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Human Anatomy > Practical 4 > Flashcards

Practical 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the following?

A

Ventral Horn

(Ventral = anterior)

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2
Q

What is the following?

A

Anterior Median Fissure

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3
Q

What is the following?

A

Central Canal

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4
Q

What is the following?

A

Dorsal/Posterior root

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5
Q

What is the following?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

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6
Q

What is the following?

A

Gray Commissure

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7
Q

What is the following?

A

Lateral White Column

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8
Q

What is the following?

A

Lateral Horn

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9
Q

What is the following?

A

Dorsal Horn

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10
Q

What is the following?

A

Posterior median sulcus

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11
Q

What is the function of the Ventral Horn?

A

Transmission of neural signals

Motor neurons directly to muscles

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12
Q

What is the description of the Ventral Horn?

A

Part of gray matter, contains somatic motor nuclei

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13
Q

What is the description of the Anterior Median Fissure

A

The more open ventral fissure of white matter in spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the function of the Anterior Median Fissure?

A

divide spinal cord in half

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15
Q

What is the middle hole in gray matter?

A

Central Canal

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16
Q

What is the function of the central canal?

A

passage way for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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17
Q

What is the sensory root of spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal Root

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18
Q

What is the function of the Dorsal Root?

A

Where the interneurons and sensory fibers enter the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the enlarged area on the dorsal root?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

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20
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root ganglion?

A

contains cell bodies of neurons

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21
Q

What is the middle portion of gray matter between the two horns?

A

Gray commisure

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22
Q

What is the function of the gray commisure?

A

communicates between left and right side of body

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23
Q

What are the components that make up the white columns?

A

Ventral, Lateral and Posterior

Surrounding the gray matter

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24
Q

What is the function of the white columns?

A

Tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter

-Provides avenues of communication between different levels of the CNS

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25
Q

What is the lateral side of gray matter on spinal cord

A

Lateral horn

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26
Q

What is the function of the lateral horn?

A

transmission of neural signals

  • Thoracic segments and composed of visceral neurons (autonomic neurons)
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27
Q

What is the posterior part of gray matter called?

A

Dorsal horn

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28
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horn?

A

transmission of neural signals

Receives sensory information from the body

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29
Q

What is the groove in the posterior side of spinal cord

A

Posterior median sulcus

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30
Q

What is the function of the posterior median sulcus

A

divide spinal cord in half

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31
Q

What is connected to ventral horns on spinal cord

A

Ventral root

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32
Q

What is the function of the ventral root?

A

axons of motor neurons send message out to effectors

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33
Q

What is number 21?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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34
Q

What is number 15?

A

Central Canal

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35
Q

What is number 20?

A

Posterior Median Sulcus

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36
Q

What is number 19?

A

Anterior Median Fissure

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37
Q

What is part of the spinal meninges, outermost covering of spinal cord

A

Dura Mater

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38
Q

What is the function of the Dura Mater?

A

keeping in cerebrospinal fluid

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39
Q

What is part of the spinal meninges, middle meningeal layer

A

Arachnoid mater

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40
Q

What is the function of the Arachnoid mater?

A

Vascular layer

protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

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41
Q

What is part of the spinal meninges, intermost layer of menigeal

A

pia mater

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42
Q

What is the function of the pia mater?

A

protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

Final membrane that holds parts in place

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43
Q

What is the following?

A

Conus medullaris

tapered, cone-shaped portion of spinal cord; inferior to lumbar enlargement

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44
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

conus medullaris

Function: End of the main spinal cord.

gives rise to the filum terminale

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45
Q

What is the following?

A

filum terminale

slender strand of fibrous tissue

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46
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

filum terminale

Function: provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord

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47
Q

What is the following?

A

cauda equina

collection of spinal nerves located at the inferior end of vertebral canal

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48
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

cauda equina

Function: bundle of nerves that send messages throughout the body, mainly lower extremeties

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49
Q

What is the following?

A

denticulate ligament

saw-toothed shelved of pia mater

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50
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

denticulate ligaments

Function: secure spinal cord to bony part of vertebral column

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51
Q

What is the spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement

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52
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

Cerfical enlargement

provide room for dorsal and ventral roots

to provide nerves to the upper portion of body

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53
Q

What is the following?

A

lumbar enlargement

spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord

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54
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

lumbar enlargement

Function: provide room for dorsal and ventral roots for the lower portion of the body

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55
Q

What is H?

or the part of the spinal nerve that divides posterior

A

Dorsal rami

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56
Q

What is the function of H?

A

Dorsal rami

Function: contains sensory signals

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57
Q

What is I?

