Practical #3 Flashcards
The joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae have limited movement, so they are classified as
________________________ based on their degree of movement. Anatomically these joints fall under
the broad category of __________________________ joints; specifically, they are _________________
joints and include a pad or disk comprised primarily of _____________________________
amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous, symphysis, fibrocartilage
The feature on the superior end of the sternum is the ______________________________ and that on
the inferior end is the ________________________________
manubrium, xiphoid process
Facets on the ribs articulate with facets on the thoracic vertebrae to form a specific type of synovial joint
called a(n) ___________________ joint. Based on the degree of movement possible, these are
classified as __________________________ joints.
plane, diarthrotic
The muscles between adjacent ribs that act to depress the ribs are the ___________________________
internal intercostals
The muscle of the abdominal region that originates on the lower 6 ribs and iliac crest is the
___________________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented horizontally
transversus abdominis
A narrow, ridge-like projection of a bone is called a(n) _________________. On the ilium, this feature
serves as the insertion for the external oblique muscle.
crest
The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the _______________
diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae are the only vertebrae with ___________________ facets for ribs.
costal
The muscle of the abdominal region that originates on the lower 8 ribs and acts to compress the abdomen
is the ____________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented at an angle.
external oblique
The atlas makes a ___________________________ type of synovial joint with the occipital bone.
condylar
The erector spinae consists of three muscle groups: the lateral or _________________________ group,
the intermediate or _________________________ group, and the medial or _____________________
group. All have their origin ___________________ their insertion so as to maintain upright posture
iliocostalis, longissimus, below
The sternum and first rib are held together by ___________________ cartilage and form a specific type
of cartilaginous joint called a(n) _____________________________. Based on its degree of movement,
this is an example of a(n) _______________________________ joint.
hyaline, synchondrosis, synarthrotic
Small, flattened features of the first thoracic vertebra, specifically called the _____________________
_______________________________________ articulate with the ____________________________
_____________________________________________ of the seventh cervical vertebra.
superior articular facets, inferior articular facets
The muscle of the abdominal region that inserts on to ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process is the
_________________________________________. The fibers of the muscle are oriented vertically.
rectus abdominis
The muscles between adjacent ribs that act to elevate the ribs are the __________________________
external intercostals
When classifying bones based on shape, ribs, the sternum, and the ilium are all classified as
_____________________ bones
flat
Compared to other vertebrae, the _____________________________________ of lumbar vertebrae
project laterally and the ______________________________________ is nearly horizontal.
transverse processes, spinous process
The _________________________ muscle acts to flex the trunk when the lesser trochanter of the femur
acts as the origin. If the lesser trochanter acts as the insertion, however, this muscle acts to flex the hip.
psoas major
The opening through which the spinal cord passes in all vertebrae is called the ____________________
foramen.
vertabral
A thorn-like projection on the posterior region of a typical vertebra is called the
______________________________. This same feature is also found on the scapula
spinous process
Cervical vertebrae are the only vertebrae with _______________________________ foramina.
transverse
When classifying bones based on their shape, all the vertebrae as classified as __________________
bones
irregular
A pair of ___________________________________ project laterally and slightly posteriorly from each
typical cervical and thoracic vertebra.
transverse processes
Moving a body part around a central axis is called ___________________. This is the only movement
possible at the pivot joint formed between the _______________________________ of the atlas and the
_______________________________ of the axis.
rotation, fovea dentis, dens
The muscle of the abdominal region that inserts on to the lower 3 ribs, pubis, and linea alba is the
______________________________. The fibers of this muscle are oriented at an angle.
internal oblique
The sacrum is composed of vertebrae that have fused together. The median sacral crest is comprised of a
ridge of projections called ___________________. On individual vertebrae, these features are called
_______________________________________
tubercles, spinous processes
The large opening in each coxal bone is called the ______________________________. Blood vessels
such as the femoral artery and vein and nerves such as the sciatic nerve pass through this opening.
