nucleus, ~70%
-Releases cytokines that attract phagocytes to injury site
-Increases with bacterial infections

59
Q

Granulocytes

Eosinophiles:

A

orange-red cytoplasmic granules; bi-lobed nucleus
-Fight multicellular parasitic infections (ex: worms), ~3%
-Increases with parasitic infections and allergic reactions

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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