Practical (cardio)

Question 1

What are the 3 rib types

Answer 1

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

Question 2

At which vertebral level do true ribs belong to

Answer 2

T1-T7

Question 3

At which vertebral level do false ribs belong to

Answer 3

T8-T10

Question 4

At which vertebral level do floating ribs belong to

Answer 4

T11-T12

Question 5

What is a specific feature of true ribs

Answer 5

They connect to the sternum directly via individual costal cartilages

Question 6

What is a specific feature of false ribs

Answer 6

They connect to the sternum indirectly via costal cartilage of rib 7 forming a costal margin

Question 7

What is a specific feature of floating ribs

Answer 7

They do not connect to the sternum

Question 8

Which bone of the thoracic cage is commonly used for extraction of bone marrow

Answer 8

Sternum

Question 9

What are the 4 subdivisions of the mediastinum

Answer 9

Superior

Anterior

Middle

Posterior

Question 10

The line that divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior passes through which anatomical landmark

Answer 10

Manubriosternal joint anteriorly and T4/T5 intervertebral disc posteriorly

Question 11

Name 8 structures the superior mediastinum houses

Answer 11

Superior thymus

Arch of aorta

Trachea

Superior esophagus

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Brachiocephalic veins

Superior part of vagus nerve

Superior part of phrenic nerve

Question 12

Name 2 structures in the anterior mediastinum

Answer 12

Sternopericardial ligaments

Inferior thymus

Question 13

Name 5 structures in the middle mediastinum

Answer 13

Heart

Pericardium

Ascending aorta

Main bronchi

Pulmonary trunk

Question 14

Name 4 structures in the posterior mediastinum

Answer 14

Descending aorta

Inferior part of vagus nerve

Inferior esophagus

Azygos and hemi-Azygos veins

Question 15

Which nerves innervate the fibrous pericardium

Answer 15

Phrenic nerves

Question 16

Which nerves innervate the parietal layer of serous pericardium

Answer 16

Phrenic nerves

Question 17

Which nerves innervate the visceral layer of serous pericardium

Answer 17

Cardiac plexus

Question 18

Where is the origin of the anterior intercostal arteries

Answer 18

Internal thoracic artery (1st to 6th intercostal arteries)

Musculophrenic artery (7th to 9th intercostal arteries)

Question 19

Where is the origin of the posterior intercostal arteries

Answer 19

Supreme intercostal artery (upper two spaces)

Aorta (lower nine spaces)

Question 20

What region does the anterior intercostal artery supply

Answer 20

Anterior thorax

Question 21

What region does the posterior intercostal artery supply

Answer 21

Posterior + lateral thorax

Question 22

Where do coronary veins drain into

Answer 22

Coronary sinus

Right atrium

Question 23

Where do internal thoracic veins drain into

Answer 23

Brachiocephalic veins

Question 24

Where do posterior thoracic veins drain into

Answer 24

Azygos system

Question 25

where do pulmonary veins drain into

Answer 25

Left atrium

Question 26

Where does the Azygos vein drain into

Answer 26

SVC

Question 27

Which nerves contribute to the parasympathetic innervation of the heart and therefore have branches that contribute to the cardiac plexuses

Answer 27

Vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 28

Where is the deep cardiac plexus located

Answer 28

Anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea and posterior to the ascending aorta

Question 29

Central chest pain from ischaemic heart disease triggers which nerves (and nerve roots)

Answer 29

Cardiac plexus nerves (T1-T4/5)

Question 30

Shoulder pain from ischaemic heart disease triggers which nerves (and nerve roots)

Answer 30

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Question 31

Medial arm pain from ischaemic heart disease triggers which nerves (and nerve roots)

Answer 31

Cardiac plexus nerves (T1 and T2)

Question 32

for the pain to refer to the shoulder area, which structure is irritated following ischaemic heart disease

Answer 32

Pericardium

Question 33

What muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve supply

Answer 33

Latissimus Dorsi

Question 34

What muscle does the long thoracic nerve supply

Answer 34

Serratus anterior

Question 35

What muscle does the medial pectoral nerve supply

Answer 35

Pectoralis major and minor

Question 36

What muscle does the lateral pectoral nerve supply

Answer 36

Pectoralis major and minor

Question 37

Where is the origin of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 37

Subclavian artery

Question 38

Where is the origin of the hemiazygos vein

Answer 38

Arises from the left ascending lumbar vein

Question 39

What is the musculophrenic artery

Answer 39

Distal branch of the internal thoracic artery from the 6th to the last intercostal spaces on the anterior aspect of the thoracic cage