orbturator foramen
The head or proximal epiphysis of the femur fits into the ________________________, a cup-shaped
cavity formed by the coxal bones.
acetabulum
Relatively large processes just distal to the neck of the femur are the greater and lesser
__________________
trochanters
The feature located between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine on the coxal bone is
the ___________________________________, while the feature located between the ischial spine and
the ischial tuberosity on the coxal bone is the ___________________________________. Nerves from
the lumbosacral plexus as well as blood vessels pass through these notches
greater sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch
Openings on the sacrum called _________________________ provide passageways for nerves and
blood vessels. There are four of these openings on each side of the sacrum
sacral foramina
By definition all synovial joints are diarthrotic and have a wide range of motion. _________________
joints, including the joints between the sacrum and coxal bones, however, have limited sliding motions
plane
The large muscle of the posterior hip that originates on the ilium, sacrum and coccyx and acts to extend
the leg at the hip and rotate the thigh laterally is the _______________________________
gluteus maximus
The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that originates on the ischial tuberosity and the linea
aspera of the femur and acts to flex the lower leg and extend the upper leg is the
________________________
biceps femoris
The muscle on the lateral side of the leg that inserts by means of a long tendon (the fascia of the iliotibial
tract) on to the lateral surface of the tibia is the _____________________________
tensor fasciae latae
A knob-like process is usually larger than a tubercle is called a(n) __________________. On the
ischium, this feature serves as the origin for the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles.
tuberosity
The muscle group of the medial region of the upper leg that originates on the pubis and ischium and
inserts on to the linea aspera of the femur is the _________________________ group
addductor
The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that inserts on to the medial condyle of the tibia and
acts to extend the upper leg and rotate the thigh medially is the ____________________________
semimembranosus
The long muscle of the leg that originates on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts on to the medial
surface of the tibia is the ________________________
sartorius
The vertebral foramina of the fused sacral vertebrae form the ______________________________
sacral canal
When classifying bones based on shape, the innominate bone is classified as a(n) _____________ bone.
flat
The muscle of the anterior region of the upper leg that originates on the anterior inferior iliac spine and
acts to flex the upper leg is the _________________________________
rectus femoris
The two muscles of the hip that insert on to the greater trochanter of the femur and act to abduct and
rotate the thigh medially are the ___________________________ and _________________________
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
A tiny pit or depression in a bone is called a(n) _____________. An example of this feature on the
femur is called the ____________________________ and serves as an attachment site for ligaments
fovea, fovea capitis
The joint between the acetabulum and the head of the femur is an example of a specific type of synovial
joint called a(n) ______________________________________ joint. Movement in all planes, including
rotation, is possible at this type of joint
ball and socket
The muscle of the medial region of the upper leg that originates on the pubis below the symphysis and
acts to adduct the thigh is the _____________________________
gracilis
The muscle of the posterior region of the upper leg that inserts on to the medial surface of the tibia and
acts to extend the upper leg is the ___________________________
semitendenosus
The muscle that originates on the iliac fossa that acts to flex the thigh is the ___________________
iliacus
The superior articular facets of the sacrum articular with the ____________________________________
of the fifth lumbar vertebrae to form a plane joint
inferior articular facets
A narrow ridge on a bone is called a(n) ______________________. An example of this feature on the
femur is called the ____________________________ and serves as an attachment site for muscles that
adduct the thigh
linea, linea aspera
The pubis bones form a(n) __________________________ type of cartilaginous joint. Based on its
degree of movement, this is a type of _____________________________ joint.
symphysis, amphiarthrotic
When the lumbar vertebrae act as the origin instead of the insertion, the __________________________
muscle acts to flex the thigh instead of the trunk.
psoas major
When classifying bones based on shape, the patella is classified as a(n) ____________________ bone.
sesamoid or round
The tibia, fibula, and talus form a _____________________ type of synovial joint. Flexion at this joint
so that the toes point upward is called _______________________________ while extension at this joint
so that the toes point downward is called _______________________________
hinge, plantar flexion
The prominent projections at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called the
______________________________ and ______________________________, respectively. A
syndesmosis joint is formed between this feature on the fibula and the lateral, distal region of the tibia.
medial malleolus, lateral malleolus
Prominent rounded features at the distal end of the femur are the medial and lateral ________________.
