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1
Q

How many embryonic layers do cnidarians have?

Diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

2

diploblastic

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2
Q

What are the morphs of the cnidaria?

A

Polyp and medusa

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3
Q

What are the Cnidarian classes and what do they include

A

Scyphozoa-jellies

Hydrozoa- hydra

Anthoozoa- corals and sea anemonies

Cubozoa

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4
Q

What symmetry do cnidarians have?

A

radial

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5
Q

Oral vs Aboral in Cnidarians

A

oral=mouth/anus

aboral side= opposite (sometimes the side attached to substrate)

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6
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

stinging cells usedfor protection and prey capture

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7
Q

Where is the mouth located in cnidarians and is surrounded by tentacles?

What is the region where cnidarians attach to a substrate?

A

Oral Disk

Basal disk

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8
Q

What is the pleated tube that leads to the gastovascular cavity in cnidarians?

A

pharynx

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9
Q

What are the sheets of tissue attached to the body wall that divide the gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians?

What do they do?

What is this analogous to?

A

Septa

increase surface area for secretion and absorbtion

Typhlosole in earthorms and diverticula in planaria

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10
Q

What are th thread-like structures at the base of sea anemone?

A

Acontia- studded with cnidocytes

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11
Q

What does the gastrovasular cavity in Cnidarians do?

What is it lined by?

What does the lining do?

A

Caivty where digestion occurs, can provide hydrostatic skeleton

Gastrodermis

Secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs productsof digestion

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12
Q

What are the nervous system of cnidarians consist of?

A

Nerve net

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13
Q

What is the symmetry of flatworms (Platyhelminthes)?

How many germ layers do they have then?

What does this about their activity?

A

bilateral

3- triploblastic–> mesoderm

active- cephalized

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14
Q

dorsal vs. ventral

anterior vs. posterior

A

top vs bottom

part that faces environment first vs “butt”

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15
Q

What are auricles?

A

auricles are the flaps on the sides of the heads on flatworms that contain chemosensory cells

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16
Q

What are eyespots?

A

they are photo-receptors that allow planaria be light-sensitive

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17
Q

What is the muscle that sucks in food into gastrovascular cavity pictured here

A

pharynx

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18
Q

What are the outpocketing pictured in the planaria?

What do they do?

what are they analogous to in cnidarians and earthworms?

A

Diverticula

increase surface area for excretion of digestive enzymes and absorbtion

septa and typhlosole

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19
Q

what kind of nerve system do planaria have pictured here?

A

nerve ladder

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20
Q

What are the excretory cells in planaria that excrete excess water?

what are they analagous to in earthworms?

A

flame bulbs

nephridia

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21
Q

What is the structure on the tapeworm that allows for attachment

A

scolex

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22
Q

What are the mature pieces/ segments on tapeworms that have fertilized eggs?

A

Proglottids

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23
Q

What type of gastrovascular cavity do anellids have?

A

coelem

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24
Q

What are the cross walls that separate segments in annelids?

A

septa

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25
Q

What is the large, unsegmented portion of the earthworm pictured here?

What does it do?

A

Clitellum

secretes attachment goo

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26
Q

what are the bristles on the outside of the earth worm?

What do they do?

A

setae

help grip/attachment

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27
Q

What are these structures that receive sperm dipicted by #4?

A

Sperm receptacles

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28
Q

what are these 3 large white paied organs that make sperm in earthworms? #5

A

seminal vesicles

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29
Q

What is #6 that is used to store food?

A

Crop

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30
Q

What is #7?

What does it do?

A

gizzard

grinds up food

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31
Q

What is showns by #7?

What does it do?

A

esophagus

connects to crop

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32
Q

What is shown by #1

What does it do?

A

Intestine

Absorbs nutrients

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33
Q

What is shown by #2?

What does it do?

A

dorsal blood vessel

moves blood anteriorly

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34
Q

What is the blood vessel found on ventral (tummy) side of earth worm?

A

ventral blood vessel

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35
Q

what are the arches that carry blood to big blood vessels in earthworms?

A

aortic arches

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36
Q

What kind of nervous system do earthworms have seen here?

A

nerve chord

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37
Q

What are earth worm’s excretory structure that is analogous to flame bulb in planaria?

A

nephrida - they are tightly coiled tubes on each segment

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38
Q

what is the fold found int the intestine of earthworms used to increase S.A. and absorption? What it analogous to?

A

typhlosole

septa and diverticula

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39
Q

What is the region that is the head fused with the thorax in crustaceans?

