Practical Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the phases of mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What are the phases of interphase?
G1, S, G2
What occurs in G1 and G2? What is the difference?
Growth of cell, G2 has twice the genetic material
Describe prophase
chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope dissolves
Describe metaphase
chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate and spindle fibers attach at the centers
Describe anaphase
Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids
Describe telophase/cytokinesis
Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell and cell splits in two
Aneuploidy
abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set
Nondisjunction in meiosis 1 causes what?
effects all four daughter cells, two are missing one chromatid and two have an extra
Nondisjunction in meiosis 2 causes what?
effects only half the daughter cells, one has an extra chromatid and one lacks
When do we use the rule of multiplication for genetic statistics?
When we want to know the probability of two things happening (i.e. two tails in a row, or getting a recessive allele and passing it on)
When do we use the rule of addition for genetic statistics?
When we want to know the probability of mutually exclusive events (i.e. heads or tails, having a heterozygous or homo. dominant genotype)
What is an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance?
Affected male passes trait onto all daughters but no sons, heterozygous female passes onto half her offspring if crossed w unaffected male (ex: Rett syndrome)
What is an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance?
Affects males at higher rates than females, (ex: duchenne muscular dystrophy)
What is a Y-linked recessive pattern of inheritance?
Only present in males (ex: hypertrichosis, webbed toes)