A

Ventral rami

part of the spinal nerve that divides anterior

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58
Q

What is the function of I?

A

Ventral rami

Function = provide motor function

part of the spinal nerve that divides anterior

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59
Q

What is the function of I?

A

Ventral rami

Function: Takes motor signals and sends out to the body for action

contains axons that supply the ventrolateral body surface

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60
Q

What is the definition of plexus?

A

complex network of nerves

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61
Q

What are the roots of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?

A

C8, T1

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62
Q

What is the trunks of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?

A

Lower

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63
Q

What is the division that the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve resides?

A

Anterior

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64
Q

What is the terminal branch of the Brachial Plexus Pathway in question?

A

Ulnar nerve

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65
Q

What is the cord of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?

A

Medial cord of oritin

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66
Q

What is one muscle that is innervated by the ulnar nerve in the Brachial Plexus Pathway?

A

Some forearm flexors

adductor pollicis

hypothenar group

interosseous muscles

lumbricals III - IV

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67
Q

What are the key divisions of the nerve pathway?

A

Root - Randy

Trunk - Travis

Division - Drinks

Cord - Cold

Branch - Beer

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68
Q

What are the roots of the Radial Nerve?

A

Root = C5 - C8, T1

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69
Q

What trunk is the radial nerve pathway?

A

Trunk = Lower

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70
Q

What division is the pathway of radial nerve in?

A

Division = Anterior

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71
Q

What is the cord of the radial nerve pathway?

A

Cord = Posterior

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72
Q

What is the branch of the Brachial Plexus Pathway between C5-T1?

A

Radial Nerve

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73
Q

What are examples of muscles that are innervated by the radial nerve?

A

Extenser muscles of posterior arm and forearm

muscular-triceps brachii, cutaneous-skin of posterior and lateral surface of entire limb

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74
Q

What is the spinal root for the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?

A

Root = L4 - S3

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75
Q

What is the trunk of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?

A

Trunk = Lumbosacrual

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76
Q

What is the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus division?

A

Division = anterior

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77
Q

What is the cord of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?

A

Cord = ??

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78
Q

What is the branch of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?

A

Branch: Siatic nerve of the sacral plexus

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79
Q

What is this nerve?

A

Sympathetic trunk of the autonomic nervous system

Runs along the spinal column

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80
Q

What is the function of this nerve?

A

Sympathetic trunk of the autonomic nervous system

Function = allows for preganglionic and ganglonic nerves fibers to communicate with each other

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81
Q

What is this nerve?

A

Splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system

runs out and directly to the different regions

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82
Q

What is the function of this nerve?

A

Splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system

Function = axon can travel through without

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83
Q

What is this nerve?

A

phrenic nerve of the autonomic nervous system

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84
Q

What is the function of this nerve?

A

phrenic nerve of the autonomic nervous system

Function = passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.

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85
Q

What is the following?

A

Auricle (pinna)

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86
Q

What is the function of this feature?

A

Auricle (pinna)

Function = collect sound and transform it to directional and other information

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87
Q

What is this?

A

tragus / antitragus

Cartilaginous projection anterior to the external opening of the ear

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88
Q

What is the function of this?

A

tragus / antitragus

Function = direct sound into the inner ear.

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89
Q

What is this?

A

lobule (earlobe)

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90
Q

What is the function of this?

A

Lobule (earlobe)

Function = funnel sound into the inner ear

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91
Q

What is this?

A

helix

upper rim of ear (margin of the pinna)

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92
Q

What is the function of this?

A

Helix

Function = funnel sound into the inner ear

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93
Q

What is this?

A

External auditory meatus

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94
Q

What is the function of this?

A

External Auditory Meatus

Function =

  1. Efficient sound transmission from the environment to the tympanic membrane.
  2. Protection of the tympanic membrane and the maintenance of a clear passage for sound
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95
Q

What is this?

A

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

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96
Q

What is the function of this?

A

Tympanic cavity (eardrum)

Function =

  1. It facilitates hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the bones in the middle ear.
  2. Separates the outer ear from the middle ear
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97
Q

What are the structures of the external ear?

A
  1. Auricle (pinna)
  2. tragus / antitragus
  3. lobule (earlobe)
  4. helix
  5. external auditory meatus
  6. tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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98
Q

What is this?

A

malleus

Hammer shaped

One of the ossicle bones

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99
Q

What is the function of this?

A

malleus (hammer shaped)

Function = transmit sound from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear - to the next bone incus.

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100
Q

What is this?

A

Incus

Anvil shaped

One of the three ossicle bones

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101
Q

What is the function of this?

A

Incus (Anvil shaped)

Function = vibrations from the malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes, medially.

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102
Q

What is this?