A

cephalothorax

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40
Q

What is the name of the tail region of the cray fish?

A

abdomen

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41
Q

What is the name of the hard armour covering on the cephalothorax of the cray fish?

A

carapace

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42
Q

What are the 5 pairs of legs used for walking on the crayfish?

A

walking legs

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43
Q

what are the paired appedages on the abdomen of the crayfish?

what is the difference b/w males and females?

A

swimmerettes

for females first swimmertte is small

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44
Q

What is the name for organs that are used to transfer sperm?

A

intromitten organs

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45
Q

Where is the anus of the crayfish?

A

it is found on the final abdominal segment that has no appendages

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46
Q

What is the very posterior appendage of the crayfish that was modified from swimmerettes?

A

tail fan

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47
Q

what is the chamber under the carapace?

What does it hold?

A

branchial chamber

gills

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48
Q

What is the difference b/w maxillipeds and maxillae?

A

Maxillae are more anterior (closer to front) and are smaller

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49
Q

What are the food chrushing appendages in the cray fish?

A

mandibles

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50
Q

What is the difference b/w antennules and anntenae?

A

antenules are shorted and stick out forwardly

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51
Q

what is the organ used for digestion in the crayfish?

A

stomach

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52
Q

What are the glands are orange and take up most of the thorax of the crayfish?

What is it analogous to?

A

digestive glands

crop/gastrovascular cavity

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53
Q

What is the angular organ found on dorsal part of crayfish?

A

Heart

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54
Q

What kind of circulartory system do crayfish have?

A

Open, hemolymph, hemocoel

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55
Q

Where are the gonads in crayfish?

A

they are posterior to stomach and digestive glands

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56
Q

where is the intestine in the crayfish?

A

it runs down the abdomen

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57
Q

what is the organ used to grind up food in the crayfish?

what is analogous to?

A

gastric mill

gizzard

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58
Q

what is the gland found in the head of the crayfish?

what is it used for?

what is it analogous to?

A

green gland

excretory structure

nephridium, flame bulbs

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59
Q

what is the brain of the crayfish?

A

supra esophageal ganglion

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60
Q

what is the cord that run the ventral length of the crayfish and had ganglion on each segment?

A

ventral nerve cord

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61
Q

what type of symettry do echinoderms have?

Coelom?

Proto vs Deuterostomes?

A

secondary radial

yes

triploblastic duetersotomes

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62
Q

What is the mouth side of the starfish?

What is the madreporite side of the starfish?

A

oral

aboral

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63
Q

what is the the circle structure on the aboral side of the starfish?

A

madreporite

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64
Q

what are the long groove found on the oral side of the starfish that have tube feet?

A

ambulacral groove

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65
Q

what do starfish use to move and excrete stuff?

A

tube feet

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66
Q

What unique organ system is found in echinoderms?

A

water vascular system

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67
Q

what are the plates that make up the exoskeleton of the starfish?

A

ossicles

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68
Q

what are the skin flaps that help with gas exchange and waste emlimination in starfish?

A

dermal branchiae

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69
Q

what are the protective structures on the outside of the starfish?

A

pedicellaria

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70
Q

what is the organ starfish expell?

A

2 chambered stomach

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71
Q

what is the stuff found down the rays that helps increase surface area for absorption and secretion?

what is this analogous to?

what can also be found down the rays?

A

pyloric cecae

septa, diverticula, typhlosole, intestine

gonads

72
Q

what is the order of the water vascular system?

A

madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, lateral canal, ampullae, tube feet

73
Q

are chordates protosome or deuterstomes?

what did we observe for chordates?

A

deuterstomes

lancelet

74
Q

What is the primary inducer in chordates that is found more dorally in the lancelet?

A

notochord

75
Q

what is the tube dorsal to notochord?

A

dorsal hollow nerve tube

76
Q

what is the tail in chordates derived from

A

post anal tail

77
Q

what is the difference b/w gill slits and gil bars in lancelets?

A

slits are the spaces

78
Q

what is the cavity line with short tentacles in the lancelet?

A

the buccal cavity

79
Q

What is the large middle chamber where gill slits and bars are found?

A

pharynx

80
Q

where is the atrium of the lancelet found?

A

it is the large part of the middle cavity outside the gill bars that is not the pharynx

81
Q

What are derived from somites in the lancelet?

What other blocks are found on ventral portion of lancelt?

A

muscle blocks

gonad

82
Q

what is the difference b/w caudal/cranial vs anterior/superior

A

caudal/cranial applies to 4-legged animals and anterior/superior to animals that walk on 2 legs

83
Q

What is the difference b/w proximal and distal?