A cavity called the ____________________________________________ is found between these
features. This is where the __________________________________________________ ligaments are
located.
condyles, intercondylar fossa, anterior and posterior cruciate
The ______________ of the fibula articulates with the tibia just distal to the lateral condyle.
head or apex or styloid process
The three muscles that make up the “hamstring” group are the __________________________________
____________________________________________________________. All of these muscles extend
the thigh at the hip and flex the leg at the knee.
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
The joint between all metatarsals and their respective proximal phalanx is a(n) ____________________
type of synovial joints. Movement is biaxial, and these joints are classified as _____________________
based on their degree of movement
condylar, diarthrotic
Of the four muscles in the quadriceps muscle group, only the ____________________________ flexes
the hip. All of the muscles in this group at to extend the leg at the knee and insert on to the tibial
tuberosity by means of the patellar tendon. The other three muscles of this group are the ___________
___________________________________________________________________
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
The muscle of the posterior region of the lower leg that originates on the condyles of the femur and acts
to plantar flex the foot is the _____________________
gastrocnemius
The ________________________ muscle originates on the lower edge of the pubic symphysis and acts
to adduct the thigh and flex the leg at the knee.
gracilis
The distal end of the femur forms a(n) _________________________ type of joint with the tibia as well
as a(n) _________________________ joint with the patella. Both are specific types of synovial joints,
so based on their degree of motion both are ____________________________ joints.
modified hinge, plant, diarthrotic
The muscle that originates on the anterior superior iliac spine and acts to abduct the thigh, rotate the
thigh laterally, and flex the lower leg is the ________________________________
sartorius
When classifying bones based on shape, all the bones of the ankle are classified as ____________ bones.
short
he muscle of the anterior region of the lower leg that originates on the lateral condyle of the tibia and
acts to dorsiflex the foot is the ________________________
tibialis anterior
Anatomically the joint at the distal end of the tibia and fibula is an example of a specific type of
____________________________ joint called a(n) _____________________________. These bones
are held together by a(n) ___________________________________ ligament. Based on its degree of
movement, this joint is classified as _______________________________
fibrous, syndesmosis, interosseous, amphiarthrotic
The muscle of the posterior region of the lower leg that originates on the tibia and fibula and acts to
plantar flex the foot is the ___________________
solues
When classifying bones based on shape, all the bones of the leg as well as all the bones of the foot are
classified as __________________ bones
long
The muscle group of the lateral region of the lower leg that inserts on to tarsals and metatarsals and acts
to evert the foot is the ______________________________ group.
fibularis or peroneus
A special feature of the knee joint is the presence of discs of fibrocartilage called the lateral and medial
__________________________
menisci
A general term for the ridges on the surface of the brain is ______________________________
and a general term for the shallow grooves on the surface of the brain is _________________
convolutions or gyri, sulci
The region of brainstem responsible for regulating respiratory rate and depth is the _________
pons
The spinal accessory nerve exits the skull through the ______________________________
jugular foramen
The _________________________________, a mass of tissue posterior to the brain stem, is
responsible for integrating sensory information concerning body position and coordination of
muscle activities. The white matter of this region is called the ______________________
cerbellum, arbor vitae
A prominent depression called the _______________________ sulcus separates the frontal and
parietal lobes of the brain while another prominent depression called the ___________________
sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
central, lateral
The lobe of cerebrum responsible for vision and association areas involved with imaging is the
_____________________________ lobe.
occipital
The ______________________________________ connects the hemispheres of brain and
allows neural signals to be transmitted from one hemisphere to the other.