A

Stapes

stirrup shaped

last one of the three ossicle bones in middle ear

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103
Q

What is the function of this?

A

stapes (stirrup shaped)

Function = transmits sound vibrations from the incus, another little bone in the middle ear, to the oval window adjacent to the inner ear.

Smallest bone in the body!!

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104
Q

What is this?

A

tympanic cavity

cavity around the ossicle bones

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105
Q

What is the function of this cavity?

A

tympanic cavity

Function = transfers compressions in the air (sound waves) to compressions in the fluid of the inner ear

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106
Q

what seperates the external and middle ear cavities

A

the tympanic membrane

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107
Q

What is this?

A

Auditory tube

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108
Q

What is the function of this?

A

Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

Function = its function is to equalize pressure across the tympanic membrane

  • connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx
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109
Q

What is number 2?

A

oval window

behind the stapes ossicle bone

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110
Q

What is the function of number 2?

A

oval window

from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.

function = Vibrations that contact the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear.

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111
Q

What is number 1?

A

round window

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112
Q

What is the function of number 1?

A

Round window

vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window.

Function = allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.

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113
Q

What is this?

A

scala vestibuli

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114
Q

What is the function of this?

A

scala vestibuli

Function = perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media

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115
Q

What is the fluid inside this cavity?

A

scala vestibuli

Fluid = perilymph

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116
Q

What is this?

A

scala tympani

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117
Q

What fluid is inside this cavity?

A

Scala tympani

Fluid = perilymph

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118
Q

What is the function of this?

A

scala tympani

Function = transduce the movement of air (that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate), to movement of liquid, which is conveyed to the organ of Corti

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119
Q

What is this?

A

vestibular membrane

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120
Q

What is the function of this?

A

vestibular membrane

aka Reissner’s membrane
separates scala media from scala vestibuli

Function = primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth

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121
Q

What is this?

A

tectorial membrane

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122
Q

What is the function of this?

A

tectorial membrane

Function = receive vibrations from endolymph causing basilar membrane to vibrate

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123
Q

What does the hair cells in contact with the tectorial membrane do

A

They transduce mechanical vibrations into electrical impulses which generate nerve impulses along the cochlear branch of CN VIII

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124
Q

What is this?

A

basilar membrane

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125
Q

What does this separate?

A

basilar membrane

Separates the scala media and the scala tympani

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126
Q

What is the function of this?

A

basilar membrane

Function = - serves as base for the sensory cells of hearing.

  • dispersion of incoming sound waves to separate frequencies spatially
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127
Q

What is A in the picture?

A

Outer hair cells

multiple rows
longer, curved stereocilia

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128
Q

What is the function of the structure A?

A

outer hair cells

Function = pick out finer details of sound

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129
Q

What happens if the structure A is damaged?

A

Outer hair cells

damage results in inability to discriminate sounds from background noise

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130
Q

What is structure C?

A

Inner hair cells

single row

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131
Q

What is the function of C?

A

Inner hair cells

Function = -short stereocilia that send impulses when distorted by tectorial membrane
- recognize any sound

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132
Q

What happens if structure C is damaged?

A

inner hair cells

damage results in sensorineural deafness

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133
Q

What is the round structure that begins the cochlear nerve?

A

spiral ganglion

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134
Q

What is the function of the sprial ganglion?

A

serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain.

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135
Q

What is the following structure?

A

Cochlear nerve

branch of the A-V Nerve (CN VIII)
-innervates cochlea

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136
Q

What is the function of the following structure?

A

fibers of the cochlear nerve

Function = carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner eardirectly to the brain.

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137
Q

What are the two nerves that make up the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve

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138
Q

What is the extracellular fluid that is in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?

A

perilymph fluid

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139
Q

What is the function of the perilymph fluid?

A

moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window

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140
Q

What is the fluid found in the cochlear duct (or the membranous labryrinth)

A

endolymph

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141
Q

What is the function of endolymph fluid?

A

High in potassium (K+). This fluid helps support the hair cells, which transmit information about sound to the central nervous system.

142
Q

What is the bony labyrith and what three areas make up it?

A

A rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone.

It consists of three parts:

  1. Semicircular canals
  2. The vestibule
  3. The cochlea
143
Q

What is this?

A

membranous labyrinth

144
Q

What is the function of this?

A

membranous labyrinth

Function = a collection of fluid filled tubes (endolymph) and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing

145
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth consist of?

A

Cochlea duct

Two sacs called the utricle and the saccule

three semicircular ducts

146
Q

what is the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

147
Q

What are the three semicircular ducts?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral

  • attach to the cochlea loop
148
Q

What is the function of the semicircular ducts?