A

refers to limbs; proximal is closer to body, distal is towards ends

84
Q

What is a saggital plane?

A

divides left and right sides

85
Q

what is transverse plane?

A

divides head from butt

86
Q

what is the frontal plane?

A

divides dorsal from ventral

87
Q

Is this a male or female?

What is the structure?

A

male

scrotal sac

88
Q

What distinguished a female pig?

A

fleshy tubercle that is at the urogenital orifice. the genital papilla

89
Q

What is the cavity that hold most of the pigs organs?

A

abdominal cavity

90
Q

what is the membrane that covers the heart of the pig?

A

pericardial membrane

91
Q

What is the muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the pericardial cavity?

what does it do?

A

diaphram

helps contract to let air in

92
Q

What is the membrane covering the intestines and most of the abdominal cavity?

A

peritoneum

93
Q

what is the cavity that hold the heart in the pig?

A

pericardial cavity

94
Q

what is the cavity that holds the lung in the pig?

A

pleural cavity

95
Q

What is the short loop of the small intestine that is inbetween stomach and small intestine?

What does it do?

A

duodenum

where bile enters from

96
Q

what are the structures that increase SA in the intestine of the pig?

What is this analogous to?

A

villi

septa, diveritucla, typhlosole, pyloric cecae

97
Q

What is another name for the large intestine

A

colon

98
Q

what is the small peice of intestine that breaks down cellulose?

A

cecum

like human appendix

99
Q

What is the long tube that runs from large intestine to anus?

A

rectum

100
Q

what is the opening of the pigs digestive system where things are excreted?

A

anus

101
Q

Find the stomach

A

stomach

102
Q

what are the fold inside the stomach of the pig?

what do they do?

A

rugae

make room for food, increase SA

103
Q

What is the organ that secretes hormones and affects glucose metabolism?

Where is it found and what does it look like?

A

pancrease

behind the stomach; looks like it has a whole bunch of little grains/balls

104
Q

what is the connective tissue that attached duodenum and greater curvature of the stomach?

A

mesentary

105
Q

What is the structure near the stomach and liver that is flat?

what does it do?

A

spleen

part of the lymphatic/immune system

106
Q

What is the cavity that holds the lungs and heart?

A

thoracic cavity

107
Q

What is the small organ underneath the liver?

what does it do?

what is it analogous to?

A

gall bladder

holds bile

flamebulb or green gland

108
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

has metabolic, endocrine, and digestive funtions

109
Q

What is the duct that empties the liver into the duodenum?

A

common bile duct

110
Q

Identify the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.

What do they do?

A

kidney cleans blood, ureter is tube that that takes stuff to bladder, bladder holds urine, urine exits through the urethra

111
Q

What is the chord that is continuous with the scrotum?

A

spermatic cord

112
Q

what is the small hard oval reproductive organ in males?

A

testis

113
Q

What is a long band of tubes where sperm manture?

A

epididymis

114
Q

what transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts?

A

vas deferens

115
Q

Where is the penis?

A

here

116
Q

what are the glands that excrete fluid before ejactulation?

A

cowpers glands

117
Q

identify the ovaries

A

at the end of the fallopian tubes

118
Q

identify the uterine tube and uterus

What are other names for it?

A

oviduct

fallopian tube

119
Q

identify the vagina

A

here

120
Q

What is the large light colored mass on each side of the neck?

What does it do?

A

thymus

where mature T cells mature- immune/endocrine organ

121
Q

what is the tube that has cartilaginous c-rings?

what doe c-ring do?

A

trachea

support trachea

122
Q

What is the gland found on the trachea?

A

thyroid

123
Q

what is above the trachea?

what does it hold?

A

larynx

vocal cord

124
Q

what are the two VEINS that run up from the side of the trachea?

which is which?

A

internal and external jugular

internal is more dorsal and external in more ventral

125
Q

what is the large vein that bring back blood to the right atrium from head?

A

anterior vena cava

126
Q

What is the vein that collects blood from the forelimbs?

artery?

A

subclavian vein

127
Q

What are the veins that drain blood from the ribs?

A

intercostal

128
Q

what is the vein that the intercostal veins drain into?

Where is it?

A

hemizygous

next to the vertebrae and runs parallel

129
Q
A
130
Q

what recieves blood from the nech, vertebra, and intercostal muscles?

A

constocervial trunk

comes off vena cava

131
Q

What is the vein that empties the lungs?

