Practical Applications

Question 1

Marine protected areas - key differences with terrestrial

Answer 1

1. open populations
2. population dynamics are more strongly coupled to physical processes
3. species and systems are poorly understood
4. several small areas are better than one large area

Question 2

3 ocean zones around a territory (e.g. an island) to consider

Answer 2

12 mile territorial
up to 200 miles = exclusive economic exploration (e.g. oil/gas)
INTERNATIONAL WATERS

Question 3

protection for birds (UK)

Answer 3

• illegal to own any egg collection younger than 1954
• deliberate killing/injuring/capturing (inc. eggs & nests) is illegal
• exceptions are pest species

Question 4

2000 countryside and right of way act

Answer 4

can be done for destruction by neglect - must maintain a protected habitat

Question 5

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

Answer 5

range of sizes
very strict criteria - takes a long time
can only challenge on the basis that int does not have scientific value

Question 6

national nature reserves (NNR)

Answer 6

top-level, really important sites
owned by nature organisations & other organisations - e.g. national trust
strictly managed - have a manager
encouragement to get people out to these sites

Question 7

facts and figures on habitat degradation

Answer 7

43% of land areas degraded

most rivers, lakes and oceans degraded

Question 8

different paths to restoration

Answer 8

full/partial
species complexity/ecosystem functioning
must be self-sustaining

Question 9

order of importance of restoration

Answer 9

soil/common flora/common fauna/rare species/habitat

Question 10

methods (8 points)

Answer 10

tackle root cause 
emergency control (e.g. if it was an oil spill)
soil remediation 
allow/promote succession 
habitat management 
removal of invasive species 
re-establish species 
providing an artificial habitat  (if serious irreversible damage)

Question 11

how to fix eutrophication

Answer 11

absorb nutrients (in autumn)
stabilised sediments
shading to discourage algal growth
no fish/no birds (waste products => eutrophication)

Question 12

impact of protected areas on landowners

Answer 12

consent for certain activities
have mechanisms to draw landowners into discussion
may need a degree of grazing (e.g, sheep)

Question 13

BAP

Answer 13

biodiversity action plans
for UK species
priority species identified

Question 14

IUNC Red Data Books

Answer 14

analyses on status, trends & threats to species

no legislation behind it (just info)

Question 15

International legislation for protection

name

Answer 15

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 1973

Question 16

types of management

Answer 16

active management e.g. burning

passive management e.g. blanket bog left

Question 17

rehabilitation of ecosystems

Answer 17

replacing a degrading ecosystem with a different but productive type of ecosystem

Question 18

major causes of over-use in Costa Rican dry forest

Answer 18

illegal logging
fires
hunting
loss of forest cover

Question 19

what is critical to the success of allowing succession to restore a degraded site?

Answer 19

soil seed bank

Question 20

restoration methods in the appropriate order of urgency, starting with the most urgent:

Answer 20

1. remove cause of degradation
2. emergency control
3. soil remediation
4. allow succession
5. habitat management
6. remove invasive species
7. re-establishment of species
8. provide artificial habitat

Question 21

Phyto-transformation is an example of what?

Answer 21

soil remediation