A

fluid filled tubes turn and sway with movement, helping with balance

149
Q

What are the bulbs at the end of the semicircular ducts called?

A

ampulla

150
Q

What is the function of this?

A

ampulla

Function = contains receptors for semicircular canals

  • When you move your head, the fluid in the ampulla lags behind, pushing the cupula a very tiny bit
  • The bending hairs stimulate the hair cells, which in turn trigger sensory impulses in the vestibular nerve going to the brain
151
Q

What is responsible for static equilibrium?

A

Monitored by utricle and saccule

maintenance of the body’s position relative to the force of gravity
body movements that stimulate receptor

152
Q

What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?

A

Monitored by semicircular ducts

the maintenance of the body’s position in response to sudden movements such as rotational acceleration or deceleration

153
Q

What is this structure?

A

saccule

154
Q

What is the function of this?

A

saccule

Function = a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane.

155
Q

What is this?

A

utricle

156
Q

What is the function of this feature?

A

utricle

Function = sensitive to change in horizontal movement.

157
Q

What is this nerve?

A

vestibular nerve

158
Q

What is the function of this nerve?

A

Vestibular Nerve

  • branch of the Auditory-Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII)
  • innervates the semicircular canals and the vestibule
  • transmits sensory information transmitted by vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion.
159
Q

What are the middle ear structures?

A
  1. malleus
  2. stapes
  3. tympanic cavity
  4. auditory tube (eustachian)
  5. oval window
160
Q

Which muscle is #1?

A

Superior rectus

161
Q

What is the function of #1?

A

lateral rectus

Elevates eye and turns it medially

162
Q

What is number 2?

A

lateral rectus

163
Q

What is the function of #2?

A

lateral rectus

Function = Moves eye laterally

164
Q

What is number 3?

A

Inferior Oblique

165
Q

What is the function of #3?

A

Inferior Oblique

Function = Elevates eye / turns it laterally

166
Q

What is number 4?

A

Inferior Rectus

167
Q

What is the function of Number 4?

A

Inferior Rectus

Function = Depresses and adducts the eye

168
Q

What is number 5?

A

Medial Rectus

169
Q

What is the function of Number 5?

A

Medial Rectus

Function = moves eye medially

170
Q

What is number 6?

A

Superior Oblique

171
Q

What is the function of number 6?

A

Superior Oblique

Function = depresses eye and turns it laterally

172
Q

What makes up the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and Posterior protion of the gland

173
Q

What hormones are present in the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
  • Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte - Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
174
Q

What does the Human Growth Hormone (hGH) do?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

stimulates body growth and metabolism

175
Q

What is the target organ(s) of the Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver and other body tissue

176
Q

What does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) responsible for?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretions of its hormones

177
Q

What are the target hormone for the Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

178
Q

What is the Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH) responsible for?

A

produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;

FSH stimulates sperm production, target cells in testes; stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion,

179
Q

What are the target organ(s) of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

A

produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;

Testes and Ovaries

180
Q

What is the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) responsible for?

A

produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;

LH stimulates secretion of testosterone, target cells in the testes; triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone,

181
Q

What are the target organ(s) of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback

Testes and Ovaries

182
Q

What is the Prolactin hormone responsible for?

A

produced by anterior pituitary;

stimulates production and secretion of milk,

183
Q

What is the target organ(s) of the Prolactin hormone?

A

produced by anterior pituitary

Mammary gland

184
Q

What is the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) responsible for?

A

produced by anterior pituitary;

stimulates secretion of steroid hormones (esp. cortisol) by adrenal cortex,

185
Q

What is the target organ(s) that the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

A

produced by anterior pituitary;

Adrenal Cortex

186
Q

What is the Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) responsible for?

A

produced by anterior pituitary;

darkens skin pigmentation

187
Q

What hormones are present in the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

188
Q

What is the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) responsible for?

A

produced by posterior pituitary;

decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood (increased urine osmolality, decreased blood osmolality, increased BP),

189
Q

What are the target organ(s) that the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) stimulates?

A

Kidneys

190
Q

What is the Oxytocin hormone responsible for?

A

produced by posterior pituitary;

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breast feeding

191
Q

What is the target organ(s) for the Oxytocin hormone?

A

produced by posterior pituitary;

target cells in the uterus and mammary glands;

192
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A
  • controls person’s metabolism
  • secretes hormones that govern energy, consumes oxygen and produces heat
193
Q

What are the hormones that the thyroid gland secretes? (explain what they do and what are their target organ(s))

A

activity controlled by secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) by anterior pituitary

(1) triiodothyronine (T3) : increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate BMR, target cells in most body cells

(2) Thyroxin (T4) : increase metabolism and basal metabolic rate BMR, target cells in most body cells

(3) calcitonin : decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts, target cells are osteoclast cells in bones

194
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Balances blood calcium levels

195
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland? What does it do and what is the target organ?