A

pulmonary vein

132
Q

What are the veins on the heart?

arteries?

A

coronary

133
Q

what is the large vein that goes down?

A

posterior vena cava

134
Q

what are the series of viens that empty the liver?

A

hepatic portal system

135
Q

What is the vein that empties kidneys?

arteries?

A

renal

136
Q

What are the 2 veins that branch of bottom-most part of the posterior vena cava?

arteries?

A

common iliac

137
Q

what is the large artery that crosses over to the left side of the heart from the right ventricle that sends blood to lungs?

A

pulmonary trunk

138
Q

What is the large artery that leaves from the left ventricle?

A

aorta

139
Q

What is the connection b/w the pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta?

In what is it only found?

A

ductus arteriosus

baby piggies

140
Q

What is the large arteries that branches from the aorta and goes up?

A

braciocephalic trunk

141
Q

What is the artery that runs down the lenght of the rib cage suppling pecs and mammary glands with blood?

A

internal mammary

142
Q

what are the two arteries that go up from either side of the throat to the head?

A

common carotid arteries

143
Q

How to I tell the right side of the heart from the left?

A

left ventricle is much larger and aorta leave left ventricle

the right ventricle has the pulmonary trunk leaving it (trunk crosses over heart)

144
Q

what does blood pass on its way from the right atrium to right ventricle?

A

tricuspid atioventricle valve

145
Q

What does blood pass on in way out of the right ventricle?

where does it go and through what?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

lungs; pulmonary vein

146
Q

From where does blood come in to the left atrium?

What will it pass on the way to left ventricle?

A

lungs

bicuspid atrioventrical valve

147
Q

What will the blood pass on way out of left ventricle?

Where does it go?

A

aortic semiulunar valve

aorta

148
Q

What are the layers of arteries?

Veins?

A

lumen, endothelium, internal elastic membrane, smooth muscle, external elastic membrane, connective tissue

lumen, endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

149
Q

Where are the 4 region of the forebrain?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

150
Q

What is the large midbrain structure that helps left and right hemispheres communicate?

Where is it?

What does it hold?

A

corpus collosum

a empty space (ventricle)

151
Q

What do brain venticles hold?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

152
Q

what part of the brain helps with motor skills?

Where is it?

A

thalmus

153
Q

what is right underneath the thalmus?

What does it to?

A

hypothalmus

regulates body systems

154
Q

What regulates day and night rythems?

A

pinal body

155
Q

what is the lobe underneath the hypothalmus?

A

optic chiasma

156
Q

What is the bridge that gives physical support to the cerebellum ?

A

pons

157
Q

Identify the brain stem

A

the pons is on it

158
Q

What lobes that constitutes the cerebellum and It is an important center for eye movement ?

A

superior and inferior coculli

159
Q

What are the lobes that help smell?

A

olafactory lobe/bulb

160
Q

what nerve goes from the eye to the brain?

A

optic nerve

161
Q

what is the little circle that receives singals in the back of the eye?

A

optic disc

162
Q

What is the outermost transparent layer that in found on anterior of eye?

A

cornea

163
Q

What is the white, vascular, fibrous structures which functions as tough outer covering for the eye?

A

scalera

164
Q

What is the hard, marbel-like part in the eye?

What does it do?

A

len

helps focus

165
Q

What are the small threads that attach lens to ciliary body

A

sepensory ligaments

166
Q

What is the circular, ridge like structure that is muscular and is used to change shape of lens?

A

cilliary body

167
Q

What is the second layer of the eye that has ciliary body and iris?

A

choriod layer

168
Q

What is the pigmented part of the eye that absorbs excess light and is muscular to change diameter of eye

A

iris

169
Q

What are the two liquids in the eye?

where are they?

A

vitreous humor

aqueous humer

170
Q

What is the tissue that lines the back of the eye?

A

retina

171
Q

What is the shiny layer in they eye?

what does it do?

A

tapetum lucidum

172
Q

what is the hole in the middle of the spinal chord?

A

central canal

173
Q

Where are the grey and white matter in the spinal chord?

A

Gray is innermost part and darker

174
Q

What is the name of the outercovering of the spinal cord?

What layers is it made of starting with the innermost one?

A

meninges

pia mater, arachnoid coat, dura mater

175
Q

What color is the epidermis?

dermis?

A

purple

pink

176
Q

What two things are attached to hair follicle?

what do they do?

A

arrector pilli muscle- make hair stand up

secrete subum for conditioning

177
Q

What does a sweat gland look like?

A

curly

Biology Lab (1 decks)

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