corpus callosum
The _________________________ branch of the ____________________________ nerve
controls the masseter and temporalis muscles, both of which elevate the mandible
mandibular, trigenminal
The thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tract, and pineal gland are all located in a region of the brain
known as the ________________________________
diencephalon
The _____________________________ fissure separates the hemispheres of the brain. The
__________________________________ of the meninges fold into this fissure, partitioning the
cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
longitudinal, falx cerebri
The lobe of the cerebrum that contains the primary motor areas and association areas involved in
higher thought processing (concentration, problem solving) is the ____________________ lobe.
frontal
The _________________________________ is the part of the diencephalon that plays a
particularly important in the maintenance of homeostasis by controlling, among other things,
body temperature and the secretion of many hormones.
hypothalamus
The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) exits the skull through the ________________________
stylomastoid foramen
The __________________________ lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for the sensations of
touch and temperature and contains association areas involved with speech and language
parietal
The region of brainstem that contains reflex centers that help to maintain posture is the
________________________________
midbrain
The __________________________________ is attached to the diencephalon by means of the
infundibulum. This gland secretes hormones that are involved in such things as growth, milk
production, control of thyroid function, and reproduction.
pituitary gland
The _____________________________ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
The __________________________________ of the meninges fold into this fissure, forming a
partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
transverse, tentorium cerebelli
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the _________________
___________, enters the mandible through the _____________________ foramen on the medial
side of the ramus and, then exits the mandible through the _______________________ foramen
foramen ovale, mandibular, mental
The lobe of the cerebrum responsible for hearing and contains association areas involved with the
interpretation of sensory information is the ______________________ lobe.
temporal
The region of the brainstem that contains the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers
is the ______________________________________
medulla oblongata
The _____________________________ serves as a relay station for ascending neural impulses.
thalamus
The ___________________________ nerve controls all muscles of facial expression
facial
If a person suffers a spinal cord injury at the C6 level, that person will still be able to have some
movement of his shoulders because the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior
muscles are all controlled by the ________________ (cranial nerve XI). This
nerve exits the skull through the ______________
spinal accessory nerve, jugular foramen
The partition formed by meninges that separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum is called the
_____________________________
falx cerebelli
What type of neural fibers would be found in the dorsal root?
sensory
What type of neural fibers would be found in the ventral root?
motor
What type of neurons would be found in the gray matter?
interneurons
Where are the major ascending and descending neural tracts located?
white matter
List the five major components of a reflex arc in order.
Receptor, sensory (afferent) neuron, central nervous system, motor (efferent) neuron,
effector (muscle or gland)
Distinguish between a reflex and a reflex arc.
A reflex is an autonomic behavior; a reflex arc is a physical structure that, when stimulated,
leads to the behavior
The patellar reflex is an example of a monosynaptic spinal reflex. Explain.
There is no interneuron. The sensory neuron communicates directly with the motor neuron.
Which muscle group is involved in the patellar tendon reflex?
quadriceps
Which muscles are involved in the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon reflex?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Is the subject’s reflex time different for the two reflexes? If so, why does this difference exist?
Reflex arc is longer for calcaneal tendon reflex than for patellar tendon reflex.
Does the subject’s reflex time change with different stimulus strengths? Why does it or doesn’t it
No. Once threshold is achieved the neural activities (action potential propagation, synaptic transmission) proceed at the same rate.
A college wrestler is most successful in the middleweight class, but he’s afraid he won’t make weight
for the next meet. His coach suggested that he take some diuretics just before the weigh in for the
next meet. The wrestler performed poorly in the meet as he felt very weak and experienced some
respiratory difficulty. The team physician noted the wrestler had a very slow patellar tendon reflex.
The physician ordered a blood test, which showed low levels of potassium. Explain how this relates
to the wrestler’s symptoms.
Low potassium would increase potassium leak, so neurons lose positive charge and
hyperpolarize. They are now farther from threshold and a larger stimulus is required to reach
threshold.