A
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) : increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix, target cells in osteoclasts in bones (response dependent on blood calcium levels)
196
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Releases hormones that allow the body to respond quickly to stress = “fight or flight”

197
Q

What are the hormones the adrenal gland produces?

A

(1) aldosterone:
(2) cortisol:
(3) androgens:

198
Q

What is the function of aldosterone and what is the target organ(s)?

A

produced by adrenal cortex;

decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood,

target cells in kidneys

199
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

produced by adrenal cortex;

increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation

regulates or modulates many of the changes that occur in the body in response to stress including, but not limited to: Blood sugar (glucose) levels. Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism to maintain blood glucose (gluconeogenesis) Immune responses.

target cells in liver muscles, and cells involved in the body defense

200
Q

What is the function of the androgen hormone? what is the target cells?

A

produced by adrenal cortex;

insignificant in males; increases sex drive in females,

target cells in uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics

201
Q

What are the two organs that make up the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal Cortex (Outside rim) and Adrenal Medulla (inside)

202
Q

What are the hormones that are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

(1) epinephrine and (2) norepinephrine (NE)

“Fight or flight”

203
Q

What is the function and target organ(s) of the hormones secreted in the adrenal medulla?

A

(1) epinephrine : prepares body for physical activity, some of many functions: increases blood levels of glucose, fat breakdown in adipose tissue, BP, HR, causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal and smooth muscles; target cells involved in fight-or-flight response

(2) norepinephrine (NE) : prepares body for physical activity, some of many functions: increases blood levels of glucose, fat breakdown in adipose tissue, BP, HR, causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal and smooth muscles; target cells involved in fight-or-flight response

204
Q

What is the function of pancreas?

A

Adjuss blood glucose levels and controls rate of absorption

205
Q

What are the hormones the pancrease secretes?

A

(1) insulin, (2) glucagon, (3) somatostatin; has both endocrine (regulate blood glucose levels) and exocrine capabilities

206
Q

What is the function of Insuline hormone? What is the target cells?

A

produced by beta cells of pancreas;

released when blood glucose levels are high; decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells,

target cells are in most body cells

207
Q

What is the function of Glucagon hormone? What is the target cells?

A

produced by alpha cells of pancreas;

released when blood glucose levels are low; increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose,

target cell in liver

208
Q

What is the function of the Somatostatin hormone? What is the target cell(s)?

A

produced by delta cells of pancreas; slows the rate of food absorption

inhibits growth hormone

209
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Signals the immune system to produce cells to fight infections

210
Q

What are the hormones the thymus organ produces?

A

Thymosin and Thymopoetin

211
Q

What is the function of the Thymosin hormone and what does it target?

A

produced by thymus;

promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response,

target cells T cells a type of white blood cell involved in immune response

212
Q

What is the function of Thymopoetin hormone? What does it target?

A

produced by thymus;

Function not well understood,

affects nuclear architecture, found on human T-cells

213
Q

What is the function of the Ovaries?

A

In Females; are responsible for releasing estrogen and producing egg cells for reproduction

214
Q

What are the hormones the ovaries produce?

A

(female gonads)

estrogen and progesterone

215
Q

What is the function and target cell(s) of the estrogen hormone?

A

produced by ovaries;

stimulates development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle,

target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics

216
Q

What is the function and target cell(s) of the progesterone hormone?

A

produced by ovaries;

stimulates development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle,

target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics

217
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

In males; responsible for testosterone and producing sperm cells for reproduction

218
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by the testes and what are the target organ(s)?

A

Androgens (primary one is testosterone)

produced by testes;

stimulates development of male sex characteristics, sex drive, and regulates sperm production,

target cells in testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics

219
Q

What is the following Organ?

A

Hypothalmus

Receives information from the nervous system and controls the activity of the pituitary gland

220
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Pituitary gland

Regulates body functions, control other endocrine glands, and cause growth

221
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Parathyroid Gland

Regulates the level of calcium in the blood

222
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Thyroid Gland

Controls how the body uses energy

223
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Thymus

Signals the immune system to produce cells to fight infections

224
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Adrenal glands

Releases hormones that allow the body to respond quickly to stress

225
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Pancreas

Secretes insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of sugars in the blood

226
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Ovaries

In Females; are responsible for releasing estrogen and producing egg cells for reproduction

227
Q

What is the following organ?

