Practical Applications Flashcards
Marine protected areas - key differences with terrestrial
- open populations
- population dynamics are more strongly coupled to physical processes
- species and systems are poorly understood
- several small areas are better than one large area
3 ocean zones around a territory (e.g. an island) to consider
12 mile territorial
up to 200 miles = exclusive economic exploration (e.g. oil/gas)
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
protection for birds (UK)
- illegal to own any egg collection younger than 1954
- deliberate killing/injuring/capturing (inc. eggs & nests) is illegal
- exceptions are pest species
2000 countryside and right of way act
can be done for destruction by neglect - must maintain a protected habitat
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
range of sizes
very strict criteria - takes a long time
can only challenge on the basis that int does not have scientific value
national nature reserves (NNR)
top-level, really important sites
owned by nature organisations & other organisations - e.g. national trust
strictly managed - have a manager
encouragement to get people out to these sites
facts and figures on habitat degradation
43% of land areas degraded
most rivers, lakes and oceans degraded
different paths to restoration
full/partial
species complexity/ecosystem functioning
must be self-sustaining
order of importance of restoration
soil/common flora/common fauna/rare species/habitat
methods (8 points)
tackle root cause emergency control (e.g. if it was an oil spill) soil remediation allow/promote succession habitat management removal of invasive species re-establish species providing an artificial habitat (if serious irreversible damage)
how to fix eutrophication
absorb nutrients (in autumn)
stabilised sediments
shading to discourage algal growth
no fish/no birds (waste products => eutrophication)
impact of protected areas on landowners
consent for certain activities
have mechanisms to draw landowners into discussion
may need a degree of grazing (e.g, sheep)
BAP
biodiversity action plans
for UK species
priority species identified
IUNC Red Data Books
analyses on status, trends & threats to species
no legislation behind it (just info)
International legislation for protection
name
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 1973
types of management
active management e.g. burning
passive management e.g. blanket bog left
rehabilitation of ecosystems
replacing a degrading ecosystem with a different but productive type of ecosystem
major causes of over-use in Costa Rican dry forest
illegal logging
fires
hunting
loss of forest cover
what is critical to the success of allowing succession to restore a degraded site?
soil seed bank
restoration methods in the appropriate order of urgency, starting with the most urgent:
- remove cause of degradation
- emergency control
- soil remediation
- allow succession
- habitat management
- remove invasive species
- re-establishment of species
- provide artificial habitat
Phyto-transformation is an example of what?
soil remediation