A

Testes

In males; responsible for testosterone and producing sperm cells for reproduction

228
Q

What is the following?

A

palpebrae

Eyelid - connected at the lateral and medial canthus

229
Q

What is the function of the following structure?

A

palpebrae

are controlled by cranial nerves, contain tarsal glands, cover and protect the eye, are lined with a palpebral conjunctiva.

230
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Conjunctiva

lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers whites of eye

231
Q

What is the function of the following feature that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the whites of the eye?

A

Conjunctiva

Outermost layer of the sclera and inner eyelid

Function = Lubricates and reduces friction between the eyelid and cornea when blinking.

232
Q

What is the structure identified as a?

A

lacrimal glands

233
Q

What is the function of the structure idenfied as a?

A

lacrimal glands

Function = secretes tears to lubricate the surface of the eye and when crying

234
Q

What is the following structure?

A

lacrimal ducts

235
Q

What is the function of the following structure?

A

Lacrimal duct

Function = carries tears from the lacrimal gland to the eye

236
Q

What is the following feature?

A

lacrimal punctum

  • Minute opening on the eyelids
237
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

lacrimal punctum

Function = collect tears produced by the lacrimal glands and go into the lacrimal canaliculus

238
Q

What is c and f feature in the following image?

A

Lacrimal canaliculus

239
Q

What is the function of the c and f features?

A

Lacrimal canaliculus

Function = carries tears collected by the lacrimal punctum and goes into the lacrimal sac

240
Q

What is the following feature idendified as d?

A

lacrimal sac

241
Q

What is the function of the feature identified as d?

A

lacrimal sac

Function = carries tears through nasolacrimal duct

242
Q

What is the following feature identified as g?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

243
Q

What is the function of the feature identified as g?

A

nasolacrimal duct

Function = carries tears from the eye into the nasal passage if the tears begin to overflow out of the lacrimal punctum

244
Q

What are the structures of the lacrimal?

A
  1. Lacrimal glands
  2. Lacrimal duct
  3. Lacrimal punctum
  4. Lacrimal canaliculus
  5. Lacrimal sac
  6. Nasolacrimal duct
245
Q

What features are part of the fibrous tunic?

A

sclera and cornea

246
Q

What is the following feature?

A

sclera

white of the eye

247
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Sclera - white of the eye

Function = maintains shape of eye; protects internal structures; provides muscle attachment point; continuous with cornea; “white of eye”

248
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Cornea

Transparent part covering the front portion of eye

249
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Cornea

Function = The outermost lens of the eye that focuses light into the inner eye and protects it from harmful matter

250
Q

What is the vascular tiunic structures of the eye?

A
  1. choroid
  2. ciliary body
  3. ciliary muscles
  4. ciliary processes
  5. iris
  6. pupil
251
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Choroid

Highly vascular, middle of 3 layers of eye wall

layer between the sclera and the retina

252
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

choroid

Highly vascular, middle of 3 layers of eye wall

Function = nourishes retina and prevents light scattering within the eye

Layer in between the Sclera and Retina
Absorbs all light that does not directly hit a rod or cone cell

253
Q

What is the following feature (Identify the entire structure)?

A

ciliary body

254
Q

What is the function of the entire structure identified?

A

Ciliary body

Function = Releases clear liquid in the eye (aqueous humor), contains the ciliary muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus light

255
Q

What is the following feature?

A

ciliary muscles

256
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

ciliary muscles

Function = changes shape of lens

257
Q

What are features that connect the muscle around the iris to the lens, these are long folded structures on posterior aspect of the ciliary body of the eye?

A

ciliary processes

258
Q

What is the function of the ciliary processes?

A

change shape of the iris around the eye, decrease pupil width

259
Q

What is the following feature of the eye?

A

iris

260
Q

What is the function of the following identified feature?

A

iris

Function = The colorful structure of the eye that changes the shape of the pupil to allow for different amounts of light to enter the inner eye.

261
Q

What is the following feature of the eye?

A

pupil

262
Q

What is the following function of this feature?

A

pupil

Function = Hole at the center of the iris that allows light to enter and strike the retina

263
Q

What is the following feature?

A

retina

First layer of eye wall (back side)

264
Q

What is the following function of this feature on the backside first layer of the eye?

A

retina

Function = innermost layer of the eye wall containing photoreceptors (rods and cones) and axons leading out to optic nerve

265
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Fovea centralis

266
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Fovea centralis

Function = Point in the retina (looks like a pinprick) in which cone cells are abundantly concentrated.
Modified end of the dendrites in the optic nerve concentrate here.

267
Q

What is the structure 4 identified in the image?

A

blind spot

  • spot where the optic nerve comes into the eye
268
Q

What is the function of feature 4 in the diagram

A

Blind spot

Function = Spot in which the optic nerve begins, their are no rod or cone cells in this location.
Brain compensates by covering it with an image based on the data it is receiving

269
Q

What is the following feature identified as number 3?

A

optic nerve

270
Q

What is the function of the feature identified as number 3?

A

Optic nerve

Function = transfer visual information from the retina to the vision center o fthe brain via electrical impulses

271
Q

What are the components of the sensory tunic?

A
  1. retina
  2. fovea centralis
  3. blind spot
  4. optic nerve
272
Q

What is the following feature?

A

lens

273
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

lens

Function = Focuses light to the fovea centralis
Transparent, along with the cornea and helps to refract light to be focused on the retina

274
Q

What is the following feature?

A

vitreous humor

275
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

vitreous humor

Function = The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is. Helps to keep the retina firmly in place, allows light to pass through the lens to the retina

276
Q

What is the following feature?

A

aqueous humor

fluid found between the cornea and the crystalline lens

277
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

aqueous humor

Function = Maintains the pressure needed to inflate the eye and provides nutrition for the central cornea and lens as they do not have their own blood supply

278
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A

light through the eye to the cornea -
aqueous humor - through pupil -
lens - vitreous humor - retina -
optic nerve - brain - the occipital lobe

279
Q

What is the pathway of Sound?

A

pinna - auditory canal -
tympani membrane - malleus,incus, and staples -
oval window - cochlea (organ of corti) -
vestibulocochlear nerve - brain - the temporal lobe

280
Q

What is the following feature?

A

frontal lobe

281
Q

what is the function of the following feature?

A

Frontal Lobe

Function = Processes voluntary movement and cognitive function.

Motivation, social judgement and aggression, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion

282
Q

What is the following feature?

A

parietal lobe

283
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

parietal lobe

Function = Processes somatosensory information.

Receiving and interpreting signals of general senses. Taste and visual processing

284
Q

What is the following feature?

A

temporal lobe

285
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Temporal lobe

Function = Processes auditory information

Smell and some vision, emotion, learning and memory

286
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Occipital lobe

287
Q

What is the following function of the feature?

A

Occipital lobe

Function = Processes visual information

288
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Central sulcus

289
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Central sulcus

Function = separates frontal and parietal lobe

290
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Lateral sulcus

291
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

lateral sulcus

Function = separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

292
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Longitudinal fissure

293
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

longitudinal fissure

Function = separates the left and right hemispheres

294
Q

What is the following feature in blue?

A

cerebral cortex

295
Q

What is the function of the feature in blue?

A

Cerebral cortex

Function = Gray matter, receiving sensory input and processing information

296
Q

What is the feature?

A

gyri

297
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Gyri

Function = thick folds/ridges

298
Q

What is the following feature?

A

sulci

299
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

sulci

Function = shallow grooves to separate gyri

300
Q

What is the following feature?

A

corpus callosum

301
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

corpus callosum

Function = Allows for communication between the cerebral hemisphere

302
Q

What is the structures of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. infundibulum
  4. pituitary gland (likely not present)
  5. epithalamus
  6. pineal gland
  7. choroid plexus
  8. mammilary bodies
303
Q

What is the following structure?

A

thalamus

304
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

Thalamus

Function = Process and relay sensory sensory information to the cerebrum.

important synapse site for afferent fibers traveling to sensory cortex. encloses the third ventricle

305
Q

What is the following feature?

A

hypothalamus

306
Q

What is the following feature that is located between the pituitary gland and floor of the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

307
Q

What is the function of the following feature that is located between the pituitary gland and the floor of the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

Function = It is the connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. This connection is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

308
Q

What is the following feature?

A

pituitary gland

309
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

pituitary gland

Function = Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes.

310
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

hypothalamus

Function = homeostatis hormones.

production of many of the body’s essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs. The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body.

311
Q

What is the following feature?

A

pineal gland

312
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

pineal gland

Function = regulates the sleep wake cycle (circadian rhythym)

313
Q

What is the following feature?

A

choroid plexus

  • within the third ventricle
314
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

choroid plexus

Function = a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells.

315
Q

What is the following feature #19?

A

mammillary bodies

316
Q

What is the function of the following feature #19?

A

mammillary bodies

Function = relay station for olfaction

317
Q

What are the features of the cerebellum?

A
  1. arbor vitae
  2. vermis
318
Q

What is the following feature?

A

arbor vitae

319
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

arbor vitae

Function = White matter of cerebellum. brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum

320
Q

What is the following feature?

A

vermis

center piece that connects the three lobes (midline lobe) of the cerebellum

321
Q

what are the features of the brainstem?

A
  1. pons
  2. medulla oblangata
  3. corpora quadrigemina
  4. superior colliculi
  5. inferior conlliculi
322
Q

What is the following feature?

A

pons

“bridge” large bulb below the midbrain

323
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

pons

Function = relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus. Contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control

324
Q

What is the following feature?

A

medulla oblongata

325
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

medulla oblongata

Function = relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus. Contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control

(heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure control =autonomic; vomiting, swallowing = involuntary control)

326
Q

What is the following feature?

A

corpora quadrigemina

4 posterior smaller nubs off brain stem above cerebellum (midbrain)

327
Q

What is the function of the following feature?

A

corpora quadrigemina

Function = Four hemispheric processes in midbrain; reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes. Consists of superior and inferior colliculi

328
Q

What is the higher nub called in the photo?

A

superior colliculi

329
Q

What is the function of the higher nub (two, one with each hemisphere)?

A

superior colliculi

Function = Located in the midbrain & contains reflex centers for vision

330
Q

What is the lower nub called in the following image?

A

inferior colliculi

total of 2, one for each hemisphere

331
Q

What is the function of the lower nub shown in this image?

A

inferior colliculi

Function = Located in the midbrain & contains reflex centers for auditory

332
Q

What are the three layers that make up the meninges lining? (explain)

A

CNS coverings -

  1. Dura Mater - Outermost covering
  2. Arachnoid Mater - Weblike central covering
  3. Pia Mater - Innermost covering
333
Q

What are the components that make up the ventricles?

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle
  4. interventricular foramen
  5. cerebral aqueduct
334
Q

What is the following feature?

A

lateral ventricles

A chamber between the corpus callosum and fornix containing circulating cerebrospinal fluid.

335
Q

What is the following feature?

A

third ventricle

diencephalon forms the walls of the third ventricle

336
Q

What is the following feature?

A

cerebral aqueduct

In brainstem, connects 3rd and 4th ventricles, between colliculi and penducles.

337
Q

What is the following feature?

A

Fourth ventricle

A chamber in the brain stem between the pons and cerebellum containing cerebrospinal fluid.

338
Q

What is the following feature?

A

interventricular foramen

between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle in the brain, helps transport CSF

339
Q

What are the cranial nerves in order?

What are the types?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

I. Olfactory - Sensory (S)

II. Optic - Sensory (S)

III. Oculomotor - Motor (M)

IV. Trochlear - Motor (M)

V. Trigeminal - Both (B)

VI. Adbucens - Motor (M)

VII. Facial - Both (B)

VIII. Vestibulocochlear - Sensory (S)

IX. Glossopharyngeal - Both (B)

X. Vagus - Both (B)

XI. Accessory - Motor (M)

XII. Hypoglossal - Motor (M)

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340
Q

What is cranial nerve I, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

I. Olfactory

Location : Cribiform plate

Type: Sensory

Function: Sense of Smell

341
Q

What is cranial nerve II, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

II. Optic Nerve

Location : Optic Canal

Type : Sensory

Function: Vision

342
Q

What is cranial nerve III, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

III. Oculomotor

Location : right under the optic canal

Type : Motor

Function : Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.

343
Q

What is cranial nerve number IV, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

IV. Trochlear

Location : along the greater wing ridge

Type : Motor

Function : eyeball movement

344
Q

What is cranial nerve number V, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

V. Trigeminal

Location : Right around the greater wing region, just under trochlear (first thick bunch on cadaver)

Type : Both (B)

Function : Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.

345
Q

What is cranial nerve number VI, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

VI. Abducens

Location : more medial in the midskull

Type : Motor (M)

Function : Produce movements of the eyes

346
Q

What is cranial nerve number VII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

VII. Facial

Location : Just under the greater wings in the internal auditory meatus (next large group, not the very bottom big group..)

Type: Mixed
Function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.

347
Q

What is cranial nerve number VIII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

Location: Just under the greater wings in the internal auditory meatus (same hole as the facial nerve)

Type: Sensory
Function: Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.

348
Q

What is cranial nerve number IX, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Location: Jugular foramen

Type: Mixed
Function: Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.

349
Q

What is cranial nerve number X, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

X. Vagus

Location: Jugular Foramen

Type: Mixed

Function: Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.

350
Q

What is cranial nerve number XI, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

XI. Accessory

Location: Jugular Foramen

Type: Motor
Function: Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.

351
Q

What is cranial nerve number XII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?

A

XII. Hypoglossal

Location: Hypoglossal canal around the spinal cord

Type: Motor
Function: Tongue movements

352
Q

Explain the movement of fluid through the cochlea

A

In through the oval window, to the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and out to the round window

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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